Diagnosis Of Deep Venous Thrombosis Research Articles

Evaluating the benefits of machine learning for diagnosing deep vein thrombosis compared to gold standard ultrasound- a feasibility study.

This study evaluates the feasibility of remote deep venous thrombosis (DVT) diagnosis via ultrasound sequences facilitated by ThinkSono Guidance, an artificial intelligence (AI)-app, for point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS). The aim is to assess the effectiveness of AI-guided POCUS conducted by non-specialists in capturing valid ultrasound images for remote diagnosis of DVT. Over a 3.5-month period, patients with suspected DVT underwent AI-guided POCUS conducted by non-specialists using a handheld ultrasound probe connected to the app. These ultrasound sequences were uploaded to a cloud-dashboard for remote specialist review. Additionally, participants received a formal DVT scans. Patients underwent AI-guided POCUS using handheld probes connected to the AI-app, followed by formal DVT scans. Ultrasound sequences acquired during the AI-guided scan were uploaded to a cloud-dashboard for remote specialist review, where image quality was assessed, and diagnoses were provided. Among 91 predominantly elderly female participants, 18% of scans were incomplete. Of the rest, 91% had sufficient quality, with 64% categorised by remote clinicians as "compressible" or "incompressible." Sensitivity and specificity for adequately imaged scans were 100% and 91%, respectively. Notably, 53% were low risk, potentially obviating formal scans. ThinkSono Guidance effectively directed non-specialists, streamlining DVT diagnosis and treatment. It may reduce the need for formal scans, particularly with negative findings, and extend diagnostic capabilities to primary care. The study highlights AI-assisted POCUS potential in improving DVT assessment.

Sequelae and post-thrombotic syndrome after venous thromboembolism in acute lymphoblastic leukemia survivors treated on the NOPHO ALL2008 protocol.

The treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is frequently complicated by toxicity, including venous thromboembolism (VTE) affecting roughly 8% of patients. VTE can lead to post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS), a group of signs and symptoms developed as a complication to deep venous thrombosis (DVT), imposing risk of permanent disability and reduced quality of life (QoL). PTS prevalence ranges from 0% to 70%, reflecting very heterogenous cohorts and assessment tools. We aimed to estimate sequelae, including PTS and QoL in children and adults (<45years old) who had a DVT during ALL treatment. PTS and QoL scores were obtained through use of Villalta and Modified Villalta Scale, PedsQL, and Short Form-36 questionnaires. The cohort comprised 20 children (<18years) and seven adults (median age: 12.9years, range: 2-44years) at the time of DVT diagnosis. In total, 25 ALL survivors underwent PTS examination. The examination took place when survivors were 7-48years (median age: 20.3years, median follow-up time 6.8years). QoL was assessed correlating cases with three matching ALL survivors without VTE. Two adults (15.4%) showed mild or moderate PTS. Eight children (66.7%) were diagnosed with mild PTS, while three cases had collaterals as sole symptoms. Pain or symptoms affecting daily life were reported by 16%. No difference in QoL was found (p=.9). This study underscores the need for comprehensive population-based investigations with validation of PTS instruments in ALL survivors.

Is early bilateral compression ultrasonography and D-dimer monitoring appropriately for prophylaxis and diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis after cesarean section women: a single-center observation study of Chinese Han population

