Diagnosis Of Animal Diseases Research Articles

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide and Cardiovascular Diseases in Dogs and Cats

The term biomarker encompasses various biological indicators that objectively reflect a patient's medical status with precision and reproducibility. These indicators range from basic measurements like pulse and blood pressure to more intricate laboratory tests. Cardiac markers are crucial for accurate and prompt diagnosis of heart diseases in animals. Given the challenge of diagnosing cardiac diseases in small animals due to nonspecific clinical signs, cardiac markers provide quantitative indicators of biological processes. These markers include cardiac troponins for myocardial injury, natriuretic peptides for myocardial function, lipoproteins for serum homeostasis, and markers for inflammation of the cardiovascular system. Among natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) has emerged as a significant tool in diagnosing and monitoring cardiac diseases. ANP, primarily synthesized in cardiac atria, regulates salt and fluid excretion, counteracts vasoconstriction, and inhibits the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, contributing to the maintenance of cardiovascular homeostasis. Additionally, it functions as a biomarker for ventricular hypertrophy and congestive heart failure (CHF) in animals. Furthermore, it protects against hypertension and cardiac remodeling by demonstrating antagonism to the same system. This review addresses the definition of biomarkers within the context of molecular biology, elucidates their multifaceted functions in the animal organism in light of integrative physiology, and explores the pathologies correlated with ANP, with an emphasis on its etiopathogenesis and clinical manifestations.

Reflections on Small-Class Teaching in Veterinary Medicine Undergraduate Programs in China.

As a cornerstone of higher education in China, the quality of undergraduate teaching is crucial for nurturing high-caliber innovative talents that meet the needs of national and social development. Small-class teaching has emerged as a focal point in the reform of undergraduate education and represents an important approach to cultivating top-notch innovative talents. Veterinary medicine is a scientific discipline that encompasses the prevention, control, diagnosis, and treatment of animal diseases. It also involves efforts to prevent the transmission of animal diseases to humans. The training of professionals in this field should emphasize the integration of theoretical knowledge with practical skills. Therefore, small-class teaching facilitates open communication between educators and students, which is instrumental in fostering a new generation of veterinarians equipped with robust professional knowledge, excellent practical abilities, and strong scientific literacy. This paper provides a preliminary exploration into the strategy and direction of small-class teaching within China's veterinary medicine undergraduate programs by summarizing its characteristics, advantages, and existing challenges. The unique traits of veterinary medicine are also taken into consideration during this analysis.

Comparison of immunoglobulin Y antibody production in new and spent laying hens.

Immunoglobulin (Ig)Y, a specific type of Ig found in chicken eggs, has potential use in the diagnosis of human and animal diseases. This study assessed the feasibility of using spent laying hens to produce IgY. In addition, the effects of antigen injection on egg and antibody production in new and spent laying hens were compared. Hens were intramuscularly injected with three booster shots of antigens. IgY was extracted from egg yolks using polyethylene glycol 6000 precipitation followed by dialysis. Spent laying hens (83 weeks) consistently showed lower egg production than new laying hens (27 weeks) throughout the study. Post-immunization, a further decline in egg production was observed in spent laying hens, and egg production stopped after the second antigen injection. Eggs from spent laying hens were less dense than eggs from new hens. Despite lower IgY levels in eggs from spent laying hens, the heavy-to-light chain ratio remained consistent in both groups. Notably, IgY from spent and new laying hens demonstrated effective hemagglutination against cat erythrocytes in the A blood group. This study demonstrated the potential of using spent laying hens to produce IgY, with significant implications for future research, immunotherapy, and diagnostic applications, despite the observed reduction in egg production compared with new laying hens.

Performance of three multiplex real-time PCR assays for simultaneous detection of 12 infectious pathogens in mice affected with respiratory and digestive diseases.

