Diagnosis And Recommendation Integrated System Norms Research Articles

Foundation and evaluation of a diagnosis and recommendation integrated system for star apple (Chrysophyllum cainito L.)

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) is a greatly accurate and reliable mean of evaluating the exact nutrition status of crops via foliar analysis. DRIS has been applied to many types of crops, but DRIS has not been established for and applied to star apple, which is an important fruit in many countries. Therefore, this study aims to (i) detect soil obstacles in star apple cultivation, (ii) create a DRIS for star apple, and (iii) apply the created DRIS norms to evaluate the macro-nutrition status of star apple. In total, 90 leaf samples were obtained from 90 different star apple farms, where 90 soil samples were also collected. The soil analysis results revealed that concentrations of available nitrogen and soluble phosphorus were low and medium, indicating a high risk of reduction in star apple yield. The average yield of star apple was 200.0 kg plant−1. The high-yielding group had higher concentrations of N, K, and Mg in the leaf than the low-yielding group; however, the concentrations of Fe and Mn in the leaf were opposite, and the concentrations of P, Ca, Cu, and Zn were equivalent in the two groups. The DRIS norms have been established for star apple with 28 nutrient ratio pairs and consisted of means, coefficients of variation, variances (S2), and variance ratios (S2 l/S2 h), whose values were 0.136–182.6, 21.0–69.5%, 0.0024–10400.9, and 1.89–34.3, respectively. The results of applying the DRIS norms revealed that the nutrient status of star apple was deficient of N, K, and Mg.

Nutritional reference values using the DRIS method and sample size for peach palm production

ABSTRACT One of the challenges in the peach palm production system is the interpretation of leaf analyses and the adaptation of fertilization recommendations. Tools that enhance fertilizer use efficiency are therefore needed. This study aimed to establish norms for evaluating the nutrient status of peach palms using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) and to determine the adequate number of palm heart samples necessary for a more accurate assessment of productivity. Production, leaf nutrient content, and soil fertility data were collected from 102 commercial stands of peach palm in the Ribeira Valley, state of São Paulo, Brazil, between 2015 and 2020. Adequate number of individual samples (palm hearts) to be collected per stand for productivity assessment was estimated. DRIS norms were established by dividing the database into high-yield (reference population) and low-yield subpopulations, using average productivity as a criterion. By assuming an acceptable error of 5 to 10 % for the assessment of peach palm productivity, taking into account total palm heart weight and/or the weight of cylinders, respectively, 16 plants per stand should be sampled. DRIS was not sensitive enough to diagnose differences in the probability of positive response to fertilization; however, the P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Cu, Mn and Zn contents were positively correlated with the respective nutrient indices.

Appraisal of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System and Nutrient Status of Pineapple (Ananas Comosus L.) Growing Fields

ABSTRACT The diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) has such high reliability that it can be used to evaluate many crops. Therefore, in order to have a practical database for these norms, this study was conducted to evaluate the established DRIS norms for plant pineapples (Ananas comosus L.) and to assess their nutrition status in an acid sulfate soil. Healthy and disease-free leaf samples of 8-month-old pineapple plants without fruits were collected from experimental fields with nutritional omission trials and from farmers’ fields at four cultivating sites. Nutrient concentrations were analyzed to determine DRIS indices. The result showed that the + 7 leaf was highly reliable to diagnose the macro-nutrition status, while the + 1 leaf and + 3 leaf lacked the nutrient ratios pair to assess P and Mg nutrition status. Based on the average DRIS indices of the four sites, the nutrient surplus was observed in the order P>Mn>Fe>Ca (81.7 > 52.8 > 15.7 > 13.3), while nutrient deficiency varied in the order K>Zn>N>Mg (−88.2<-20.3<-16.4<-10.7) at the + 7 leaf. The DRIS norms needed to be calibrated to obtain nutrient ratio pairs for P in the + 1 leaf, and P and Mg at the + 3 leaf.

