Diagnostic Interview Schedule For Children Research Articles

Prevalence of adolescent mental disorders in Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam measured by the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (NAMHS): a multi-national cross-sectional study

Mental disorders are the leading global cause of health burden among adolescents. However, prevalence data for mental disorders among adolescents in low-income and middle-income countries are scarce with often limited generalisability. This study aimed to generate nationally representative prevalence estimates for mental disorders in adolescents in Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam. As part of the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (NAMHS), a multinational cross-sectional study, nationally representative household surveys were conducted in Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam between March and December, 2021. Adolescents aged 10-17 years and their primary caregiver were interviewed from households selected randomly according to sampling frames specifically designed to elicit nationally representative results. Six mental disorders (social phobia, generalised anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, conduct disorder, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) were assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version 5. Suicidal behaviours and self-harm in the past 12 months were also assessed. Prevalence in the past 12 months and past 4 weeks was calculated for each mental disorder and collectively for any mental disorder (ie, of the six mental disorders assessed). Prevalence of suicidal behaviours (ie, ideation, planning, and attempt) and self-harm in the past 12 months was calculated, along with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) to show the association with prevalence of any mental disorder in the past 12 months. Inverse probability weighting was applied to generate national estimates with corresponding 95% CIs. Final samples consisted of 5155 households (ie, adolescent and primary caregiver pairs) from Kenya, 5664 households from Indonesia, and 5996 households from Viet Nam. In Kenya, 2416 (46·9%) adolescents were male and 2739 (53·1%) were female; in Indonesia, 2803 (49·5%) adolescents were male and 2861 (50·5%) were female; and in Viet Nam, 3151 (52·5%) were male and 2845 (47·4%) were female. Prevalence of any mental disorder in the past 12 months was 12·1% (95% CI 10·9-13·5) in Kenya, 5·5% (4·3-6·9) in Indonesia, and 3·3% (2·7-4·1) in Viet Nam. Prevalence in the past 4 weeks was 9·4% (8·3-10·6) in Kenya, 4·4% (3·4-5·6) in Indonesia, and 2·7% (2·2-3·3) in Viet Nam. The prevalence of suicidal behaviours in the past 12 months was low in all three countries, with suicide ideation ranging from 1·4% in Indonesia (1·0-2·0) and Viet Nam (1·0-1·9) to 4·6% (3·9-5·3) in Kenya, suicide planning ranging from 0·4% in Indonesia (0·3-0·8) and Viet Nam (0·2-0·6) to 2·4% (1·9-2·9) in Kenya, and suicide attempts ranging from 0·2% in Indonesia (0·1-0·4) and Viet Nam (0·1-0·3) to 1·0% (0·7-1·4) in Kenya. The prevalence of self-harm in the past 12 months was also low in all three countries, ranging from 0·9% (0·6-1·3) in Indonesia to 1·2% (0·9-1·7) in Kenya. However, the prevalence of suicidal behaviours and self-harm in the past 12 months was significantly higher among those with any mental disorder in the past 12 months than those without (eg, aORs for suicidal ideation ranged from 7·1 [3·1-15·9] in Indonesia to 14·7 [7·5-28·6] in Viet Nam). NAMHS provides the first national adolescent mental disorders prevalence estimates for Kenya, Indonesia, and Viet Nam. These data can inform mental health and broader health policies in low-income and middle-income countries. The University of Queensland in America (TUQIA) through support from Pivotal Ventures, a Melinda French Gates company.

Family Functioning in Children With ADHD and Subthreshold ADHD: A 3-Year Longitudinal Study

Objective: To compare family functioning over time for elementary school children with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD; N = 179) and subthreshold ADHD (ST-ADHD; N = 86), to children without ADHD (Control; N = 212). Method: ADHD was assessed using the Conners 3 ADHD Index and Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children IV. At baseline, 18-month follow-up and 36-month follow-up, parents completed measures assessing a range of family functioning domains. Results: At baseline, the ADHD group reported higher psychological distress, less parenting self-efficacy, less parenting consistency, and more stressful life events; and both groups reported poorer family quality of life (QoL) and greater parenting anger. Trajectories were largely similar to controls (i.e., stable over time), but unlike controls, ADHD and ST-ADHD groups showed lessening parent-partner support and parenting warmth, respectively; and both groups showed worsening aspects of family QoL. Conclusion: Families of children with ADHD and ST-ADHD report persistently poor or worsening family functioning; highlighting a need for tailored psycho-social supports.

