Diagnosis Of Thrombocytopenia Research Articles

Severe and Prolonged Thrombocytopenia Following Heparin and Apixaban Use: A Case Report and Literature Review

Abstract: Drug-induced thrombocytopenia can occur in hospitalized patients and complicate their antithrombotic treatment. Several medications can associate thrombocytopenia with immune and nonimmune mechanisms. Thrombocytopenia can occur at any time from a few hours to months after a new medication initiation. In this study, we have described the case of a female patient with acute-onchronic kidney injury following a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent use, who developed catheterrelated thrombosis and was treated with heparin without any complication for 5 days. She was discharged after 5 days and prescribed to use apixaban 2.5 mg twice daily. However, she was readmitted after 24 hours with fatigue, petechiae, and severe thrombocytopenia (7000/mm3). The workup was negative for other reasons of thrombocytopenia. With a possible diagnosis of drug-related thrombocytopenia, apixaban was discontinued. Following the treatment with the intravenous immunoglobulin, her platelet counts increased and stabilized around 40-50,000/mm3. Anticoagulation was thus continued with adjusted doses of rivaroxaban (10-15 mg/day). 17 days after apixaban discontinuation and treatment with prednisolone, her platelet count increased to 108,000/mm3. With reference to this case, a brief review on refractory heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and the association of direct oral anticoagulants with thrombocytopenia is presented.

Differential diagnosis and therapy of immune thrombocytopenia

Immune thrombocytopenia is caused by autoantibodies against surface antigens on platelets. Since only about 50 % of cases will allow the identification of glycoprotein-specific antibodies, ITP remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Apart from EDTA-induced pseudo thrombocytopenia, other diseases like secondary thrombocytopenia due to medication, a large number of other disease and hereditary thrombocytopenias must be taken into account. The first-line therapy of ITP includes corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins. The second line consists of thrombopoietin receptor agonists, rituximab, or splenectomy. For further lines of therapy, Fostamatinib and non-steroidal immunosuppressives are available.

The incidence of thrombosis with co-occurring thrombocytopenia prior to the SARS-CoV2 pandemic: A population-based study.

Thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome (TTS) is a very rare prothrombotic disorder that is a safety concern for some COVID-19 vaccines. We aimed to devise a case definition to estimate the incidence of thrombosis with thrombocytopenia as a proxy for TTS in a national insurance claims database. We conducted a retrospective observational study using the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) in Taiwan over the three-year period prior to the SARS-COV-2 pandemic (2017-2019). Our case definition was all patients with newly diagnosed thrombosis co-occurring with a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia within seven days before or after the thrombosis diagnosis. Cases were identified using International Classification of Disease-10 codes. We identified 2010 patients with newly diagnosed thrombosis co-occurring with thrombocytopenia during the study period. The mean age was 64.71 years; female:male ratio 1:1.45. The most frequent thrombotic events were coronary artery disease (18.81%), cerebral infarction (16.87%), and disseminated intravascular coagulation (13.13%). Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis was rare (<0.1%). The average annual incidence rate of co-occurring new diagnoses of thrombosis and thrombocytopenia was 2.84 per 100 000 population. Incidence rates were higher in men than women, except in 20-39 year-olds (higher in females). 20.6% of patients died within the first month after diagnosis. We observed that the demographic and clinical characteristics of thrombosis with co-occurring thrombocytopenia using our case definition is different from that of TTS. Further research is needed to refine the case definition of TTS in the post-COVID-19 vaccination period.

ACVIM consensus statement on the treatment of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats.