Soil nutrient deficiency assessment under soybean cropping systems using the DRIS system in northern and central Benin

Soybean is one of the promising crops in the Benin agro-industrial sector, but its production is carried out at the expense of the inherent soil fertility. The present study aims to apply the DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) for nutrient status assessment in farmers’ soybean fields in northern and central Benin. Sixty-two plant leaf samples were collected during a survey carried out in 2019 in farmers’ fields. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) concentrations in the leaf samples were analysed. DRIS norms were used to calculate the various paired nutrient ratios in the high-yielding population. Nutrient balance indices (NBI) were also determined. Nutrient requirements based on NBI were ranked according Zn > N > P > Ca > K > Mg, highlighting the importance of Zn and N in soybean nutrition. Paired nutrient ratios (N/P, N/K, Mg/N, N/Ca, Ca/P, K/Ca, Mg/Ca, Zn/Mg) were either significantly (p = 0.0001) higher or lower than those in the literature, excluding Mg/P, Mg/K, P/Zn, Ca/Zn, N/Zn K/Zn and P/K paired ratios. This observation indicates the necessity of calibrating DRIS norms taking into account local conditions and cropping systems. The DRIS model could be an important tool for refining soybean nutrient needs in a cropping system. Zinc and N levels limited soybean cultivation in farmers’ fields and must be included in the soybean fertiliser formulations to ensure optimal yield of soybean in Benin.

DRIS I: elaboración de los índices DRIS en el cultivo de palma de aceite

Nutritional diagnosis based on foliar tissue analysis is an efficient tool for detecting nutritional imbalances and aiding in the fertilizer recommendation process. Therefore, the objective of this study was to use this information to implement the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), a method that uses the relationships between nutrients and their respective coefficients of variation in a high-productivity population, establishing the norms. In this study, DRIS norms and indices were developed for the oil palm crop, specifically the IRHO hybrid, in the central palm region of Colombia. A total of 113 samples were taken, of which 28 were considered representative of the population with high yields in fresh palm fruit production, exceeding 32.9 tons per hectare. The selection of DRIS norms was based on the criteria of the highest variance ratio and the "R" value criterion. The decreasing order of deficiency constraints for foliar tissue concentrations is Fe&gt;Zn&gt;S&gt;P&gt;Cl&gt;Mg&gt;B&gt;Na&gt;K&gt;Ca&gt;Cu=Mn&gt;N, with Iron and Zinc being the limiting elements due to deficiency, and Nitrogen due to excess. Small changes in sulfur concentrations have a significant impact on yield.

Norms Establishment of the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System at Preflowering in Pineapple (Ananas comosus L.) and Its Verification in Case of Nutrient Omission Trial by Two Consecutive Crops

ABSTRACT This study was conducted to (i) establish the diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) for the macronutrient and micronutrient status of pineapple at the preflowering stage and (ii) verify the reliability of the established norms for macronutrients. We collected 86 pineapple leaves at sites +1 and +3 from 86 fields of pineapples grown in acid sulfate soil (ASS) and analyzed their nutrient content. Findings revealed the establishment of 12 and 20 nutrient ratios for DRIS norms at pineapple leaf sites +1 and +3. Based on omission fertilization of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg at the first crop, the DRIS index of N, P, K, and Mg was inadequate in treatments lacking the corresponding nutrients, whereas the DRIS index in the treatment fully fertilized with N, P, K, Ca, and Mg was negative and lower at the +3 leaf position. In the second crop, the DRIS norms were highly reliable via the negative DRIS index when fertilizing without N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. By contrast, when fertilizing with N, P, K, Ca, and Mg, the DRIS index was positive or less negative. The DRIS norms established that position +3 is robust and suitable for evaluating the pineapple macronutrient status.

Micronutrient Status and their Deficiency Diagnosed through DRIS in Tomato Growing Areas

The nutritional imbalances in tomato plants determined on the basis of soil and plant tests with interpretations on the critical nutrient level are less well correlated with the corresponding crop yields. Nutrient imbalance in tomatoes yield was assessed using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) approach was more efficient. The study objectives were to evaluate micronutrient status in tomato growing areas and determine the nutrient(s) limiting tomato yield and establish DRIS norms for micronutrients for tomato crop. Twenty-six tomato fields from Chatter plain (Khyber Pakhtunkhwa), and Sheikupura (Punjab) were collected with soil, accompanying leaf index tissue and tomato yield was recorded. Tomato yield data were recorded and divided into high- (≥3.90 kg per 10 plants) and low- yield (3.95 kg per 10 plants) populations. DRIS analysis identified a deficiency of iron in the tomato production areas. Norms established through DRIS can be used for potential tomato yield.

DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Persimmon ‘Rojo Brillante’ Grown under Mediterranean Conditions in Spain

The aim of this study was to establish DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms and Nutritional Optimal Ranges (NOR) for ‘Rojo Brillante’ Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) ‘Ribera del Xúquer’. The database contained 800 leaf samples collected in different crop phenological stages [after flowering (AF), fruit enlargement (FE), fruit colouring (FC), and harvesting HV)]. DRIS norms (78) were established for macronutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg and S; micronutrients B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn and salinity elements: Na and Cl. The Nutrient Balance Index (NBI; the absolute value of the sum of the DRIS indices) was used to determine the optimal sampling period. Fruit enlargement was the period during which persimmon trees were more nutritionally balanced regardless of sprout origin (vegetative or floral) and irrigation type (drip or flood) in orchards

Establishment of specific DRIS standards for mango cultivars Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt compared to generic standards in the Sub-Middle São Francisco Valley

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is a promising diagnostic method in the nutritional assessment of commercial crops. The aim of this work was to establish and compare specific DRIS nutritional standards for Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt mango tree, as well as for the group of cultivars in the sub-Middle São Francisco Valley, Brazil. The study was carried out in commercial orchards of Tommy Atkins, Kent and Keitt cultivars, in the Sub-Middle São Francisco Valley. To form the database, leaf samples were collected in the pre-flowering, where the nutritional contents were determined. DRIS norms were established and together with the data of productivity and nutritional contents of the subpopulations of high and low productivity were compared by the t test. The contents of S and micronutrients showed greater variability. The nutritional contents of the high-productivity subpopulation were less distorted. The nutrients P, K, Mg, S, Mn and Zn for Tommy, K for Kent, N for Keitt and P, K and S for the set of cultivars were higher in the high productivity subpopulation. The specific norms for each cultivar were more consistent and could serve as a reference for nutritional diagnostics of the mango tree in the region.

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System Assessment of the Nutrients Limiting and Nutritional Status of Tomato

Tomato is an important field crop, and nutritional imbalances frequently reduce its yield. Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), uses ratios for nutrient deficiency diagnosis instead of absolute concentration in plant tests. In this study, local DRIS norms for the field tomatoes were established and the nutrient(s) limiting tomatoes yield were determined. Tomato leaves were analyzed for nutrients, to identify nutritional status using the DRIS approach. One hundred tomatoes fields were selected from Chatter Plain Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and the Sheikupura Punjab Pakistan. The first fully matured leaf was sampled, rinsed, dried and ground for analyzing P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrophotometer (ICP AES). Plant tissue N and S were measured by the combustion method. The tomatoes yields were recorded at each location. The data were divided into high-yielding (≥3.79 kg/10 plant) and low-yielding (

DRIS norms for identifying yield limiting micronutrients in cocoa under coconut intercropping systems

Cocoa production in the state of Tamil Nadu is severely constrained by the deficiencies of micronutrients viz., iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and boron (B) resulting in yield loss to the tune of 40 − 50%. A preliminary survey was conducted in forty cocoa growing locations across seven districts of the state to develop diagnostic norms and indices for the yield limiting micronutrients in cocoa population aging more than five years. The whole population was divided into high and low yielding sub populations based on the yield (20 kg pods per plant per year as the critical yield). Index leaf samples and soil samples each numbering 160 were collected and the micronutrients were determined. Nutrient indices were worked out for both the populations adopting Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) of Beaufils. The order of limitation of nutrients for higher yield in the plant system was Mn > Cu > Zn > Fe > B. The extent of micronutrient deficiency in the soil system was Zn > Fe > Cu > B > Mn. Micronutrient requirement for cocoa plants is in the order Fe > Mn > B >Zn > Cu. The optimal foliar concentrations of the micronutrients in cocoa under coconut intercropping systems is Fe − 531 mg kg−1, Mn − 90 mg kg−1, Zn − 31 mg kg−1, Cu − 11 mg kg−1 and B − 80 mg kg−1. In low yielding cocoa sub population, DRIS index was positive only for B.