The association between delinquent peer affiliation and disruptive behavior interacts with functional brain correlates of reward sensitivity: a biosocial interaction study in adolescent delinquents.

Affiliating with delinquent peers may stimulate the development of antisocial behavior, especially for adolescents who are sensitive to social rewards. The current study examines whether the association between delinquent peer affiliation (DPA) and disruptive behavior interacts with functional brain correlates of reward sensitivity in early onset male adolescents delinquents. Childhood arrestees (n = 126, mean age = 17.7 [s.d. 1.6]) completed a DPA questionnaire, and participated in an fMRI study in which reward sensitivity was operationalized through responsiveness of the ventral striatum (VS), amygdala, and medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) during the monetary incentive delay paradigm (reward anticipation and outcome). Symptoms of disruptive behavior disorders (DBD) were assessed through structured psychiatric interviews (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children) with adolescents. DPA had a main effect on DBD symptoms. Adolescents with high VS reward responses showed a stronger significant positive association between DPA and DBD symptoms compared to low VS responders. No evidence for an interaction effect was found for the amygdala and mPFC. Post-hoc analyses revealed the positive association between DPA and DBD was only present in males, with a diminishing effect as age increased. We found evidence for a biosocial interaction between DPA and reward sensitivity of the VS in relation to DBD symptom severity. This study provides the first evidence of an interaction effect between a brain mechanism and an environmental factor in relation to DBD symptoms, implying that susceptibility to influences of delinquent peers may intertwine with individual biological differences.

Factors Associated with Anxiety Disorders in Chinese Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Hong Kong

Background: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a pervasive neurodevelopment disorder characterised by impairment in social communication and presence of restricted, repetitive patterns of behaviour, interests, or activities. A growing body of research has shown that children with ASD experience significantly greater anxiety levels than typically developing children. Anxiety disorders have been found to be one of the most prevalent psychiatric comorbidities in this population of children and are associated with debilitating psychosocial impairment. Objective: This study aimed to examine factors associated with anxiety disorders among Chinese children diagnosed with ASD in Hong Kong. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at a child and adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic from August 2019 to April 2020. The sample consisted of one hundred thirty-two subjects aged 6 to <12 years who had a diagnosis of ASD. Structured interviews and questionnaires including the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire and a socio-demographic questionnaire were administered for the assessment of anxiety disorders and their associated factors. Results: Greater qualitative deficits in reciprocal social interaction skills, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and maternal mood disorder were found to be significantly associated with anxiety disorders in children with ASD. Conclusion: Anxiety disorders are prevalent among children with ASD. Early recognition and identification of comorbid anxiety disorders are necessary in the diagnostic process of ASD. This study enriches our understanding of the factors associated with anxiety disorders in this population of children. For future research directions, furthering our understanding on the aetiological pathways, course of illness, and outcome of anxiety disorders in autistic children is highly warranted.

Validation of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC-5) Tic Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Modules

ABSTRACT Effective methods to assess mental disorders in children are necessary for accurate prevalence estimates and to monitor prevalence over time. This study assessed updates of the tic disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) modules of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version 5 (DISC-5) that reflect changes in diagnostic criteria in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (Fifth edition, DSM-5). The DISC-5 tic disorder and ADHD parent- and child-report modules were compared to expert clinical assessment for 100 children aged 6–17 years (40 with tic disorder alone, 17 with tic disorder and ADHD, 9 with ADHD alone, and 34 with neither) for validation. For the tic disorder module, parent-report had high (>90%) sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy, while the youth-report had high specificity and PPV, moderate accuracy (81.4%), and lower sensitivity (69.8%) and NPV (67.3%). The ADHD module performed less well: parent-report had high NPV (91.4%), moderate sensitivity (80.8%), and lower specificity (71.6%), PPV (50.0%), and accuracy (74.0%); youth-report had moderate specificity (82.8%) and NPV (88.3%), and lower sensitivity (65.0%), PPV (54.2%), and accuracy (78.6%). Adding teacher-report of ADHD symptoms to DISC-5 parent-report of ADHD increased sensitivity (94.7%) and NPV (97.1%), but decreased specificity (64.2%), PPV (48.7%), and accuracy (72.2%). These findings support the use of the parent-report tic disorder module alone or in combination with the child report module in future research and epidemiologic studies; additional validation studies are warranted for the ADHD module.