Management of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in dogs and cats is evolving, but there are no evidence-based guidelines to assist clinicians with treatment decisions. Likewise, the overall goals for treatment of ITP have not been established. Immunosuppressive doses of glucocorticoids are the first line treatment, but optimal treatment regimens beyond glucocorticoids remain uncertain. Additional options include secondary immunosuppressive drugs such as azathioprine, modified cyclosporine, and mycophenolate mofetil, usually selected based on clinician preference. Vincristine, human IV immunoglobulin (hIVIg), and transfusion of platelet or red blood cell-containing products are often used in more severe cases. Splenectomy and thrombopoietin receptor agonists are usually reserved for refractory cases, but when and in which patient these modalities should be employed is under debate. To develop evidence-based guidelines for individualized treatment of ITP patients, we asked 20 Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) format questions. These were addressed by 17 evidence evaluators using a literature pool of 288 articles identified by a structured search strategy. Evidence evaluators, using panel-designed templates and data extraction tools, summarized evidence and created guideline recommendations. These were integrated by treatment domain chairs and then refined by iterative Delphi survey review to reach consensus on the final guidelines. In addition, 19 non-PICO questions covering scenarios in which evidence was lacking or of low quality were answered by expert opinion using iterative Delphi surveys with panelist integration and refinement. Commentary was solicited from multiple relevant professional organizations before finalizing the consensus. The rigorous consensus process identified few comparative treatment studies, highlighting many areas of ITP treatment requiring additional studies. This statement is a companion manuscript to the ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia in Dogs and Cats.

ACVIM consensus statement on the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is the most common acquired primary hemostatic disorder in dogs. Immune thrombocytopenia less commonly affects cats but is an important cause of mortality and treatment-associated morbidity in both species. Immune thrombocytopenia remains a diagnosis of exclusion for which diagnostic guidelines are lacking. Primary, or non-associative, ITP refers to autoimmune platelet destruction. Secondary, or associative, ITP arises in response to an underlying disease trigger. However, evidence for which comorbidities serve as ITP triggers has not been systematically evaluated. To identify key diagnostic steps for ITP and important comorbidities associated with secondary ITP, we developed 12 Population Evaluation/Exposure Comparison Outcome (PECO) format questions. These questions were addressed by evidence evaluators utilizing a literature pool of 287 articles identified by the panelists using a structured search strategy. Evidence evaluators, using panel-designed templates and data extraction tools, summarized evidence and created guideline recommendations that then were integrated by diagnosis and comorbidity domain chairs. The revised PECO responses underwent a Delphi survey process to reach consensus on final guidelines. A combination of panel expertise and PECO responses were employed to develop algorithms for diagnosis of ITP in dogs and cats, which also underwent 4 iterations of Delphi review. Comorbidity evidence evaluators employed an integrated measure of evidence (IME) tool to determine evidence quality for each comorbidity; IME values combined with evidence summaries for each comorbidity were integrated to develop ITP screening recommendations, which also were subjected to Delphi review. Commentary was solicited from multiple relevant professional organizations before finalizing the consensus. The final consensus statement provides clinical guidelines for the diagnosis of, and underlying disease screening for, ITP in dogs and cats. The systematic consensus process identified numerous knowledge gaps that should guide future studies. This statement is a companion manuscript to the ACVIM Consensus Statement on the Treatment of Immune Thrombocytopenia.

Importance of the Immature Platelet Fraction in the Etiological Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia

Thrombocytopenia is defined as a platelet count of less than 150 G/L in the blood. It can be of central or peripheral origin. Newly-formed immature platelets are called reticulated platelets (RP) and are expressed as the immature platelet fraction or IPF. This automated hematological parameter enables us to distinguish between peripheral and central thrombocytopenia in a simple, quick, easily reproducible and non-invasive way. In the present study, our aim was to evaluate the clinical utility of the IPF and its ability to differentiate between central and peripheral thrombocytopenia. In this prospective study, we collected 50 cases of thrombocytopenia in our series. The IPF and all other CBC parameters were measured using the Sysmex XN-1500 analyser. Based on the clinical context and myelogram findings, the subjects in our study were separated into a central thrombocytopenia group and a peripheral thrombocytopenia group. We then assessed variations in IPF between the two groups. The mean IPF in the peripheral thrombocytopenia group was significantly higher than that in the central thrombocytopenia group (15.71 ± 12.02% vs. 5.51 ± 3.04%; p&amp;lt;0.001) and this difference persisted regardless of platelet count. We also established a sensitivity and specificity ROC curve, which showed that the IPF had excellent diagnostic value for differentiating between central and peripheral thrombocytopenia, with an area under the curve of 0.914. We also defined a discriminative cut-off value of 8.5% with a sensitivity of 77.8% and a specificity of 86.4% for defining the origin of thrombocytopenia. Thus, an IPF value above 8.5% points to peripheral thrombocytopenia with increased platelet regeneration. In conclusion, the results of our study have enabled us to formulate recommendations for improving the diagnostic strategy for thrombocytopenia using the immature platelet fraction or IPF.