DRIS Norms and Sufficiency Ranges for Pepper Grown under Greenhouses Conditions in the Southeast of Spain

The aim of this study was to compile DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms and sufficiency ranges for pepper grown in greenhouses and the determination of the variation in DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges during the different phenological stages of the crop. The DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges were constituted by 367 leaf samples of Capsicum annuum L. which were collected in different phenological stages of the crop (flowering (FL), fruiting (FT), fruit development (FD), and harvesting (HV)). Two sufficiency ranges were developed; one including all leaf samples and the other considering the leaf samples by phenological stages ((FL) (44), (FT) (96), (FD) (100), and (HV) (127)). Furthermore, 10 DRIS norms and CV were calculated from N, P, K, Ca, and Mg. Two ratios of them were calculated in FL (N/P and N/K), two in FD (N/P and Ca/N) and one in HV (N/P) showing low CV, meaning, according to DRIS norms, the essential role of these nutrients in the crop nutrition. Moreover, the sufficiency ranges computed by all database were: N (34–56), P (1.9–4.3), K (30–51), Ca (12–33), and Mg (4.0–15) (mg g−1 DW), respectively. The data obtained in this experiment highlighted the importance of the sensitivity (low CV) of nutrient in the phenological stages such as happened with N.

DRIS indices as nutritional guide for aonla cultivation

Diagnosis and recommendation integrated system (DRIS) norms were computed from the data on leaf mineral composition, soil available nutrients, and corresponding mean fruit yield of 100 aonla orchards in Akhnoor, Raya and Purmandal areas of Jammu region during 2016 and 2017. The DRIS norms derived primarily from leaves suggested optimum leaf macronutrient concentration as 1.74-2.96% nitrogen (N), 0.13-0.23% phosphorus (P), 0.73-1.04% potassium (K), 0.18-0.27% sulphur (S), 1.72-1.93% calcium (Ca) and 0.35-0.55% magnesium (Mg) while, the optimum level of micronutrients as 9.34-11.93 ppm zinc (Zn), 89.24-156.98 ppm iron (Fe), 7.24-10.42 ppm copper (Cu) and 8.97-21.64 ppm manganese (Mn) in relation to fruit yield of 16.55-114.24kg/ tree. Likewise, DRIS indices for soil fertility developed from soil samples collected at 0-30 cm depth corresponding to similar level of fruit yield, the optimum limit of soil available nutrients (mg kg−1) was observed as 109.44-442.78 kg/ ha N, 8.84-15.46 kg/ha P, 93.17-199.15 kg/ha K, 6.79-11.42 mg/kg S, 0.35-4.36 mg/kg Zn, 2.81-13.42 mg/kg Fe, 1.44-4.43 mg/kg Cu and 0.28-2.84 mg/kg Mn. Primary DRIS indices developed on the basis of leaf revealed K as deficient in 55 per cent of the orchards followed by N in 25 per cent and Ca and Mg in 15 and 5 per cent, respectively, whereas Mg was identified as excess in 45 per cent orchards followed by N, P, K and Ca.

Reference standards for soils cultivated with Urochloa brizantha and its use in nutritional diagnosis

The Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) is a tool to assess the nutritional state of plants. Due to the decrease of soil fertility in pasture areas and little information about fertilization recommendations, the nutritional reference norms for soil and sufficiency range can be useful tools to help future fertilization. Norms DRIS has been proved efficient as a method for nutritional diagnosis in several crops. However, there are a lack of information on the use of DRIS and sufficiency range for Latosols and Acrisols cultivated with Urochloa brizantha. Thus, the objective of the present study was to establish reference nutritional norms using sufficiency ranges and DRIS norms for Latosols and Acrisols cultivated with Urochloa brizantha and their use in nutritional diagnosis. Soils samples from 20 Urochloa brizantha pastures sites of the North of Espírito Santo State were used to establish the reference norms, and a further 85 soils samples were randomly collected for diagnosis analysis, in order to characterize nutritional condition of pastures. DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges were established for Latosols and Acrisols cultivated with U. brizantha pastures. The differences found between soil norms for other Brazilian regions allow us to infer that the norms should be used only in the conditions in which they were developed. Our results suggest that using DRIS norms and sufficiency ranges developed on the basis of soil analysis revealed deficiency of P, B, Cu, and Zn in more than 40% of the pastures cultivated with U. brizantha and 47% of the areas needed liming.