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) is most prevalent among parturients following a cesarean section (CS). The objective of this study was to assess the practical utility of bilateral compression ultrasonography (CUS) of the lower limbs, coupled with D-dimer monitoring, in the early diagnosis of VTE within the Han Chinese population.MethodsOur prospective observational study included 742 women who underwent CUS and D-dimer testing on the first day post-CS. Subsequently, telephone or outpatient follow-ups were conducted until 42 days postpartum. States of hypercoagulation and thrombosis, as indicated by CUS, were classified as CUS abnormal. A D-dimer level ≥ 3 mg/l was considered the D-dimer warning value. Early ambulation and mechanical prophylaxis were universally recommended for all parturients post-CS. A sequential diagnostic strategy, based on the 2015 RCOG VTE risk-assessment tool, was employed. Therapeutic doses of low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) were administered for the treatment of thromboembolic disease. Prophylactic doses of LMWH were given for VTE prophylaxis in parturients with hypercoagulative status accompanied by D-dimer levels ≥ 3 mg/l. All high-risk women (RCOG score ≥ 4 points) were additionally treated with preventive LMWH. Statistical analyses were conducted using the R statistical software, with a two-sided P value < 0.05 considered statistically significant.ResultsFifteen cases of VTE and 727 instances without VTE were observed. The overall VTE rate post-CS was 2.02% (15/742), with 66.7% (10/15) being asymptomatic. Eleven patients received a VTE diagnosis on the first postpartum day. Among the 41 parturients exhibiting hypercoagulation ultrasound findings and D-dimer levels ≥ 3 mg/l, despite receiving pharmacological VTE prophylaxis with LMWH, 4.88% (2/41) in the high-risk group were eventually diagnosed with VTE. A total of 30.86% (229/742) exhibited normal ultrasound findings and D-dimer levels < 3 mg/l on the first day post-CS, with no VTE occurrences in the postpartum follow-up. According to RCOG’s recommendation, 78.03% (579/742) of cesarean delivery women should receive prophylactic anticoagulation, while only 20.62% (153/742) met our criterion for prophylactic anticoagulation.ConclusionThe strategy of timely routine bilateral CUS and D-dimer monitoring is conducive to the early diagnosis and treatment of VTE, significantly reducing the use of LMWH in the Chinese Han population.

Incidental deep venous thrombosis diagnosed on lower extremity computed tomography is a rare but clinically impactful finding

BackgroundIn the setting of a known thrombotic event, computed tomography (CT) studies provide reasonable sensitivity for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). However, the incidence and accuracy of a DVT diagnosis on CT studies not targeted for the detection of DVT are not well described. In addition, the clinical impact of DVTs incidentally identified on CT is unknown. MethodsIn this single-institution retrospective study, we queried all contrasted CT studies of the lower extremities performed over a 10-year period. Regular expressions applied to the radiology reports associated with the CT studies identified studies with positive findings associated with DVT. These selected reports were then manually reviewed to confirm the presence of a DVT. Patient demographics and relevant medical and surgical history were obtained through a chart review. Follow-up information was obtained for 1 year after the incident CT and included treatment course, additional imaging, and adverse events. An incidental DVT was one identified in a patient in whom the DVT was not noted in a prior study and for whom the study indication did not include concern for DVT or pulmonary embolism. ResultsOf 16,637 lower extremity contrasted CT studies queried, 37 study reports identified a DVT. However, only 13 patients had a finding of an incidental DVT (10-year incidence of 0.08%). Among these 13 patients, 11 underwent additional imaging, including 9 who had a subsequent venous duplex and 2 who had subsequent CT studies. Among those with a subsequent duplex, DVT was not identified in eight cases, whereas in one case, DVT was confirmed. Among those with subsequent CT studies, DVT was not identified in one case and was confirmed in one case. Of the 13 patients with incidental DVTs, 3 were initiated on anticoagulation based on their initial CT findings alone. Among these, two did not experience any complications from their DVT or anticoagulation regimen. One did experience major bleeding complications, requiring additional procedures. ConclusionsIncidental DVTs are a rare finding in lower extremity CT studies, noted to occur in only 0.08% of studies. Most patients with incidental DVTs receive additional imaging, with negative findings in 80% of cases. This study identified that 23% of patients were initiated on anticoagulation due to the CT findings, with a 33% rate of significant complications. Currently, a CT venogram is not recommended as a first-line modality for the diagnosis of DVT. However, there is no guidance regarding the need for repeat imaging in patients with incidentally diagnosed lower extremity DVTs identified on CT. Additional study is needed to provide evidence for guideline development.

Use of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Among Patients With Hip Fracture Is Not an Indication to Delay Surgical Intervention.