Utility of immature platelet fraction in the Sysmex XN-1000V for the differential diagnosis of central and peripheral thrombocytopenia in dogs and cats.

The immature platelet fraction (IPF), a parameter obtained by the Sysmex XN-1000V analyzer, is used in humans to differentiate between central (CEN) and peripheral (PER) thrombocytopenia (TP) but has not been evaluated in small animals. Compare IPF between healthy, clinical non-TP and TP dogs and cats, study IPF in different causes of TP in dogs and cats and, establish IPF reference intervals (RIs), and study the effect of age and sex on IPF in healthy dogs and cats. A total of 3281 dogs and 726 cats. Retrospective review of medical records. Animals were classified as nonthrombocytopenic (healthy group and group of clinical patients without TP [NTP]) or TP. These latter animals were subclassified as pseudothrombocytopenia (PSE), CEN and PER, based on evaluation of platelet clumps, estimated platelet count in blood smears and final diagnosis. Blood samples were evaluated using a Sysmex XN-1000V with a specific platelet channel (PLT-F). The IPF was significantly different between each subtype of TP in both species. Immature platelet fractions <6.9% in dogs or 13.6% in cats, once PSE has been eliminated by review of blood smears, are indicative of CEN. Reference intervals for IPF were 0.5%-8% in healthy dogs and 1%-40.3% in healthy cats. We determined that IPF can differentiate between CEN and PER in dogs and cats, guiding additional testing and avoiding more invasive procedures (bone marrow sampling). A blood smear always should be evaluated to rule out platelet clumping.

The Challenge for a Correct Diagnosis of Refractory Thrombocytopenia: ITP or MDS with Isolated Thrombocytopenia?

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by isolated thrombocytopenia. It is diagnosed in patients with a platelet count below 100,000 per cubic millimeter in whom other causes of thrombocytopenia have been ruled out, and its diagnosis is generally one of exclusion. Clinical manifestations of patients may vary from asymptomatic disease to mild mucocutaneous or life-threatening bleeding. Glucocorticoids are used as first-line treatment for ITP, while other second-line medications, mainly thrombopoietin-receptor agonists (TPO-RA) and rituximab, are given to patients in whom ITP does not remit, or relapses soon after glucocorticoid treatment. Refractoriness of ITP strongly questions its diagnosis and necessitates a thorough clinical and laboratory work-up to decide whether that is the case of refractory ITP or a misdiagnosis. The aim of this review is to summarize the conditions associated with isolated thrombocytopenia and highlight the characteristics of confusing cases. Even though the case of a myelodysplastic syndrome presented with isolated thrombocytopenia (MDS-IT) is relatively rare and not well-established in the literature, it constitutes one of the most predominant misdiagnoses of refractory ITP. MDS-IT patients are thought to present with multilineage dysplasia, normal karyotype and low risk prognostic score, based on IPSS-R. It has been shown that a significant proportion of MDS-IT patients are misdiagnosed as having the more common ITP. Therefore, it is crucial that in confusing cases of persistent thrombocytopenia a detailed diagnostic work-up is applied-including evaluation of peripheral-blood smear, bone marrow examination and cytogenetic testing-to avoid unnecessary therapy delay.