Research quality can be improved with reliable and reproducible experimental results when animal experiments are conducted using laboratory animals with guaranteed microbiological and genetic quality through health monitoring. Therefore, health monitoring requires the rapid and accurate diagnosis of infectious diseases in laboratory animals. This study presents a performance evaluation of a commercially available multiplex real-time PCR (mRT-PCR) assay for the rapid detection of 12 infectious pathogens (Set 1: Sendai virus [SeV, formally murine respirovirus], Mycoplasma spp., Rodentibacter pneumotropicus, and Rodentibacter heylii; Set 2: Helicobacter spp., Murine norovirus [MNV], Murine hepatitis virus [MHV], and Salmonella spp.; Set 3: Staphylococcus aureus, Streptobacillus moniliformis, Corynebacterium kutscheri, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). To evaluate the efficacy of the mRT-PCR assay, 102 clinical samples encompassing fecal and cecal specimens were analyzed. The resulting data were then compared with the findings from sequence analysis for validation. The assay's detection limit ranged from 1 to 100 copies per reaction. Specificity testing involving various viruses and bacteria indicated no cross-reactivity between strains. Additionally, the assay exhibited good reproducibility, with mean coefficients of variation for inter- and intra assay variation below 3%. The overall positive rate was 52.9% (n = 54), with the mRT-PCR assay findings matching sequence analysis results (κ = 1). MHV (n = 29, 28.4%) was the most prevalent pathogen, followed by Helicobacter spp. (n = 28, 27.5%), R. heylii (n = 18, 17.6%), Mycoplasma spp. (n = 14, 13.7%), MNV (n = 12, 11.8%), S. aureus (n = 9, 8.8%), P. aeruginosa (n = 4, 3.9%), and R. pneumotropicus (n = 1, 0.9%). This assay offers a rapid turnaround time of 100 min, including 30 min for DNA preparation and 70 min for target DNA/RNA amplification. It ensures accuracy, minimizing false positives or negatives, making it a convenient tool for the simultaneous detection of infectious diseases in many samples. Overall, the propose‑d assay holds promise for the effective detection of the most important pathogens in laboratory animal health monitoring.

Indicators of the mineral metabolism of sows during the reproductive cycle

Over the past decade, domestic pig farming has undergone significant changes in breeding and genetic work related to the breeding of highly productive breeding stock. Their reproductive ability and metabolic state of health depend on an adequate supply of macro- and microelements. Dynamic changes in mineral homeostasis are used as one of the diagnostic criteria for a full-fledged metabolic status. These indicators are homeoresistive for the animal body, and their dynamics can serve as constant in the development of methods for the diagnosis, prevention and prediction of animal diseases of various etiologies. The purpose of this study was to study the dynamics of sow mineral homeostasis during the breeding cycle, depending on the further course of the postpartum period. Studies of blood parameters were performed in the conditions of an industrial complex on the main sows. Blood was taken from the jugular vein during the reproductive cycle: background (before insemination), on the 30th and 80th day of pregnancy, after childbirth. After farrowing, the sows, according to the results of a clinical examination, were divided into two groups of 10 animals each: the remaining clinically healthy and those with postpartum diseases (endometritis, postpartum dysgalactia). As a result of a comparative analysis, identical dynamics of mineral indicators were established throughout the reproductive cycle in animals that remained healthy and became ill with postpartum diseases. In the blood serum of sows with postpartum pathology, there is a lower level of calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper and an increased content of phosphorus. The greatest tension in mineral metabolism between diseased animals and the remaining healthy ones is observed after childbirth.

PERCEPTION OF ANIMAL OWNERS TOWARDS VETERINARY CLINICAL COMPLEX

The Veterinary Clinical Complex is a leading centre for animal treatment and serves as a reference Veterinary Clinic, with the main goal of training students to attain academic excellence and become successful veterinarians. Many clinical cases of small and large animals are presented to the veterinary clinical complex, which gives undergraduate students plenty of instructional material. The placement of multiple clinical departments and Veterinary Clinic units in one site has allowed for a well-integrated and coordinated approach to the diagnosis and treatment of diseases in small and large animals. The research was conducted at the veterinary clinical complex (VCC), CVS & AH, Kamdhenu University, Junagadh. An interview schedule was used in accordance with the objectives of the research in order to gauge how animal owners respect the VCC. In order to conduct a statistical analysis based on mean, frequency and percentage, 200 animal owners who visited VCC every day from 2021 to 2022 were randomly selected. The result indicated that majority of the animal owners had a medium level of perception towards Veterinary Clinical Complex services. Variables like education, experience as an animal owners, herd size, social participation and extension contact were positive and significant association with perception of animal owners about veterinary clinical complex and the variables like type of family, size of land holding, annual income and occupation had non-significant relationship with perception of animal owners about VCC services. Major constraints experienced by animal owners are vaccination and free of cost medicine is not provided by the VCC centre. Major suggestions given by the respondents to overcome the constraints were; medicine should be provided free of cost in veterinary clinical complex.