To compare outcomes in patients on direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) treated within 48 hours of last preoperative dose with those with surgical delays >48 hours. Retrospective cohort study. Three academic Level 1 trauma centers. Patients 65 years of age or older on DOACs before hip fracture treated between 2010 and 2018. Patients were excluded if last DOAC dose was >24 hours before admission, patient suffered from polytrauma, and/or delay to surgery was not attributed to DOAC. Primary outcome measures were the postoperative complication rate as determined by diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolus, wound breakdown, drainage, or infection. Secondary outcomes included transfusion requirement, perioperative bleeding, length of stay, reoperation rates, readmission rates, and mortality. Two hundred five patients were included in this study, with a mean cohort age of 81.9 years (65-100 years), 64% were (132/205) female, and a mean Charlson Comorbidity Index of 6.4 (2-20). No significant difference was observed among age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, or fracture pattern between cohorts (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Seventy-one patients had surgery <48 hours after final preoperative DOAC dose; 134 patients had surgery >48 hours after. No significant difference in complication rate between the 2 cohorts was observed (P = 0.30). Patients with delayed surgical management were more likely to require transfusion (OR 2.39, 95% CI, 1.05-5.44; P = 0.04). Patients with early surgical management had significantly shorter lengths of stay (5.9 vs. 7.6 days, P < 0.005). There was no difference in estimated blood loss, anemia, reoperations, readmissions, 90-day mortality, or 1-year mortality (P > 0.05 for all comparisons). Geriatric patients with hip fracture who underwent surgical management within 48 hours of their last preoperative DOAC dose required less transfusions and had decreased length of stay, with comparable mortality and complication rates with patients with surgery delayed beyond 48 hours. Providers should consider early intervention in this population rather than adherence to elective procedure guidelines. Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Age is a Risk Factor for Poor Knowledge About Venous Thromboembolism Treatment.

To limit complications and optimize anticoagulant therapy, some units treating venous thrombo embolism offer a formalized educational program to patients. In our clinic we developed a patient questionnaire to target aspects of patient knowledge about their venous thromboembolism (VTE) disease and their treatment that require reinforcement. The VTE questionnaire, composed of 7 questions, has been proposed to adult patients with a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary embolism requiring anticoagulant therapy for at least 3 months. Patients who completed the VTE questionnaire between March 2022 and February 2023 were included in the present retrospective study. A poor score was defined as < 5 correct answers. We investigated the factors associated with a poor score on the questionnaire, using univariable and multivariable analysis, in order to better target patients education in our unit. A total of 132 patients were included. The majority were men (56.8%) and the mean (±SD) age was 55.4 (±18.3) years. The total score was < 5 in 43.2% of patients. Those with a poor score most frequently lacked knowledge regarding the treatment; only 22.8% of patients knew of the risk of bleeding, 5.3% the contraindication of non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs NSAIDs, and 19.3% knew of the precautions related to physical activity. In multivariate analysis the only factor associated with poor VTE questionnaire score was age ≥ 55 years (OR 2.61, 95%CI 1.14-5.94). Poor knowledge of venous thrombo embolism concerned older patients and particularly treatment-related aspects.

Neutrophil extracellular traps mediate deep vein thrombosis: from mechanism to therapy.

Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is a part of venous thromboembolism (VTE) that clinically manifests as swelling and pain in the lower limbs. The most serious clinical complication of DVT is pulmonary embolism (PE), which has a high mortality rate. To date, its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood, and patients usually present with clinical symptoms only after the formation of the thrombus. Thus, it is essential to understand the underlying mechanisms of deep vein thrombosis for an early diagnosis and treatment of DVT. In recent years, many studies have concluded that Neutrophil Extracellular Traps (NETs) are closely associated with DVT. These are released by neutrophils and, in addition to trapping pathogens, can mediate the formation of deep vein thrombi, thereby blocking blood vessels and leading to the development of disease. Therefore, this paper describes the occurrence and development of NETs and discusses the mechanism of action of NETs on deep vein thrombosis. It aims to provide a direction for improved diagnosis and treatment of deep vein thrombosis in the near future.

Apixaban versus rivaroxaban for treatment of acute deep venous thrombosis in patients with cancer.

12113 Background: Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) such as Apixaban and Rivaroxaban are increasingly used for the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism (VTE) over traditional vitamin K antagonists. Malignant neoplasms predispose to acute VTE and clinical management necessitates anticoagulation to prevent further complications. We compare Apixaban to Rivaroxaban for the treatment of acute VTE in the setting of malignancy with the endpoint of chronic deep venous thrombosis (DVT) development after 2 years. Methods: The TriNetX Research network was used for this study. TriNetX provides access to anonymized medical record information on more than 107 million patients in 76 large healthcare organizations. Two cohorts were created for this study using the International Classification of Disease-10 (ICD-10) codes. All patients were required to have a diagnosis of breast (C50), lung (C34), colon (C18), or prostate cancer (C61). All were diagnosed with acute deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of the lower extremities (I82.409). One cohort was treated with rivaroxaban while the other was treated with apixaban within 3 days of DVT diagnosis. Each cohort was excluded from being treated with the other anticoagulant. The cohorts were balanced for age, race, gender, and ethnicity, then evaluated for the development of chronic DVT (I82.509) within the subsequent twelve months. Results: The development of chronic DVT was significantly more common in the apixaban cohort, with a risk ratio of 1.36 (95% CI (1.12,1.65), p-value 0.0015). See table. Conclusions: Patients with acute VTE in the setting of malignancy were at a significantly higher risk of developing chronic DVT following treatment with Apixaban compared to those who received Rivaroxaban at 2 years post-treatment. These results may contribute to increased discussion between physicians and patients when deciding between these two direct oral anticoagulants for the management of acute VTE. Diagnosis of chronic DVT in cancer patients treated with apixaban and rivaroxaban. [Table: see text]