Laboratory approach for vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia diagnosis in the Netherlands.

Vaccine-induced thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a rare adverse effect characterized by thrombocytopenia and thrombosis occurring after COVID-19 vaccination. VITT pathophysiology is not fully unravelled but shows similarities to heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). HIT is characterized by the presence of antibodies against platelet factor 4 (PF4)/heparin complex, which can activate platelets in an FcγRIIa-dependent manner, whereas IgG-antibodies directed against PF4 play an important role in VITT. We characterized all clinically suspected VITT cases in the Netherlands from a diagnostic perspective and hypothesized that patients who developed both thrombocytopenia and thrombosis display underlying mechanisms similar to those in HIT. We conducted an anti-PF4 ELISA and a functional PF4-induced platelet activation assay (PIPAA) with and without blocking the platelet-FcγRIIa and found positivity in both tests, suggesting VITT with mechanisms similar to those in VITT. We identified 65 patients with both thrombocytopenia and thrombosis among 275 clinically suspected VITT cases. Of these 65 patients, 14 (22%) tested positive for anti-PF4 and PF4-dependent platelet activation. The essential role of platelet-FcγRIIa in VITT with mechanisms similar to those in HIT was evident, as platelet activation was inhibited by an FcγRIIa-blocking antibody in all 14 patients. Our study shows that only a small proportion of clinically suspected VITT patients with thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have anti-PF4-inducing, FcɣRIIa-dependent platelet activation, suggesting an HIT-like pathophysiology. This leaves the possibility for the presence of another type of pathophysiology ('non-HIT like') leading to VITT. More research on pathophysiology is warranted to improve the diagnostic algorithm and to identify novel therapeutic and preventive strategies.

Pathophysiology, Clinical Manifestations and Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia: Contextualization from a Historical Perspective.

Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune disease characterized by an isolated decrease in the platelet count and an increased risk of bleeding. The pathogenesis is complex, affecting multiple components of the immune system and causing both peripheral destruction of platelets and impaired central megakaryopoiesis and platelet production in the bone marrow. Here, we intend to contextualize the current knowledge on the pathophysiology, terminology, epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and prognosis of ITP from a historical perspective and the first references to the never-stopping garnering of knowledge about this entity. We highlight the necessity to better understand ITP in order to be able to provide ITP patients with personalized treatment options, improving disease prognosis and reducing the incidence or frequency of refractoriness.

Importance of the Immature Platelet Fraction in the Etiological Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia

Importance of the Immature Platelet Fraction in the Etiological Diagnosis of Thrombocytopenia

Thrombopénies et thromboses induites par les anticorps anti-FP4

AbstractThrombocytopenia and thromboses induced by antibodies to platelet factor 4 (PF4) constitute a heterogeneous group of rare but severe clinical and biological syndromes, including classical heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), and more rarely autoimmune HIT, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocy-topenia (VITT), and, recently, VITT-like syndromes. These pathologies all induce major hypercoagulability, related to blood cell activation by anti-PF4 antibodies, leading to potentially severe thromboses, which require urgent treatment. The severity of thrombocytopenia and thromboses, and their location, vary with the disease; autoimmune HIT and VITT are associated with particularly aggressive forms, including cerebral venous thrombosis. The diagnosis of thrombocytope-nia and thromboses induced by anti-PF4 antibodies relies on a combination of clinical and biological factors, including the detection of anti-PF4 antibodies by immunological assays and, in most cases, confirmation of their pathogenicity by platelet activation tests. As the performance of these tools varies greatly depending on the pathology, the biologist plays a major role in the choice of the assays, and their interpretation, to ensure correct diagnosis and appropriate management of the patient.