Cannabis use and episodic memory performance among adolescents: Moderating effects of depression symptoms and sex.

Cannabis use has been linked to poorer episodic memory. However, little is known about whether depression and sex may interact as potential moderators of this association, particularly among adolescents. The current study addresses this by examining interactions between depression symptoms and sex on the association between cannabis use and episodic memory in a large sample of adolescents. Cross-sectional data from 360 adolescents (M age = 17.38, SD = .75) were analyzed at the final assessment wave of a two-year longitudinal study. We used the Drug Use History Questionnaire to assess for lifetime cannabis use, and the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Fourth edition to assess the number of depression symptoms in the past year. Subtests from the Wechsler Memory Scale, Fourth Edition and the California Verbal Learning Test, Second Edition were used to assess episodic memory performance. The effect of the three-way interaction among cannabis use, depression symptoms, and sex did not have a significant impact on episodic memory performance. However, follow-up analyses revealed a significant effect of the two-way interaction of cannabis use and depression symptoms on episodic memory, such that associations between cannabis use and episodic memory were only significant at lower and average levels of depression symptoms. Contrary to our hypotheses, we found that as depression symptoms increased, the negative association between cannabis use and episodic memory diminished. Given the use of a predominantly subsyndromic sample, future studies should attempt to replicate findings among individuals with more severe depression.

A comparison of sleep-wake patterns among school-age children and adolescents in Hong Kong before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

The lifestyles change of children and adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic due to antipandemic measures can affect their sleep health. Existing studies have used convenient samples and focused on the initial months of the pandemic, leaving a knowledge gap on changes in young people's sleep patterns under the "new normal" under COVID-19. As part of a territory-wide epidemiological study in Hong Kong, this cross-sectional study recruited primary and secondary school students by stratified random sampling. Sleep parameters were collected using the structured diagnostic interview for sleep patterns and disorders. We investigated the pandemic's effects on sleep parameters by comparing data of participants recruited pre-COVID and those recruited during COVID using multivariate regression, adjusting for age, sex, household income, seasonality, and presence of mental disorders, and the moderators and mediators of the effects. Between September 1, 2019 and June 2, 2021, 791 primary and 442 secondary school students were recruited and analyzed. Primary school and secondary school participants assessed before COVID had a longer sleep latency on school days (95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.0-5.2 minutes, adjusted P-value = .010; and 95% CI= 3.9-13.0 minutes, adjusted P-value = .004, respectively) and nonschool days (95% CI = 1.7-7.2 minutes, adjusted P-value = .005; 95% CI = 3.4-13.7 minutes, adjusted P-value = .014, respectively). Low household income was a moderator for later bedtime (adjusted P-value = .032) and later sleep onset (adjusted P-value = .043) during nonschool days among secondary school students. Changes associated with COVID have a widespread and enduring effect on the sleep health of school-aged students in Hong Kong. Household income plays a role in adolescent sleep health resilience, and the impact of antiepidemic measures on the health gaps of the youth should be considered. Chau SWH, Hussain S, Chan SSM, etal. A comparison of sleep-wake patterns among school-age children and adolescents in Hong Kong before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Clin Sleep Med. 2023;19(4):749-757.

HIV and suicide risk across adolescence and young adulthood: an examination of socio-demographic, contextual and psychosocial risk factors for attempted suicide in a longitudinal cohort of ageing adolescents affected by HIV living in the New York City Area.