C-56 | Marijuana Use Associated With Increased Risk of Deep Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism: A Nationwide Study

Lower extremity venous disease can be a debilitating disease with poor quality of life and can lead to complications including pulmonary embolism (PE) that confer an increased risk of mortality. The impact of active marijuana use on outcomes with peripheral venous disease including deep venous thrombosis (DVT) and PE has not been well studied and remains rarely reported. De-identified patient data from the National Inpatient Sample (NIS) from 2016-2019 were queried. Inclusion criteria included diagnosis of marijuana use. Patients were further stratified with diagnoses of DVT and PE. Data was analyzed using SPSS software in a binary logistic regression model, a p value <0.001 was considered statistically significant, and samples were standardized for comparison using predicted probabilities. Of the 30m+ patients in the NIS from 2016 to 2019, there were 623,768 patients diagnosed as marijuana users. Of these patients, 409 (0.07%) were diagnosed with a DVT and 3042 (0.49%) were diagnosed with a PE. Marijuana users were at more than double the risk of being diagnosed with a DVT and PE as compared to non marijuana users (OR = 2.263, 2.504, respectively; p<0.001). A total of 979 marijuana users died during hospitalization, but were at no increased risk of mortality when diagnosed with DVT or PE. Marijuana users had an average age of 37.4 years, even distribution across genders, were more likely to be white and more likely to be elective admissions (p<0.001). Marijuana use has been linked to alterations in platelet function and coagulation cascade. Our data reveals that marijuana users have a higher prevalence of DVT and PE than the general population. They were at no increased risk of mortality which may be attributed to patients being younger on average. Further studies need to be conducted to determine whether these patients undergo more interventions and suffer from subsequent complications.

Is it necessary to wear compression stockings and how long should they be worn for preventing post thrombotic syndrome? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

BackgroundPost thrombotic syndrome (PTS) is a serious complication of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). There were always debates on the efficacy of elastic compression stockings (ECS) in prevention for post thrombotic syndrome. ObjectiveTo assess effects of elastic compression stockings and ECS's wearing time on post thrombotic syndrome after diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. MethodsPubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science were last searched on 23 November 2022 for studies assessing effects of elastic compression stockings or theirs wearing time on post thrombotic syndrome after diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis. Results9 randomized controlled trials were included. Wearing elastic compression stockings was associated with a statistically reduction in the overall post thrombotic syndrome rate (RR 0.73, 95 % CI 0.53 to 1.00; P = 0.05; I2 = 82 %). No significant difference in severe post thrombotic syndrome rate, recurrent deep venous thrombosis rate, and death rate was seen whether wearing elastic compression stockings or not. The pooled effect of studies comparing different wearing time of elastic compression stockings showed no significant difference in post thrombotic syndrome rate, severe and moderate post thrombotic syndrome rate, recurrent deep venous thrombosis syndrome rate and death rate. ConclusionsWearing ECS can reduce the risk of developing PTS after DVT and a wearing time of less than or equal to 1 year is comparable to 2 years wearing. The results support ECS's role as a foundation therapy for preventing PTS.

High incidence of common femoral Deep Vein Thrombosis in critically ill Covid19 patients.