Incidence of Thrombocytopenia in NICU and Its Association with Immature Platelet Fraction and Absolute Immature Platelet Count: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Neonatal Thrombocytopenia (TCP) is frequently encountered in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU), occurring either due to decreased production or increased destruction of platelets. This condition often leads to increased platelet transfusions in a NICU setting. Immature Platelet Fraction (IPF) and Absolute Immature Platelet Count (AIPC) are hypothesised to be surrogate markers of bone marrow activity and can help in differentiating between TCP caused by decreased production or increased destruction. Aim: To estimate the incidence of neonatal TCP in newborns admitted to a tertiary care NICU and to investigate the association of IPF percentage and AIPC values with the cause of TCP. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Paediatrics and Neonatology at Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra, India, from April 2021 to May 2022. All 46 newborns admitted to the NICU with TCP were enrolled in the study. The total number of NICU admissions during the study period was used to calculate the incidence. The Complete Blood Count (CBC) with reticulocyte count and peripheral smear was examined using the impedance technique. The IPF and AIPC values were determined using an automated CBC counter based on flow cytometry principles. Statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Results: The study included a total of 46 neonates with TCP, with an incidence rate of 6.14%. Among the patients with TCP, 18 (39.13%) had mild, 17 (36.95%) had moderate, and 11 (23.91%) had severe TCP. The majority of neonates (21.7%) had a significant maternal history of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH). Of the neonates with TCP, 42 (91.3%) had high IPF and 4 (8.6%) had normal IPF. Regarding AIPC, 29 (63.04%) had normal values, 11 (23.91%) had high values, and 6 (13%) had low values. No significant association was found between IPF and AIPC values and the diagnosis of TCP in this study. Conclusion: The present study concludes that IPF and AIPC investigations cannot be recommended as markers to confirm the cause of TCP.

Establishing a Sociodemographic Data Banking Study in Patients with Hematologic Disorders - a Feasibility Assessment

Introduction Social determinants of health (SDOH) play a critical role in patient-related health outcomes. Several small-scale studies among patients with sickle cell disease have demonstrated an association between adverse SDOH and inferior health outcomes-with subsequent calls for SDOH-targeted interventions to improve outcomes. Few studies have investigated the impact of SDOH in other hematologic disorders. Systematic collection of modifiable SDOH data (e.g. transportation, food, utility, and housing insecurity) among patients with non-malignant hematologic disorders is essential to identify populations at risk for disparate outcomes and concurrently inform the design of interventions to mitigate health inequities. Objective To determine the feasibility of establishing a clinically annotated sociodemographic data banking protocol for patients establishing care in the hematology clinic of a tertiary academic pediatric center in the United States. Methods A single-center, prospective, sociodemographic banking study at Dana-Farber / Boston Children's Cancer and Blood Disorders Center opened to accrual in non-malignant hematology in October 2022. Subjects &amp;lt;18 years old within 6 months of a new non-malignant hematologic diagnosis establishing care within the outpatient hematology clinic were considered eligible for the study. The research team (a physician, a research coordinator, and an intern) screened weekly hematology clinic lists to identify eligible patients beginning first with a single disease group (sickle cell disease) and subsequently expanding to include other disease groups (immune thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, iron deficiency anemia) as study support allowed. Patients were approached sequentially, in-person while at a scheduled clinic visit. Parents who consented to the study completed a single time-point survey at study enrollment asking questions about their home environment. Paper/pencil or REDCap surveys available in English and Spanish were self-completed or read aloud by study personnel in any language with an appropriate interpreter. At the time of consent, parents/guardians signed a HIPAA release allowing the study team to track the course of disease-targeted therapy received and associated treatment responses. Survey domains include demographics, household material hardship, household income, social support, resilience, anxiety/depression, and experiences of discrimination. Data were banked for future research studies with appropriate IRB approval. Results A total of 65 eligible patients with a new hematologic diagnosis of sickle cell disease, immune thrombocytopenia, thrombosis, or iron deficiency anemia were approached and offered an opportunity to participate, with 43 (66%) consenting to participation. Among the 22 who declined participation, 10 (46%) declined contact with all research study teams, 6 (27%) transferred care to a satellite clinic, and 6 (27%) declined participation following study introduction. Among consenting participants, 31 (72%) have completed the baseline survey, including n=28 in English and n=3 in Spanish. A total of n=9 surveys are pending and n=3 surveys are considered missing (&amp;gt;8 weeks since consent with survey not yet completed) data. Conclusion Systematic collection of SDOH data for research purposes in the context of a sociodemographic data banking study is feasible in a large, tertiary-care outpatient hematology clinic based on high participant willingness to enroll and complete surveys and successful implementation in four hematologic disease groups. This study will expand to include all hematologic disease groups by late 2023. This protocol has already been implemented successfully among pediatric oncology patients with de novo or relapsed/refractory cancers and those receiving cellular therapy, and is being expanded to 2 additional US institutions. Expanding this protocol to other care centers across the United States will provide essential data to advance health equity research in pediatric hematology/oncology.