IntroductionAs children become adolescents and young adults (AYA), their risk for attempting suicide increases dramatically, with chronic health conditions an important risk factor. This study examined correlates of suicidality across development in AYA living with perinatally acquired HIV (AYALPHIV) and those perinatally HIV‐exposed but uninfected (AYAPHEU).MethodsData come from an ongoing longitudinal New York City‐based study (N = 339) with AYALPHIV and AYAPHEU interviewed every 12–18 months from 2003 to 2019 (mean enrolment age = 12 years; current mean age = 27 years). The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (adolescent or young adult version) assessed psychiatric disorders and first‐reported suicide attempt. Generalized estimating equations were used to examine associations between first‐reported suicide attempt and socio‐demographic, contextual and psychosocial correlates measured concurrently across six timepoints.ResultsAt enrolment, 51% of participants were female, 72% heterosexual, 60% Black and 50% Latinx. Attempted suicide was significantly higher among AYALPHIV (27%, CI 21–33%) compared to AYAPHEU (16%, CI 10–22%), with an OR of 1.74 (CI 1.04–2.92) in a model adjusting for age. For AYALPHIV, anxiety (OR 2.66, CI 1.46–4.85), mood (OR 3.62, CI 1.49–8.81) and behaviour disorders (OR 5.05, CI 2.15–11.87) and past‐year arrest (OR 3.05, CI 1.26–7.4), negative life events (OR 1.27, CI 1.11–1.46), city stress (OR 2.28, CI 1.46–3.57), pregnancy (OR 2.28, CI 1.08–4.81) and HIV stigma (OR 2.46, CI 1.27–4.75) were associated with increased odds of attempted suicide, while identifying as heterosexual (OR 0.27, CI 0.14–0.52), higher personal (OR 0.45, CI 0.26–0.80) and family self‐concept (OR 0.36, CI 0.22–0.57) were protective. Interactions by HIV status and age were found: substance use was more strongly associated with attempted suicide among AYAPHEU than AYALPHIV, while negative life events and higher religiosity were more strongly associated with increased odds of attempted suicide among AYA ≥ 19 versus ≤ 18 years.ConclusionsAYALPHIV compared to AYAPHEU faced unique risks for attempted suicide as they age into adulthood, with the highest risk among AYALPHIV experiencing HIV stigma or pregnancy and the highest risk among AYAPHEU with substance use. Assessing for suicide risk and correlates with attention to ageing can inform preventive interventions tailored to meet AYALPHIV and AYAPHEU needs.

Using Time-out for Child Conduct Problems in the Context of Trauma and Adversity

Exposure to adverse childhood experiences substantially increases the risk of chronic health problems. Originally designed to treat child conduct problems, parent management training programs have been shown to be effective in preventing children from being exposed to further adversity and supporting children's recovery from adversity; however, there are increasing concerns that a core component of these programs, the discipline strategy time-out, may be harmful for children with a history of exposure to adversity. To investigate the comparative benefits and potential harms to children exposed to adversity that are associated with parenting programs that include time-out. This nonrandomized waiting list-controlled clinical study was conducted at a specialist clinic for the treatment of conduct problems in Sydney, Australia. The self-referred sample included children with conduct problems and their caregivers. Eligibility was confirmed through clinician-administered interviews. Data were collected between February 14, 2018, and February 1, 2021. Caregivers participated in a 10-session, social learning-based parent management training program. Caregivers were provided with parenting strategies aimed at encouraging desired behaviors through effective reinforcement and managing misbehavior through consistent limit setting, including the use of time-outs. The primary outcome was the parent-reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score, and secondary outcomes included subscale scores from the clinician-administered Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Adolescents, and Parents. Multi-informant measures of child adversity were collected using the parent-reported Adverse Life Experiences Scale and the clinician-rated Maltreatment Index. A total of 205 children were included in analysis (156 in the full intervention and 49 in the control condition; 158 boys [77.1%]; mean [SD] age, 5.6 [1.8] years [range, 2-9 years]). Compared with children with low adversity exposure, children with high adversity exposure showed greater reductions in the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire score from baseline (mean difference, 3.46 [95% CI, 1.51-5.41]; P < .001) to after treatment (mean difference, 1.49 [95% CI, -0.46 to 3.44]; P = .13) and in the internalizing symptom subscale score (baseline mean difference, 1.00 [95% CI, -2,00 to 0.00]; P = .50; posttreatment mean difference, 0.06 [95% CI, -0.82 to 0.94]; P = .90). No significant differences in the externalizing symptom subscale score were found. In this nonrandomized clinical study, children with high exposure to adversity experienced equivalent, if not greater, benefits associated with parenting programs that include time-out compared with children with low exposure to adversity. Results suggest that time-out was an effective component of parenting programs for children exposed to adversity. anzctr.org.au Identifier: ACTRN12617001472369.

Pediatric assessment of Research Domain Criteria positive and negative valence systems: Partial genetic mediation of links to problem behaviors.