Artificial intelligence in veterinary diagnostics

Artificial intelligence is becoming increasingly important in veterinary medicine and is likely to play a significant role in how the profession develops in the future. It is already impacting the way veterinarians practice, with several technologies readily available. Its application to the interpretation of diagnostic images, clinicopathological data and histopathology has been demonstrated. It is hoped that these technologies will increase the speed and accuracy of a diagnosis. This article reviews some studies investigating the application of artificial intelligence to the diagnosis of disease in animals and considers future uses and limitations of the technology.

Preventing Zoonotic Diseases: An Investigation into Veterinary Medicine's Role in Public Health

Animal infectious diseases are an important public health issue that threatens human health, and veterinarians play an important role in preventing and controlling animal infectious diseases. This study aims to explore the role of veterinarians in preventing animal infectious diseases and public health. Through interviews and questionnaire surveys with veterinary workers, this study collected their practical experience in animal disease monitoring, diagnosis, prevention, and control, as well as their participation and challenges in public health. The research findings reveal the crucial role of veterinarians in the prevention of animal infectious diseases, particularly in improving animal health, maintaining public health safety, and promoting harmonious coexistence between humans and nature. In addition, the study also identified challenges faced by veterinarians in public health work, such as resource constraints, demand for professional knowledge, and insufficient public awareness. Based on the research results, suggestions were proposed to improve the role of veterinarians in public health, in order to provide reference for the future development of veterinarians in the field of public health.

Swellable microneedle-coupled light-addressable photoelectrochemical sensor for in-situ tracking of multiple pesticides pollution in vivo

In vivo monitoring of multiple pesticide contamination is of great significance for evaluating the health risks of different pesticides, agricultural production safety, and ecological and environmental assessment. Here, we report a hydrogel microneedle array coupled light-addressable photoelectrochemical sensor for tracking multiple pesticide uptake and elimination in living animals and plants, holding three prominent merits: i) enables in-situ detection of in vivo pesticides, avoiding cumbersome and complex sample transportation and handling processes; ii) allows repeated in vivo sampling of the same organism, improving tracking test controllability and accuracy; iii) avoids lethal sampling, providing a better understanding of the pesticides fate in living organisms. The coupled sensor is mechanically robust for withstanding more than 0.35 N per needle and highly swellable (800 %) for timely extraction of sufficient in vivo solution for analysis. For proof-of-concept, it achieves in-situ detection of atrazine, acetamiprid, and carbendazim efficiently and quantitatively in artificial agarose skin models, mouse skin interstitial fluids, and plant leaves with little inflammatory reaction. This simple, highly integrated, minimally invasive, and high-throughput in vivo monitoring method is ideal for future field environmental monitoring and plant and animal disease diagnosis.

A Review of Recent Advancements in Sensor-Integrated Medical Tools.

A medical tool is a general instrument intended for use in the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases in humans or other animals. Nowadays, sensors are widely employed in medical tools to analyze or quantify disease-related parameters for the diagnosis and monitoring of patients' diseases. Recent explosive advancements in sensor technologies have extended the integration and application of sensors in medical tools by providing more versatile in vivo sensing capabilities. These unique sensing capabilities, especially for medical tools for surgery or medical treatment, are getting more attention owing to the rapid growth of minimally invasive surgery. In this review, recent advancements in sensor-integrated medical tools are presented, and their necessity, use, and examples are comprehensively introduced. Specifically, medical tools often utilized for medical surgery or treatment, for example, medical needles, catheters, robotic surgery, sutures, endoscopes, and tubes, are covered, and in-depth discussions about the working mechanism used for each sensor-integrated medical tool are provided.

Fibrinogênio plasmático e proteína C-reativa em cães

Complementary tests are essential for defining the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of diseases in animals. White blood count is the most common laboratory method for identifying and evaluating inflammatory processes in small animals. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate plasma fibrinogen and C-reactive protein as supplementary tools for diagnosing inflammatory processes in dogs, correlating them with the results of the white blood count and the clinical condition of the animal. The sample size was calculated considering the estimated population of dogs living in the rural area of Curuçá, PA, Brazil. The sample included randomly selected healthy and unhealthy dogs. The animals underwent a clinical examination and complete blood count, fibrinogen, and C-reactive protein tests. Of a total of 149 animals, 17.4% (26/149) had hyperfibrinogenemia, 39.6% (59/149) were C-reactive protein positive, and 48.3% (72/149) had leukocytosis. Of the cases of leukocytosis, 63.8% (46/72) were due to neutrophilia. The analysis of the plasma protein: fibrinogen ratio in animals with hyperfibrinogenemia showed that the increased results were related to inflammatory processes in 84.6% (22/26) of these dogs. The results showed that fibrinogen and C-reactive protein are promising tools to identify inflammatory processes in dogs even before the presence of clinical signs; therefore, they are considered supplementary routine care methods to detect recent inflammatory processes not yet identified in the white blood count.