RARE CASE OF ESCITALOPRAM INDUCED THROMBOCYTOPENIA- A CASE REPORT

Drug-induced thrombocytopenia can be caused by dozens, perhaps hundreds of medications. Because thrombocytopenia can have many other causes, the diagnosis of drug-induced thrombocytopenia can easily be overlooked. In acutely ill, hospitalized patients, drug-induced thrombocytopenia can be overlooked because thrombocytopenia is attributed to sepsis, the effect of coronary-artery bypass surgery, or some other underlying condition. Although drug-induced thrombocytopenia is uncommon, it can be devastating. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia is the most common drug-related cause of drop in the platelet count. Because heparin is often given together with certain drugs that are likely to cause drug-induced thrombocytopenia (platelet inhibitors and vancomycin), it is important to distinguish between heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and drug induced thrombocytopenia. Drug-induced platelet destruction is usually caused by drug-induced antibodies, but this can be difficult to prove. Although platelets are the preferred targets of drug-induced antibodies, drugs can also cause immune hemolytic anemia and neutropenia through similar mechanisms.

The prevalence of thrombocytopenia in patients with acute cancer-associated thrombosis.

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) and thrombocytopenia are frequently encountered complications in patients with cancer. Although there are several studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of anticoagulation regimens in patients with cancer-associated thrombosis (CAT) with thrombocytopenia, there is a paucity of data assessing the scope of the concurrent diagnoses. This study evaluates the prevalence of thrombocytopenia among patients with acute CAT. A retrospective cohort analysis of adult patients with cancer was conducted at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center between 2010 and 2021 with CAT (acute VTE within 6 months after new diagnosis of malignancy). VTE included acute deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, abdominal or intrathoracic venous thrombosis, and cerebral sinus thrombosis. The lowest platelet count within 2 weeks of (before or after) the index VTE event was identified to assess the frequency and grade of concurrent thrombocytopenia. We identified 3635 patients with CAT (80% solid tumors, 18% hematologicmalignancies, and 2% multiple concurrent cancer diagnoses). Thrombocytopenia (defined as platelet count <100 000/μL) occurred in 22% (95% CI 21%-24%) of patients with CAT with solid tumors diagnoses and 47% (95% CI 43%-51%) of patients withCAT and hematologic malignancies. Severe thrombocytopenia (platelet count <50000/μL) occurred in 7% (95% CI6%-8%) of patients with solid tumors and 30% (95% CI 27%-34%) of patients with hematologic malignancies. Concurrent diagnoses of CAT and thrombocytopenia are very common, especially among patients with hematologic malignancies.