We use the highly structured Laboratory-Temperament Assessment Battery to measure behaviors that map onto the Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) positive and negative valence systems. Using a birth record-based sample (N = 1374 individual twins; mean age 7.7 years), we created composites of observed behavior reflecting the RDoC constructs Reward Responsiveness, Frustrative Nonreward, Loss, and Fear. Next, we related the RDoC constructs concurrently and longitudinally to problem behaviors, measured using parent-report on the Health Behavior Questionnaire and symptom counts from the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV (DISC-IV; reflecting DSM-IV). The four pediatric RDoC positive and negative valence system measures, especially Reward Responsiveness, Frustrative Nonreward, and Loss, were heritable and modestly but plausibly related to traditional DSM-based measures in a transdiagnostic manner. The modest predictions from RDoC measures to DSM-based measures were largely genetically mediated, although relationships with aggressive and oppositional behaviors were also influenced by common environmental factors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The conduct and oppositional defiant disorder scales (CODDS) for disruptive behaviour disorders

This study evaluates the clinical validity of a five-minute instrument, the Conduct and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Scales (CODDS), for assessing oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD). Children (N = 428) aged 11–12 years and their caregiver were administered the NIMH DISC-IV (Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children), the CODDS, and validity measures. A second sample (N = 671) was utilized to develop a brief measure of limited prosocial emotions based on DSM 5. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves documented good sensitivity and specificity for CODDS scales in predicting DISC-IV clinical diagnoses of ODD (85%, 72% respectively) and CD (85%, 88%) diagnoses. Baseline CODDS provided added value over and above baseline clinical DISC- diagnoses in predicting future DISC ODD and CD diagnoses 12 months later, as well as in predicting social and school functioning. Study 2 further established psychometric properties of the CODDS, with brief measures of CODDS limited prosocial emotions (LPE) having a good fit to the hypothesized DSM 5 four-factor structure of LPE. Findings indicates that the CODDS has utility as a five-minute proxy for diagnoses of ODD and CD in clinical research and potentially practice where time and resources are limited.

Reliability and validity of the DSM-5 Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Adolescents, and Parents-5 in externalizing disorders and common comorbidities.

The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Adolescents and Parents (DISCAP) is a semi-structured diagnostic interview for assessing psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents. Changes to diagnostic criteria introduced in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) required the DISCAP to be revised accordingly. The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability and validity of the updated DISCAP-5 in clinic-referred children. The DISCAP-5 was administered to parents of n=60 clinic-referred children aged 2-9 years with externalizing problems and a range of comorbid disorders. Inter-rater reliability data were collected using independent ratings of video-recorded DISCAP-5 interviews, and concurrent and discriminant validity were indexed against mother and father reports on the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Inter-rater reliability agreement was high for the presence and absence of any diagnosis, common externalizing (e.g., oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder) and internalizing disorders (separation anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder), and severity of primary and secondary diagnoses. Rating scale data supported the concurrent and discriminant validity of diagnoses based on the DISCAP-5. The DISCAP-5 appears to provide valid and reliable data in the diagnostic assessment of clinic-referred children with behavioral and emotional difficulties across broad ranges of severity and complexity.

28.5 Co-Occurrence of ADHD, Disruptive Behavior Disorders, Anxiety, and Depression in School-Aged Youth: Project to Learn About Youth-Mental Health

The objective of this presentation is to understand the prevalence of co-occurring mental disorders as determined by a DSM-IV criteria–based approach to disorder ascertainment among a K-12 sample of children, drawn from a single school district in each of 4 states: Colorado, Florida, Ohio, and South Carolina. This study used data from the Project to Learn About Youth – Mental Health (PLAY-MH), which utilized a 2-stage design. First, teachers completed screening tools to classify a child as high vs low risk for externalizing, internalizing, or tic disorders. Parents of children who were selected into stage 2 participated in one-on-one interviews, including the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV (DISC-IV) to identify those who met criteria for one or more disorders. Analyses were restricted to 305 children with at least 1 disorder and used SAS v9.4 survey procedures (SAS Institute, Inc.; Cary, NC) to account for the complex sample design and produce weighted percentages and 95% CI; comparisons with nonoverlapping CIs are described as being different. Co-occurring disorders were present in over half of children with each disorder examined (51.7%, CI 40.0-63.3 for disruptive behavior disorders; 54.5%, CI 41.4-67.6 for ADHD; 58.4%, CI 43.9-72.8 for anxiety disorders; 90.3%, CI 80.3-100 for depressive disorders). Among children with an anxiety disorder, boys were more likely than girls to have a disruptive behavior disorder, children aged 5 to 11 years were more likely than children older than 12 years to have ADHD, and non-Hispanic White children were more likely than Hispanic children or children of another race/ethnicity (not including Black) to have a disruptive behavior disorder. Among children with a disruptive behavior disorder, non-Hispanic White children were more likely than Hispanic children or children of another race/ethnicity (not including Black) to also have an anxiety disorder. Mental disorder co-occurrence in the PLAY-MH sample is prevalent, particularly among children with a depressive disorder, with unique patterns of co-occurrence by disorder type and clinical and demographic characteristics. These results can be used in conjunction with other modes of mental disorder surveillance to inform mental health screening, treatment, and educational services.