Magnetic resonance imaging subtraction vs. pre- and post-contrast 3D gradient recalled echo fat suppressed imaging for evaluation of the canine and feline brain.

Subtraction magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been reported to increase accuracy in the diagnosis of meningeal and inflammatory brain diseases in small animals. 3D T1W gradient recalled echo (GRE) techniques have been proposed as a suitable alternative to conventional spin echo sequences in imaging the canine brain. The aim of this study was to compare subtraction images and paired pre- and post-contrast 3D T1W GRE fat suppressed (FS) images in canine and feline MRI studies using clinical diagnosis as the gold standard. Paired pre- and post-contrast T1W 3D FS GRE images and individual subtraction images of 100 small animal patients were randomized and independently evaluated by 2 blinded observers. Diagnosis categories were "normal," "inflammatory," "neoplastic," and "other." Clinical diagnosis was made in the same categories and served as the gold standard. Image interpretation results were compared to the clinical diagnosis. Interobserver agreement was determined. Clinically, 41 studies were categorized as "normal," 18 as "inflammatory," 28 as "neoplastic," and 13 as "other." The agreement of the pre- and post-contrast GRE images with the gold standard was significantly higher than that of the subtraction images (k = 0.7491 vs. k = 0.5924; p = 0.0075). The largest sources of error were misinterpretation of "other" as "normal" and "normal" as "inflammatory." There was no significant difference between the two observers (p = 0.8820). Based on this study, subtraction images do not provide an advantage to paired pre- and post-contrast FS GRE images when evaluating the canine and feline brain.

Safety control of meat and meat products

The country's food security is an important and, at the same time, difficult task for Russian agriculture in the context of the import substitution policy. Ensuring the safety and quality of raw materials and food products is a necessary condition that determines the health of the population and the preservation of its gene pool. The most crucial measure in solving the problem of the quality of livestock products is a scientifically based veterinary and sanitary assessment of meat and other livestock products. Therefore, control of the quality and safety of meat and its processed products is a relevant topic for study. The article analyses the procedure for the work of the regional veterinary service on the issues of monitoring the safety of meat and meat products and the data of the annual reports of the 5-vet test centre of the “Regional State Budgetary Institution (RSBI) "Altai Regional Veterinary Center for the Prevention and Diagnosis of Animal Diseases"' for 2020 - 2021. It has been established that the system of veterinary and sanitary control of the safety and quality of meat and meat products in the Altai Territory is carried out by the developed scheme and consists of tests of selected samples in testing laboratories accredited for these indicators. For the period 2021 – 2022 in the Altai Territory, no specimens with deviations from the regulatory documents TR CU 021/2011 Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On the Safety of Food Products”, TR CU 034/2013 Technical Regulations of the Customs Union “On the Safety of Meat and Meat Products” were found in the tested samples. Tests are carried out quarterly for physical, chemical, and microbiological indicators of pesticides and annually for heavy metal salts, radionuclides, the presence of antibiotics, nitrites and hormones. The analysis results allow us to conclude the timely identification of meat and meat products of questionable quality.

Problems in Veterinary Pathology: A Focus on Diagnosis

Veterinary pathology is a critical field in veterinary medicine, necessary for the diagnosis of diseases in animals. However, it is faced with numerous challenges that impact the accuracy and efficiency of diagnoses. This manuscript explores into the multifaceted issues within this field, and emphasised on diagnostic challenges. Key areas of concern include the complexity of differentiating between similar pathological conditions, the limitations of current diagnostic tools and techniques, and the variability in the manifestation of diseases across different species. Furthermore, the manuscript highlights the shortage of specialised pathologists, which exacerbates diagnostic delays and errors. Advanced diagnostic technologies, such as molecular pathology and digital imaging, are explored for their potential to enhance diagnostic precision, yet their high cost and limited accessibility present significant barriers. The integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning in veterinary diagnostics is also discussed as a promising avenue to overcome some of these obstacles. Case studies illustrating common diagnostic pitfalls and their consequences on animal health are provided, underscoring the need for continuous education and training in this rapidly evolving field. In conclusion, there is need for a concerted effort to standardise diagnostic procedures and improve collaboration among veterinary pathologists, clinicians, and researchers. By addressing these challenges, the veterinary pathology community can improve diagnostic accuracy, ultimately enhancing animal health outcomes.