Utility of automated cell counter histogram in diagnosis of thrombocytopenia and pseudothrombocytopenia

Background: Automated hematology analyzers have become mainstream of complete blood count (CBC) during the past two decades; they are potential, more accurate to produce results of CBCs. However, often automated analyzers can give false results too, specially, falsely low platelet count due to platelets aggregates, which have to be confirmed on peripheral smears. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of the study was to diagnose thrombocytopenia (TCP) cases and differentiate them from pseudothrombocytopenia (PTCP) cases by analyzing platelet histogram and to determine the sensitivity and specificity of platelet histograms for diagnosing TCP and PTCP. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted in the Department of Pathology at Shyam Shah Medical College, Rewa, M.P., after obtaining ethical clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee. It was prospective study conducted for a period of 15 months from January 2021 to May 2022 on 1000 samples. Results: The sensitivity and specificity of platelet histogram flags and presence of multiple peaks to diagnose TCP and PTCP cases were calculated as 73.60% and 93.60%, respectively. The present study also interpret that mean platelet volume and platelet distribution width cannot use as indicator to differentiate between TCP and PTCP. Conclusion: The present study concludes that analysis and interpretation of histogram more specifically platelet histogram flagging provide clue for early detection of PTCP cases prior peripheral smear examination and also helpful in differentiating them from true TCP cases. These platelet histogram flagging can be used as a screening parameter for the detection of PTCP and these are helpful in preventing unnecessary stress for clinician, patients, and their relatives. However, the peripheral smear examination will remain the gold standard to differentiate TCP from, PTCP.

Impact of SARS-COV2 infection on the clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer compared to all other cancers.

8562 Background: The outbreak of 2019 Novel coronavirus disease (COVID) has led to various deleterious outcomes in cancer patients. Those with lung cancer were noted to have increased morbidity and mortality when infected with COVID. We aimed to study the outcomes of COVID infection in patients with lung cancer compared to those with all other types of cancer. Methods: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample database-2020 was queried to identify all COVID patients with lung cancer and those with all other types of cancer excluding lung cancer. The groups were compared for socio-demographic differences, medical comorbidities, inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges (THC). Secondary outcomes included a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia (TCP), Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF), sepsis, anemia, pancytopenia and shock. Statistics were performed using t-test, univariate and multinomial logistic regression. Results: A total 1,050,045 COVID-19 admissions in cancer patients were identified, of which 4,625 (8.7%) had lung cancer whereas 48,840 (91.3%) had other types of cancer other than lung cancer. Lung cancer patients were older (Mean age 72 vs 69 years, p &lt; 0.01). There was a higher prevalence of lung cancer compared to other cancers in whites (71 vs 58%, p &lt; 0.01), hispanics had a lesser prevalence of lung cancer (7 vs 17%, p &lt; 0.01). Lung cancer patients has a higher Charlson Comorbidity burden ( &gt; 2) compared to other cancers (91 vs 62%, p &lt; 0.01). Lung cancer patients were less likely to have private insurance (14 vs 22%, p &lt; 0.01). Among the comorbidity burden, lung cancer patients had a higher rate of dyslipidemia, COPD, Coronary artery disease, Smoking, venous thromboembolism (p &lt; 0.05). A total of 8,135 cancer patients who were admitted with COVID died, among them 970 (11.9%) had lung cancer and 7,165 (88.1%) had other types of cancer making up 21% of all lung cancer admissions that died compared to 14.7% other cancer admissions (p &lt; 0.05). On multivariate regression analysis, after adjusting for confounders those with lung cancer had a higher odds of all-cause mortality (aOR 1.37; 95% CI: 1.13-1.67,p = 0.002). Among lung cancer patients, adjusted LOS was reduced by 0.6 days (95% CI: -1.2 to -0.1, p = 0.017) and adjusted THC was decreased by $11,977 (95% CI: -19,010 to -4,943, p = 0.001). Among the secondary outcomes, lung cancer patients had lower rates of thrombocytopenia (6.5 vs 8.8%, p = 0.01) and anaemia (34.4 vs 38.5%, p = 0.02) compared to other cancer types. Conclusions: COVID-19 infection led to increased mortality in lung cancer patients compared to those with other types of cancer. The lower healthcare utilization was likely due to early mortality in the lung cancer cohort. This study calls attention to the increased vulnerability of lung cancer patients to the SARS COV2 infection than other cancer types.