Measuring the Prevalence of Mental Disorders in Adolescents in Kenya, Indonesia, and Vietnam: Study Protocol for the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys

PurposeIn low- and middle-income countries, there are limited data on mental disorders among adolescents. To address this gap, the National Adolescent Mental Health Surveys (NAMHS) will provide nationally representative prevalence data of mental disorders among adolescents in Kenya, Indonesia, and Vietnam. This paper details the NAMHS study protocol. MethodsIn each country, a multistage stratified cluster sampling design will be used. Participants will be eligible pairs of adolescents aged 10–17 years and their primary caregiver. Adolescents will be assessed for social phobia, generalized anxiety disorder, major depressive disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 5. Demographics, risk and protective factors, and service use information will also be collected. In the parallel clinical calibration study, diagnoses of major depressive disorder, social phobia, and generalized anxiety disorder made using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 5 will be calibrated against a diagnostic assessment by in-country clinicians in a separate sample. ResultsData collection for the national survey and clinical calibration study will commence in 2021, with dissemination of findings and methodology due to occur in 2022. ConclusionsAccurately quantifying the prevalence of mental disorders in adolescents is essential for service planning. NAMHS will address this lack of prevalence data, both within the NAMHS countries and within their respective regions, while establishing a gold-standard methodology for data collection on adolescent mental health in low- and middle-income countries. More broadly, NAMHS will encourage capacity building within each country by establishing linkages between researcher, clinician, government, and other networks.

Australian adolescent population norms for the child health utility index 9D-results from the young minds matter survey.

ObjectivePatient-reported outcomes of health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) are important descriptors of population health. A recent Australian adolescent population survey provided a unique opportunity to derive preference-based HRQoL.MethodsData from 2967 adolescents aged 11–17 years were analysed. An interviewer-led parent/carer questionnaire was administered for demographic variables and mental disorders of adolescents during previous 12 months using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. A self-report survey was administered to derive HRQoL using the child health utility nine-dimensions instrument (CHU-9D). Weighted HRQoL was derived for several demographic groups, mental disorder diagnosis, and youth risk behaviours.ResultsThe total population had a mean utility of 0.78 [standard deviation (SD): 0.20]. Males had a significantly higher mean utility (0.81, SD 0.18) than females (0.76, SD: 0.21) (Cohen’s d = 0.23, p < 0.001), and utility decreased with age for both males and females (p < 0.001). Family type and some parent/carer variables were associated with significant lower HRQoL scores with small effect size. Youth risk behaviours were associated with reduced HRQoL with moderate effect sizes. Adolescents who self-harmed, had suicidal ideation, or had a mental disorder had significantly lower utilities scores with moderate to large effect sizes compared to those who did not have such conditions.ConclusionsThis study has provided contemporary Australian population norms for HRQoL in adolescents that may be used as cross comparison between studies as well as indicators allowing estimation of population health (e.g. estimation of the burden of disease) and can be used to populate future economic models.