DRIS norms and limiting nutrients in banana cultivation in the South of Ecuador

Foliar analysis is an effective method to diagnose the nutritional status of plants. However, the mineral concentration in foliar tissue has traditionally been evaluated by assessing the activity of each element, without considering the interactions between them. To address this, dual interactions were calculated using the Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) to identify which crop nutrients are most influential in nutrient imbalances and which are the most limiting nutrients for the nutritional status of banana crops in Ecuador. To achieve this, a regional survey of the nutritional status and its productivity levels was conducted for 188 different sites during the crop season in 2017–2018, involving banana cultivars ‘Vallery’ and ‘Williams’, from the Cavendish subgroup. The DRIS calculation method was combined with Beaufils and Jones functions. From the initial 188 foliar samples, 83 samples (representing 44% of the population) were considered to represent the high-yield reference population, with yields of 38–60 t ha−1. The DRIS method defined the mean nutritional balance index, which was not found to be statistically correlated (p > 0.05) with productivity, revealing that there was no significant association with the nutritional status of the plants. Specific DRIS norms were obtained and indicated that deficiencies in K, N, Ca, and Fe, and excesses in Mn, B, Cl, Zn, S, Cu, and Mg were the most limiting nutrients for banana cultivars in the south of Ecuador.

Concentraciones críticas nutrimentales y normas DRIS para árboles de medio turno de Cedrela odorata L.

El diagnóstico nutrimental ayuda a mejorar la eficiencia del uso de fertilizantes en plantaciones forestales y a incrementar tanto las utilidades económicas, como los beneficios ecológicos. Dos métodos comúnmente usados, para tal efecto, son las concentraciones críticas y el Sistema Integrado de Diagnóstico y Recomendación (DRIS); sin embargo, no existen estudios que aporten los valores críticos o normas DRIS para Cedrela odorata (cedro rojo), especie importante en las regiones tropicales. El objetivo del presente estudio fue desarrollar un conjunto de concentraciones críticas y uno de normas DRIS para C. odorata en su etapa de medio turno. El estudio se realizó con 74 árboles localizados a lo largo del área de distribución natural del taxon en México, a los cuales se les determinó el incremento diamétrico y la concentración nutrimental entre julio de 2017 y enero de 2018. Se derivó un conjunto de concentraciones críticas y uno de normas DRIS. Una segunda fase fue la verificación de las concentraciones críticas y normas DRIS generadas, mediante un experimento en una plantación de cedro rojo de medio turno. El ensayo fue completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3 × 4, en el que los factores correspondieron a la aplicación de P y K, respectivamente. Se presenta un conjunto de concentraciones críticas y uno de normas DRIS para árboles de C. odorata de medio turno. El proceso de verificación indica que ambos conjuntos de valores de referencia predicen correctamente el estado nutrimental de los árboles de medio turno del cedro rojo.

Assessment of Nutritional Status of Rainfed Rice in Benin Using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS)

The fertilizer used in Benin by rainfed rice farmers, doesn’t meet the required expectation because of lack of many essential agronomic information to formulate the appropriate nutrient compositions. Despite all the advances in improvement of rice production, its yields in traditional cropping systems are very low and the only inputs of Nitrogen, Phosphorous and Potassium do not effectively increase rice yields. The purpose of this study was to assess nutritional status of rainfed rice crops in Benin. The study covered the rainfed rice production areas of Benin Center where 72 leaves samples were taken on 3600 plants from the farmer fields. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc were determined in leaves samples. The preliminary DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) norms for the rainfed rice growing in the Benin center were selected for various nutrient ratios obtained from the high yield population of the rainfed rice crop. The yields of the two subpopulations were significantly different (p &lt; .0001). The nutrient requirement for the rainfed rice production was ranked as N&gt; Fe&gt; Zn&gt;K&gt;Mg&gt;P&gt;Ca. The DRIS-derived sufficiency ranges for N, P, K, Ca and Mg from the nutrient indexing survey of the rainfed rice plants grown in Benin center were 1.91-3.66, 0.30-0.64, 2.00-3.89, 0.37-1.05 and 0.18-0.38g kg-1 respectively. The limits for Fe and Zn were 89.27-206.3 and 8.21-24.91 mg kg-1 respectively. On the basis of sufficiency ranges, 4.22, 57.75, 66.20, 56.34, 45.07, 46.50 and 29.57% of samples were low in N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe and Zn respectively. The DRIS norms put emphasis on nutrient balance and help to differentiate between healthy and unhealthy rice plants from the nutrition status. However, it needed further researches to determine the amount of the fertilizers to supply in order to maintain nutrient balance.