Impact of SARS-COV2 infection on the clinical outcomes in patients with lung cancer.

e20572 Background: The outbreak of 2019 Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has led to various deleterious outcomes in cancer patients. Those with lung cancer would be more susceptible to increased morbidity and mortality. We aimed to study the outcomes of COVID infection in patients with lung cancer. Methods: Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project-Nationwide Inpatient Sample database-2020 was queried to identify all admissions with COVID in patients with and without lung cancer. The groups were compared for socio-demographic differences, medical comorbidities, inpatient mortality, length of stay (LOS), and total hospital charges (THC). Secondary outcomes included a diagnosis of thrombocytopenia (TCP), Acute Respiratory Failure (ARF), sepsis, anemia, pancytopenia and shock. Statistics were performed using t-test, univariate and multinomial logistic regression. Results: A total 4,625 COVID admissions occurred in patients with lung cancer. Among them 71% (N = 3,288) were white, 17% (N = 805) were African American (AA) and 6.7% (N = 310) were Hispanic (HISP). Lung cancer patients had higher rates of smoking heart failure, CKD, CAD, COPD and anemia (p &lt; 0.01) and lower rates of DM and obesity (p &lt; 0.01). Lung cancer patients were more likely to have Medicare and less likely to have private insurance and were older (mean age 64.7 vs 71.9, p &lt; 0.01). On multivariate regression, after adjusting for confounders those with lung cancer had higher odds of all-cause mortality (aOR 1.41; 95% CI 1.18-1.70 ,p = &lt; 0.001). Among lung cancer patients, mean LOS was lower by 1 day (95% CI -1.4 to -0.4, p &lt; 0.001) and THC was also lower (-$16,672; 95% CI -22950 to -10393, p &lt; 0.001). Among the secondary outcomes, lung cancer patients had higher rates of pancytopenia (7.46% vs 1.59%, p &lt; 0.001), neutropenia (3.46% vs 0.68%, p &lt; 0.001) and venous thromboembolism (8.97% vs 4.29%, p = 0.006). Conclusions: COVID-19 infection led to increased mortality in lung cancer patients compared to those without lung cancer. This explains the overwhelming impact the pandemic left on lung cancer patients. The LOS and THC was decreased for lung cancer patients which may be explained by early death compared to non-lung cancer cohort. This study highlights the importance of decreasing the risk factors for COVID infection among lung cancer patients, including encouraging vaccination.

Adjudicating the Diagnosis of Immune Thrombocytopenia in a Clinical Research Study

Background: Establishing the diagnosis of immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is challenging in clinical practice and research settings even for experienced hematologists because it is a diagnosis of exclusion. Methods: We developed criteria to adjudicate the diagnosis of ITP using patients enrolled in the McMaster ITP Registry. At each patient visit, the cause of the thrombocytopenia was determined by the treating physician according to published criteria using all available information. We adjudicated the cause of the thrombocytopenia for any patient whose diagnosis was uncertain, if the diagnosis changed from one follow-up visit to another, or if the thrombocytopenia occurred in the context of pregnancy. Adjudication was done independently by one of the principal investigators, an external hematologist and a research associate using predefined criteria. Results: The etiology of the thrombocytopenia was adjudicated for 130 patients (n= 195 clinic visits). Reasons for adjudication were: a change in diagnosis from one visit to the next (n= 77; 59.2%), no clear cause of the thrombocytopenia was identified (n=46; 35.4%), and pregnancy-related thrombocytopenia (n=7; 5.4%). After adjudication, the most common changes in diagnosis were from primary ITP to secondary ITP (n=10), from “unknown” diagnosis to either primary ITP (n=15) or non-immune thrombocytopenia (n=10), or a change in the cause of non-immune thrombocytopenia (n=10). The diagnosis did not change for 38 patients (29.7%) after adjudication. Conclusions: Adjudication led to a more accurate diagnosis for 92 of 130 (70.8%) patients enrolled in the registry who presented with thrombocytopenia. This process can improve the clinical diagnosis of ITP.