Prevalence, Comorbidity, and Continuity of Psychiatric Disorders in a 15-Year Longitudinal Study of Youths Involved in the Juvenile Justice System

Previous studies have found that one-half to three-quarters of youths detained in juvenile justice facilities have 1 or more psychiatric disorders. Little is known about the course of their disorders as they age. To examine the prevalence, comorbidity, and continuity of 13 psychiatric disorders among youths detained in a juvenile justice facility during the 15 years after detention up to a median age of 31 years, with a focus on sex and racial/ethnic differences. The Northwestern Juvenile Project is a longitudinal cohort study of health needs and outcomes of 1829 randomly selected youths in a temporary juvenile detention center in Cook County, Illinois. Youths aged 10 to 18 years were interviewed in detention from November 20, 1995, through June 14, 1998. Participants were reinterviewed up to 12 times during the 15-year study period through February 2015, for a total of 16 372 interviews. The sample was stratified by sex, race/ethnicity (Black, Hispanic, and non-Hispanic White), age (10-13 years or 14-18 years), and legal status (processed in juvenile or adult court). Data analysis was conducted from February 2014, when data preparation began, to March 2020. Detention in a juvenile justice facility. Psychiatric disorders, assessed by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version 2.3 at the baseline interviews. Follow-up interviews were conducted using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, version IV; the Diagnostic Interview Schedule, version IV; and the World Mental Health Composite International Diagnostic Interview (beginning at the 6-year follow-up interview). The study included 1829 youths sampled at baseline (1172 males and 657 females; mean [SD] age, 14.9 [1.4] years). Although prevalence and comorbidity of psychiatric disorders decreased as the 1829 participants aged, 52.3% of males and 30.9% of females had at least 1 or more psychiatric disorders 15 years postdetention. Among participants with a disorder at baseline, 64.3% of males and 34.8% of females had a disorder 15 years later. Compared with females, males had 3.37 times the odds of persisting with a psychiatric disorder 15 years after baseline (95% CI, 1.79-6.35). Compared with Black participants and Hispanic participants, non-Hispanic White participants had 1.6 times the odds of behavioral disorders (odds ratio, 1.56; 95% CI, 1.27-1.91 and odds ratio, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.23-2.05, respectively) and greater than 1.3 times the odds of substance use disorders (odds ratio, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.55-2.33 and odds ratio, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.73, respectively) throughout the follow-up period. Behavioral disorders and substance use disorders were the most prevalent 15 years after detention. This study's findings suggest that persistent psychiatric disorders may complicate the transition from adolescence to adulthood, which is already challenging for youths involved in the juvenile justice system, many of whom are from racial/ethnic minority groups and low-income backgrounds. The pediatric health community should advocate for early identification and treatment of disorders among youths in the justice system.

Association between Maternal Adverse Childhood Experiences and Risk of Post-traumatic Stress Disorder in the Offspring.

ObjectivesAdverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of mothers may negatively affect the mental health of their offspring. Little is known about the intergenerational effect of maternal ACE on post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in the offspring. This study inves-tigated the impact of maternal ACEs on PTSD in the offspring.MethodsA total of 156 mothers with children aged 13–18 years completed the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC) Predictive Scales to determine the presence of psychiatric disorders in their offspring. The subjects completed the ACE questionnaire and the Early Trauma Inventory Self-Report-Short Form. Multivariable logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between ma-ternal ACEs and PTSD in the offspring.ResultsOf the mothers, 23.7% had at least one ACE, and PTSD was reported in 21.8% of the offspring. The offspring of the mothers in the ACE group had a significantly higher rates of traumatic experiences and PTSD than the offspring of the mothers in the no ACE group. Maternal household dysfunction independently predicted offspring PTSD [odds ratio (OR)=3.008, p=0.05), and three or more maternal ACEs were significantly related to PTSD in the offspring (OR=10.613, p=0.025).ConclusionMaternal ACEs have a significant impact on the risk of traumatic experiences and PTSD in the offspring. These findings suggest the presence of intergenerational transmissions by which maternal ACEs affect the mental health of the offspring.

Mental Health of High-Risk Urban Youth: The Housing Subsidies Paradox.