Validating integrative nutrient diagnostic norms for greenhouse cut-roses

Efforts to optimize fertilizer use efficiency in intensively managed greenhouse rose crops led to studies to establish and validate norms for their integrated nutrient diagnosis. The present study experimentally validates the practical usefulness of previously established DRIS (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) and CND (Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis) norms for soil-grown roses in the Bogota Plateau of Colombia. Corrective fertilization treatments, based on a control fertigation solution, were designed based on preliminary diagnosis by DRIS methodology, and applied over two growth and flowering flushes in an experimental plot within a commercial rose crop. These integrative nutrient diagnoses methods detected microelement imbalances in rose leaf tissues, including excesses of iron (Fe) and deficiencies of zinc (Zn), copper (Cu) and manganese (Mn). Conventional soil and foliar analyses had some contrasting interpretation diagnoses on these nutrients. Implementation of corrective changes, based on DRIS results, to the supply of these micronutrients in fertilization treatments improved the elemental (individual) and mean nutrient balance indices in rose leaf tissues, and led to gradual increases in average stem length and the fraction of harvested flowers with longer stems (>70 cm) over the course of two flowering cycles. These DRIS and CND methods highlighted a significant Fe:Mn interaction in rose crops, likely affected by the supply and ratio of micronutrients in the fertigation solutions, inherently low Mn levels in the soils of the region, and a major role of the dominant rootstock in use. The use of integrative nutrient diagnosis methods, based on relationships between all nutrient elements and flower yield as the primary response criterion, offer an enhanced capacity to identify those elements with the highest probability of generating a positive flower yield response when correcting their supply in rose fertilization programs.

Preliminary nutrient diagnosis norms and optimum ranges in potted ornamental plants grown under saline conditions

Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS) norms for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl) and sodium (Na) and nutrient sufficiency ranges for Aloe vera, Kalanchoe blossfeldiana, Lavandula multifidi, and Rosmarinus officinalis were based on two experiments. DRIS norms and nutrient ratios were computed and selected. Nutrient sufficiency ranges were developed using the data of the whole population according to the DRIS approach. The development of DRIS norms revealed that only K. blossfeldiana and R. officinalis showed limiting nutrients. The nutrient sufficiency ranges for each species expressed in mg g−1 were: A. vera (N (9–28), P (1–3), K (37–48), S (8–10), Cl (47–50), Na (17–37)), K. blossfeldiana (N (16–22), P (2–3), K (35–39), S (7–10), Cl (45–54), Na (7–19)), L. multifida (N (15–16), P (1–7), K (18–37), S (7–8), Cl (41–60), Na (21–49)), R. officinalis (N (9–23), P (2–5), K (31–48), S (7–8), Cl (36–40), Na (7–12)). The establishment of these DRIS norms will useful to manage the nutritional status of the species studied under saline conditions.

The identification of macro nutrient status of superior teak plantation (Tectona grandis Lin.F) by means of DRIS norms (Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System) in Indonesia

The improvement in forest productivity by considering the balance of nutrient input-output is the proper choice. This research aimed at investigating the macro nutrient status of a teak plantation in Indonesia. The quantitative measurement of the nutritional status of a plantation was done by picking sample plantations and doing laboratory analysis. The determination of macronutrition status was conducted by means of Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), that is a diagnostic method to measure the balance of nutrients before designing silvicultural treatments. Index analysis on teak has resulted in a macronutrient index (N, P, K, Ca, and Mg); respectively –8.40, –1.70, –4.17, 4.98 and 9.28. The availability levels of nutrients from the highest to the lowest were Mg > Ca > P > K > N. Mg and Ca have shown positive index values; this implies that the nutrients are sufficient. N, K, and P have shown negative index values; this implies that the nutrients are less available, and thus growth-limiting nutrients for teak. It is recommended that silvicultural treatments be conducted on teak by means of balanced nutrient inputs, to be specific N, P, and K to achieve maximum growth of teak.