To estimate the incidence and prevalence of deep venous thrombosis, and to evaluate the discriminative capacity of D-dimer in its diagnosis. The prospective, observational study was conducted at the critical care unit of a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan from February to September 2021 and comprised consecutively admitted adult critically ill patients who were receiving therapeutic-dose anticoagulation therapy. All patients were screened on day one for deep venous thrombosis by colour doppler and compression ultrasonography. Patients who did not have deep venous thrombosis on the first scan were followed every 72 hours. Data was analysed using SPSS 26. Of the 142 patients, 99(69.7%) were male and 43(30.3%) were female. The overall mean age was 53.20+/-13.3 years. On the first scan, 25(17.6%) patients had deep venous thrombosis. Of the remaining 117 patients, 78(68.4%) were followed every 72 hours, and 23(29.48%) of them developed deep venous thrombosis. The most common site for DVT was the common femoral vein 46(95.8%) and most deep venous thrombosis cases were unilateral 28(58.33%). D-dimer levels showed no discriminative capacity for diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (p=0.79). There were no significant risk factors for the development of deep venous thrombosis. There was a high incidence and prevalence of deep venous thrombosis despite therapeutic-dose anticoagulation therapy. The most common affected site was the common femoral vein and most deep venous thrombosis were unilateral. D-dimer levels had no discriminative capacity for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis DVT.

Correlation between CUS and DUS for DVT diagnosis in lower extremities in the emergency department

Background: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) is one of the most serious thrombotic events and one of the most common cardiovascular causes associated with death due to pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the correlation between two-point compression ultrasonography (CUStwo-point) and doppler ultrasound (DUS) in the diagnosis of DVT of the lower extremities. Methods: This descriptive–analytical cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with suspected DVT referred to two emergency departments over 6 months. Initially, all patients underwent CUStwo-point using a linear probe on the common femoral and popliteal veins, which was performed by an emergency medicine specialist. Then DUS was performed on all patients by radiologists who were unaware of the results of CUStwo-point. The results obtained from the two procedures were recorded in a data collection form by a third-year emergency medicine assistant. The data was analyzed by SPSS 23 software. Results: Overall, 129 patients were enrolled, the mean age of whom was 56.18 ± 16.33.68 years. There were 68 males (52.7%) and 61 females (47.3%) among the participants. The positivity or negativity of the data retrieved from CUStwo-point and DUS was assessed by the McNemar test, and a P-value of 1 indicated the homogeneity of both tests. Compared to DUS (as the gold standard), the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of the CUStwo-point method were obtained as 97.56%, 95.74%, 97.56%, 95.74%, and 96.9%, respectively. The accuracy of 96.9% of CUStwo-point along with Cohen’s kappa of 0.93 indicated a high agreement between the two ultrasound methods. Conclusion: CUS seems to be a non-invasive, safe, and accessible method in the emergency department that can provide an appropriate alternative to DUS for the diagnosis of DVT in the lower extremities.

Prevalence of venous thromboembolism in patients undergoing diagnostic venous ultrasound during the first SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Background: Venous thromboembolism appears to be associated with severe COVID-19 infection than in those without it. However, this varies considerably depending on the cohort studied. The aims of this single-centre, multi-site retrospective cross-sectional study were to assess the number of all venous scans performed in the first month of pandemic in a large university teaching hospital, to evaluate the incidence of deep venous thrombosis (DVT), and assess the predictive ability of the clinical information available on the electronic patient record in planning work-up for DVT and prioritising ultrasound scans. Patients and methods: All consecutive patients undergoing venous ultrasound for suspected acute DVT between 1st of March and 30th of April 2020 were considered. Primary outcome was the proportion of scans positive for DVT; the secondary outcomes included association of a positive SARS-CoV-2 PCR test, demographic, clinical factors, and Wells scores. Results: 819 ultrasound scans were performed on 762 patients across the Trust in March and April 2020. This number was comparable to the corresponding pre-pandemic cohort from 2019. The overall prevalence of DVT in the studied cohort was 16.1% and was higher than before the pandemic (11.5%, p=.047). Clinical symptoms consistent with COVID-19, irrespective of the SARS-CoV-2 PCR test result (positive_COVID_PCR OR 4.97, 95%CI 2.31-10.62, p<.001; negative_COVID_PCR OR 1.97, 95%CI 1.12-3.39, p=.016), a history of AF (OR 0.20, 95%CI 0.03-0.73, p=.037), and personal history of venous thromboembolism (VTE) (OR 1.95, 95%CI 1.13-3.31, p=.014), were independently associated with the diagnosis of DVT on ultrasound scan. Wells score was not associated with the incidence of DVT. Conclusions: Amongst those referred for the DVT scan, SARS-CoV-2 PCR test was associated with an increased risk of VTE and should be taken into consideration when planning DVT work-up and prioritising diagnostic imaging. We postulate that the threshold for imaging should possibly be lower.