Housing subsidies, including public housing and Section 8 vouchers, are key components of the social safety net, intended to promote family and child welfare. Studies evaluating the impact of housing subsidies on child and adolescent mental health, however, are generally inconclusive. This may reflect variation in the influence by type of subsidies to income, improved physical environment, increased access to resources, and improved perception of neighborhood safety. Further, most prior research focused on housing subsidies failed to simultaneously formally assess child psychopathology. In the present study, we examine, among adolescents (ages 9-17) from a low-income, urban minority area, the association of housing with psychiatric symptoms and disorders, as well as with their social functioning. The data were obtained from the Stress & Justice Study (S&J) baseline survey, an investigation designed to examine impact of parental criminal justice system involvement (CJSI) on their children's mental health. Housing type during the past year was categorized from parental report as public housing, section 8, both, or neither. Child mental health was assessed with the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC). Additionally, family resources and physical quality of the housing environment by housing type was assessed, and we tested whether these dimensions mediated associations of housing type with the adolescent's current mental health outcomes. We found that while internalizing and externalizing disorders and impairment were attenuated by individual characteristics (e.g., SES, CJSI), internalizing and externalizing symptom counts were significantly more prevalent among children in subsidized housing, compared to those in non-subsidized housing, after controlling for individual characteristics. These findings have the potential to inform whether, and through which mechanisms, housing subsidies are associated with adolescent mental health.

Proximity to traffic and exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in relation to Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and conduct disorder in U.S. children.

Traffic related air pollution (TRAP) and its component polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may be neurotoxic in children. There is limited research on postnatal exposure to TRAP and PAHs and child neurodevelopment. We linked data from the U.S. NHANES 2001-2004 with the National Highway Planning Network 2005 to examine the proximity to major roads (highway or urban/rural principal arterials), urinary PAH metabolites, and diagnosis of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and Conduct Disorder (CD) based on Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (C-DISC) in 1253 children aged 8-15 years. We calculated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CIs) for ADHD and CD by traffic proximity and PAH exposures using logistic regression adjusted for confounders. Higher ADHD prevalence was observed among children living <500m (9.86%) compared to those ≥500m (3.84%) from a major road. Prevalence of children with CD was comparable (<500m: 2.51% and ≥500m: 2.43%). We found little difference in urinary PAH metabolite levels between children living near major roads and those who did not. Children living <500m from a major road had a non-significant OR of 2.06 (95% CI 0.85-5.03) for ADHD diagnosis. Children living on ≥2 major roads within 500m of a highway had a non-significant OR of 2.27 (95% CI 0.71-7.26) for ADHD diagnosis. There was no association between proximity to major roads and CD diagnosis. We found living close to a major road was not associated with increased PAH levels. We did not find statistically significant relation between proximity to a major road or urinary PAH metabolite levels and ADHD or CD diagnosis in this cross-sectional analysis. Prospective studies are needed for the investigation of postnatal TRAP exposure and ADHD and CD diagnosis.

Can't get you out of my head: Persistence and remission of psychotic experiences in adolescents and its association with self-injury and suicide attempts

BackgroundPersistent psychotic experiences (PEs) may increase risk for mental disorders, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI), and suicide attempts, relative to PEs that are more transient and remitting in nature. Most investigations of PE persistence have incorporated only two waves of data, and have not investigated the persistence of different PE subtypes and their association with future NSSI and suicide attempts. This study aimed to investigate the association between PE persistence, NSSI, and suicide attempts using three waves of prospective data. A secondary aim was to investigate potential reverse pathways where self-injurious behaviour (and its persistence) instead precedes subsequent PE occurrence. MethodParticipants were 1100 adolescents (12–17 years) from an Australian prospective cohort study; with three time points over two years. The Self-Harm Behaviour Questionnaire was used to assess NSSI and suicide attempts. Four PE subtypes (auditory hallucinatory experiences [HEs], and three delusional experiences) were assessed using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children. Logistic regression analyses were conducted where PEs was grouped into five categories according to their persistence across the three waves of data. Analyses were adjusted for sociodemographics and substance use. ResultsOverall, persistence of PEs (with endorsement of PE across two or three waves) was associated with the highest risk of incident NSSI and suicide attempts at 1- and 2-year follow-up (OR range: 2.57–12.25), whereas remitted PEs (with endorsement of PE at baseline only) were not associated with increased risk of future NSSI or suicide attempts. This pattern of association was evident for auditory HEs but not for most other PE subtypes; although some estimates had wide confidence intervals. There was no support for reverse temporality. ConclusionOur findings support and extend the two-wave cohort literature demonstrating that PEs which persist over time are more robust predictors of future NSSI and suicidal behaviour. Auditory HEs that are persisting in nature are an important but under-recognised risk factor for NSSI and suicide attempts during adolescence, and current findings should inform clinical guidelines into the predictors of self-harm and suicide risk at this life stage.