Effects of single and multiple nucleotide mutations on loop-mediated isothermal amplification.

Testing is pivotal for early identification of disease and subsequent infection control. Pathogens' nucleic acid sequence can change due to naturally-occurring genetic drift or intentional modification. Because of the reliance on molecular assays for human, animal, and plant disease diagnosis, we must understand how nucleotide mutations affect test accuracy. Primers designed against original lineages of a pathogen may be less efficient at detecting variants with genetic changes in priming regions. Here, we made single- and multi-point mutations in priming regions of a model SARS-CoV-2 template that was used as input for a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay. We found that many of the modifications impacted assay sensitivity, amplification speed, or both. Further research exploring mutations at every position in each of the eight priming regions should be conducted to evaluate trends and determine generalizability.

Advancements in artificial intelligence technology for improving animal welfare: Current applications and research progress

AbstractThe integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in various sectors has led to significant advancements, with the animal industry being no exception. This review aims to investigate the benefits, limitations, and future prospects of AI technology in improving animal welfare. First, it examines the role of AI in understanding animal behaviors and emotions, providing deeper insights into their well‐being and sources of stress. Next, the paper explores how AI can revolutionize animal nutrition through innovative algorithms and data analytics. The health aspect emphasizes the ability of AI to identify and manage illnesses through intelligent systems. This review also highlights the application of AI in improving animal living conditions, with a focus on environmental management and automated cleaning and disinfection systems. In conclusion, the review emphasizes AI‐driven techniques for early prediction, close monitoring, and accurate diagnosis of animal diseases, ensuring healthier and more sustainable livestock management. By leveraging its advantages, addressing limitations, and exploring future directions, AI has the potential to significantly enhance animal welfare, sustainable agriculture, and veterinary practices.

Goat-derived cell line (<i>Capra hircus</i>) TCh generated by karyological and morphological transformation of YаDK-04 CCL during subcultivation with lanthanide-treated bovine serum

Ability of the continuous cell lines to evolve enables generation of new transformed cell cultures with unlimited life potential and different from the original prototypes in the process of sequential cultivation. There are practically no universal mechanisms and methods for new cell line generation. But it was noted that cell immortalization is associated with chromosomal rearrangements (chromatid morphology) and changes in the number of chromosomes. The paper presents the results of the generation of a new Testis Capra hircus(TCh) cell line, suitable for effective replication of dermatotropic and other types of animal viruses, in order to scale up viral material used for the manufacture of the means for animal disease specific prevention and diagnosis. The monolayer TCh cell line was transformed from the continuous YаDK-04 cell line as a result of more than 50 passages in the growth medium supplemented with 10% of lanthanide-treated bovine serum. Use of the bovine serum purified and supplemented with lanthanides during the cultivation of the continuous cell line YаDK-04 led to significant chromosomal rearrangements and contributed to the formation of a stable and productive new TCh cell line, which differed in cytomorphological and karyological characteristics and had unlimited potential for passaging without changing the cell karyotype and morphology. The novel continuous cell line proved to be suitable for effective reproduction of such disease pathogens as lumpy skin disease, sheep pox, peste des petits ruminants agents. These are mainly viruses of dermatotropic origin.

Histomorphological changes in atheroma of the dog (morphological study on the example of 12 clinical cases)

Pathological processes in the skin of domestic animals are one of the most common diseases of domestic animals both in the Kyrgyz Republic and throughout the world. In connection with the complex differential diagnosis of oncological and non-neoplastic diseases in animals based only on clinical signs, the purpose of this work was to conduct a statistical and histomorphological analysis of cases of atheroma development in dogs. Clinical, histological and statistical methods were used during the research. The research was conducted on a controlled group of domestic dogs in the amount of 12 animals, which were followed for several years. When collecting the anamnesis, in addition to clinical signs, the breed, age and concomitant diseases of the dogs were recorded. During surgical removal of atheroma, histological preparations were prepared to clarify the diagnosis and study histomorphological changes in the tissues. Atheroma of the skin in dogs was most often registered in old animals, which were more than 9 years old at the time of diagnosis. At the same time, such pathology was most often localized in dogs in the area of the head and neck. Among the breeds, the Boxer turned out to be the most susceptible to the formation of sebaceous gland cysts. Also, the incidence among females was 75% of all cases of registered diseases. Histological studies revealed the prevalence of cases with the formation of multiple cysts – 67%, when a number of smaller formations are found near one huge atheroma, while cases of purulent inflammation were only 16%. Surgical removal of the atheroma was an effective method of treatment, while no cases of re-development of cysts were observed during the long postoperative follow-up. The obtained results make it possible to expand knowledge on the clinical manifestation, diagnosis and treatment of non-neoplastic skin diseases in domestic animals