Artificial intelligence-based iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis detection using a clinical approach

Early diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis is essential for reducing complications, such as recurrent pulmonary embolism and venous thromboembolism. There are numerous studies on enhancing efficiency of computer-aided diagnosis, but clinical diagnostic approaches have never been considered. In this study, we evaluated the performance of an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm in the detection of iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis on computed tomography angiography of the lower extremities to investigate the effectiveness of using the clinical approach during the feature extraction process of the AI algorithm. To investigate the effectiveness of the proposed method, we created synthesized images to consider practical diagnostic procedures and applied them to the convolutional neural network-based RetinaNet model. We compared and analyzed the performances based on the model’s backbone and data. The performance of the model was as follows: ResNet50: sensitivity = 0.843 (± 0.037), false positives per image = 0.608 (± 0.139); ResNet152 backbone: sensitivity = 0.839 (± 0.031), false positives per image = 0.503 (± 0.079). The results demonstrated the effectiveness of the suggested method in using computed tomography angiography of the lower extremities, and improving the reporting efficiency of the critical iliofemoral deep venous thrombosis cases.

Comparison of Colour Doppler Ultrasonography and Indirect Computer Tomography Venography for the Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Patients with Suspected Pulmonary Thromboembolism at a Tertiary Care Centre in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Introduction: Pulmonary Thromboembolism (PTE) and Venous Thromboembolism (VTE) are prevalent conditions with a high mortality rate and need immediate medical attention. The initial and standard imaging techniques are Computed Tomography Pulmonary Angiography (CTPA) for the diagnosis of PTE and Colour Doppler Ultrasonography (CDUS) for Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT). However, there can be some issues when using these two different approaches, like the requirement for a separate area and more time. With the so-called indirect Computed Tomography Venography (CTV) approach, thrombi in the deep venous system that may cause PTE can be examined right after pulmonary CT Angiography (CTA) without the need for additional contrast agent. Aim: To determine the accuracy of indirect CTV for the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis in patients with suspected PTE. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Radiology in Government Stanley Medical College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, India from June 2021 to May 2022. A total of 50 patients with a probable diagnosis of PTE and was established with CTA were included. All 50 patients underwent indirect CTV and CDU on the same day. For indirect CTV lower extremities between the iliac crest and the popliteal region were scanned without administration of extra contrast medium. Colour Doppler Ultrasound (CDUS) was considered as Gold standard. To find the efficacy of CTV in determining DVT the Receiver Operating Characteristics curve (ROC) was used. Results: Of the total 50 patients, who were enrolled in the study, 21 (42%) patients were females and 29 (58%) patients were males. The mean age of the study subjects was 43.5±12.1 years. Among these DVT was detected in 25/50 patients (50.0%) by Doppler Sonography, Similarly DVT was detected in 23/50 patients (46%) by CTV. The sensitivity of CTV was 76% and the specificity was 84%, Positive Predictive Value (PPV) of 82.6%, Negative Predictive Values (NPV) of 77.8%. The p-value and kappa value between CTV and CDUS was calculated as 0.0005 and 0.600, respectively. Conclusion: According to the results of the present study, a combined CTA indirect CTV method can determine the DVT with a moderate level of sensitivity and specificity

Evaluation of the relationship between monocyte to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and thrombus burden in patients with deep vein thrombosis

The purpose of this study was to evaluate monocyte count and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and their ratio (monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio) in patients with deep venous thrombosis as well as to determine whether this ratio at the time of diagnosis can be an indicator of thrombus burden in terms of thrombus location in deep venous thrombosis. We retrospectively analyzed the patient's diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis confirmed with venous Doppler ultrasound, using a database query for outpatients between 2018 and 2022. Of 378 patients included, blood count results at the time of diagnosis were available for 356. We recruited 300 age- and sex-matched patients with appropriate blood counts, without a diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis, as the control group, by querying the outpatient clinic database. The monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio was computed from the ratio of monocyte count to high-density lipoprotein-C. Patients were categorized based on the level of thrombus and the number of vein segments involved as evidenced by Doppler ultrasound findings. The serum level of monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (p<0.01). Patients with proximal deep venous thrombosis had a higher mean monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio (19.6±5.1 vs. 17.1±5.5; p<0.01) than patients with distal deep venous thrombosis. Monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio increased with the number of vein segments involved (p<0.01). Monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio is significantly elevated in patients with deep venous thrombosis when compared to the control group. Monocyte/high-density lipoprotein ratio levels were correlated with disease burden reflected by thrombus location and the number of vein segments involved in deep venous thrombosis patients.

Hepatocyte-derived Microparticles as Novel Biomarkers for the Diagnosis of Deep Venous Thrombosis in Trauma Patients.

Venous thromboembolism is a common complication following trauma. We investigated the dynamics of plasma microparticles (MPs) levels and explored their potential as biomarkers of deep vein thromboembolism (DVT) after trauma. A total of 775 patients with traumatic fractures were recruited in this nested study. About 106 trauma patients (53 DVT subjects and 53 age-, sex-, and fracture site-matched non-DVT subjects) and 53 healthy volunteers met the enrollment criteria. MPs were characterized by transmission electron microscope, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and western blotting. Circulating levels of MPs were measured using a flow cytometer. Meanwhile, routine laboratory parameters were examined in all patients. Compared to non-DVT patients, DVT patients had higher circulating phosphatidylserine (PS) + MPs, hepatocyte-derived MPs (HMPs), PS + HMPs, and platelet-derived MPs (PMPs). Notably, PS + HMPs had the best predictive value for DVT diagnosis in trauma patients (area under the curve [AUC] 0.8939, 95% CI 0.8326 to 0.9552), which was superior to d-dimer (AUC 0.5881). The Hepatic Procoagulant Index combined plasma levels of PS + HMPs and albumin, increasing the AUC to 0.8978 (95% CI 0.8396 to 0.9561). This is the first study that addressed circulating PS + HMPs are promising biomarkers with high performance in diagnosing DVT. The Hepatic Procoagulant Index is a potential predictor of DVT in trauma patients.

The Diagnostic Value of the Neutrophil-to-Lymphocyte Ratio and Platelet-to-Lymphocyte Ratio for Deep Venous Thrombosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) are emerging tools that can be used in the diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis (DVT). This study aims to evaluate the diagnostic value of NLR and PLR for patients with DVT. Our meta-analysis included 11 eligible studies and extracted relevant diagnostic indicators. Of these studies, 4 focused on the NLR, 1 on the PLR, while 6 evaluated both. For the 10 studies on NLR, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive-likelihood ratio, and negative-likelihood ratio were 74%, 66%, 2.16, and 0.4, respectively. The estimated diagnostic odds ratio (DOR) was 5.3, and the area under the curve (AUC) of the summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves was 0.74. For the 7 studies on the PLR, the pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive-likelihood ratio, and negative-likelihood ratio were 0.65, 0.77, 2.89, and 0.45, respectively. The estimated DOR was 6.64, and the SROC-AUC was 0.79. Our findings showed that the NLR and PLR exhibit moderate diagnostic accuracy and may be helpful biomarkers for the diagnosis of DVT. Future prospective, well-designed studies with large sample sizes will be required to provide additional evidence to establish cutoff values and clinical value of these indicators.

Cost-effectiveness study of deep venous thrombosis diagnosis in hospital environment

Cost-effectiveness study of deep venous thrombosis diagnosis in hospital environment

Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 infection

To determine if people infected with SARS-CoV-2 were at higher risk of developing selected medical conditions post-recovery, data were extracted from the database of a large health maintenance organization (HMO) in Israel between March 2020 and May 2021. For each condition, a condition-naïve group prior to COVID-19 (PCR-positive) infection were compared to a condition-naïve, non-COVID-19 infected group, matched by gender, age, socioeconomic status, minority group status and number of months visited primary care physician (PCP) in previous year. Diagnosis and recuperation dates for each COVID-19 infected participant were applied to their matched comparison participant (1:1 ratio). Incidence of each condition was measured between date of recuperation and end of study period for each group and Cox regression models developed to determine hazard ratios by group status, controlling for demographic and health variables.Crude and adjusted incidence rates were higher for the COVID-19 infected group than those not infected with COVID-19 for treatment for depression/anxiety, sleep disturbance, diagnosis of deep venous thrombosis, lung disease and fibromyalgia. Differences in incidence were no longer observed between the two groups for treatment of sleep disturbance, and diagnosis of lung disease when those hospitalized during the acute-phase of illness (any reason) were excluded. No difference was found by COVID-19 infection status for post-acute incidence of diabetes, cerebrovascular accident, myocardial infarction, acute kidney disease, hypertension and ischemic heart disease.Patients post-COVID-19 infection should be evaluated for depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance, DVT, lung disease and fibromyalgia.