Imbalance of substances in uterine-vaginal mucus in the early days of the estrous cycle

Background. The macroscopic evaluation of the color and consistency of cow uterine-vaginal mucus (UVM) samples revealed that during days 1–3 of the estrous cycle, 45.4 % of the animals in the studied sample (n = 11) had a clear-glassy color, 27.3 % had blood impurities, 18.2 %, and 9.1 % – altered coloring. Additionally, 36.4 % of the samples had thick-viscous, liquid consistency, while 63.6 % had liquid texture. Materials and methods. Mucus was collected from experimental animals at 7–8 a.m. on days 1–3 of the estrous cycle. The volume (cm3) was measured and the color and consistency of the secretion were evaluated. Indicators of mass (g) and content (%) of water (H2O), organic substances (OS), and inorganic substances (IS) were determined gravimetrically. Results. The analysis of the volume and mass indicators of native UVM samples indicates a high (˃95 %) error rate in the registered changes of H2O. However, the error in the sum of the masses OS and IS samples of dry residue (DR) components is completely different. This indicator tends to change on days 1 and 2 (Р ˂0.05), but its stable probability is detected on days 2 and 3, as well as 1 and 3 (Р ˂0.001). Stable changes in the mass OS were detected on days 2 and 3 (Р ˂0.01), while the masses of IS changed on days 1 and 2 (P ˂0.01) and 2 and 3 (P ˂0.001). In all other cases, the error exceeds 95 %. The mass percentages of H2O, OS, and IS indicate a tendency (Р ˂0.05) for changes in H2O and OS content on days 1 and 3; IS content changes on days 1 and 2, as well as 2 and 3, but the changes on days 1 and 3 are highly stable (Р ˂0.001). Stable changes in the mass of DR components were only observed on days 2 and 3. The analysis of homeostasis changes in the mass of native samples indicates that the limit of mean values of UVM:Н2О (1.02–1.04:1) ˂ Н2О:OS (67–77:1) ˂ Н2О:IS (82–439:1), but the OS:IS ratios (1.2–5.5:1) of UVM sample align with the OS:IS ratios (1.2–5.5:1) of DR samples. The limit of Сv for UVM:Н2О, Н2О:OS, Н2О:IS ratio is 0.8–5.3; 19–27; 46–93 % respectively. The OS:IS ratios of native UVM and its DR samples are the same (49; 63; 31 %). The indicators of UVM:Н2О, Н2О:IS, and OS:IS ratios suggest a tendency for change (Р ˂0.05) on days 1 and 3. Their stable changes (Р ˂0.01–0.001) were observed on days 1 and 2, as well as 2 and 3 for Н2О:IS and OS:IS ratios. Conclusion. Given the above, there is a need for further thorough investigation of the characteristics of the imbalance in the components’ mass of UVM during days 1–3 of the estrous cycle, as well as the response of secretory cells of the mucous membrane of the reproductive organs to the effects of pathological factors. This research will be applied in the development of new methods of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of reproductive tract diseases in female animals.

Artificial Intelligence and its Application in the Prediction and Diagnosis of Animal Diseases: A Review

The role of artificial intelligence (AI) in veterinary science is becoming increasingly important as the technology advances. AI applications have the potential to revolutionize the prediction and diagnosis of animal diseases, thereby improving animal health by enhancing disease management. Given the complexity and subjectivity associated with evaluating medical images, as well as the difficulties inherent in handling animals, automating the analysis process using deep learning and artificial intelligence techniques would be highly beneficial. The main focus of the research study is to examine the applications of artificial intelligence in the prediction and diagnosis of Animal Diseases by the comprehensive process of literature review. It was found that many researchers have been using these techniques for diagnosis from the images, creating software that can help doctors, veterinarians and radiologists in their day-to-day work. The study includes machine learning and deep learning algorithms like PLS-DA, ANN and CNN models for the prediction and characterization of lesions. The results were analyzed and compared to obtain a high-accuracy model.