Diachronic Diversity Research Articles

Stalactites Core Prospect as Environmental "Microbial Ark": The Actinomycetota Diversity Paradigm, First Reported from a Greek Cave.

Speleothems found in caves worldwide are considered the natural libraries of paleontology. Bacteria found in these ecosystems are generally limited to Proteobacteria and Actinomycetota, but rare microbiome and "Dark Matter" is generally under-investigated and often neglected. This research article discusses, for the first time to our knowledge, the diachronic diversity of Actinomycetota entrapped inside a cave stalactite. The planet's environmental microbial community profile of different eras can be stored in these refugia (speleothems). These speleothems could be an environmental "Microbial Ark" storing rare microbiome and "Dark Matter" bacterial communities evermore.

Diversity and transformation of institutional configurations and trust structures

The aim of this paper is to empirically investigate the relationship between institutions at the national level and actors’ consciousness/behavior. First, my statistical analysis reveals that, there has existed not only synchronic diversity of institutional configurations among advanced and Asian economies, but also diachronic diversity, even under the spread of market mechanisms in different domains in advanced countries since the 1980s. Next, I focus on the relationship between institutions and the consciousness/behavior of actors. While standard economic theory supposes that actors act solely based on self-interest, other theories argue that actors act based on multiple motives, the varieties and mixture of which could lead to the establishment of different institutions. In line with the arguments of these theories, I concentrate on the concept of trust to represent a motive other than self-interest, and empirically examine the diversity of the structure of actors’ consciousness related to trust (trust structure) and its transformation over time. What my analysis reveals is as follows. Different types of trust structures exhibited by statistical analyses have a certain degree of similarity to types of institutional configurations, which can imply that they are complementary. Furthermore, the analysis of the transformation of trust structures since the 1980s reveals three paths of transformation, which appear to be divergent rather than convergent. These paths correspond to some extent to the transformation patterns of institutional configurations. However, the correspondence between the two is not rigid, which would imply that the institution-actor linkage is a loosely coupled relation.

Psychopathology as Social Construction: The Case of Anorexia Nervosa

Changes to definitions and theories of psychopathology result less from scientific advances and more from changes in social and cultural values. Herein, the historical and contemporary diversity in definitions and theories of anorexia nervosa is used to illustrate this point. First, we offer a discussion of diachronic diversity (diversity over time) and synchronic diversity (diversity at a given point in time) in conceptions and theories of psychopathology in general. Second, we elaborate a social constructionist perspective on psychopathology in general. Third, to illustrate this perspective, we provide a diachronic and synchronic analysis of definitions and theories of anorexia nervosa. Fourth, we discuss the implications of this analysis for clinical practice. We conclude that whatever view eventually prevails will depend not on which one is better at rooting out some hidden truth about anorexia nervosa but, rather, on which one is viewed as more compatible with evolving social and cultural standards, views, and norms regarding health and illness in general and self-starvation in particular.

Historicising the journalist-audience relationships in the internet era: A case study of the Slovenian newspaper Delo

The study's aim is to reveal how tensions between continuity and change in journalist-audience relationship evolved with the rise of the internet in the news industry and how journalists working in specific institutional settings have conceived audience members and negotiated their online connections with them in the last two decades. Previous scholarly works indicate historical diversity in articulations of the concepts of access, interaction and participation in mediatized political life, which are reflected in the complex dynamics of journalists' conceiving of audiences based on quantifiable and generative sources. The research objective is addressed in the context of Slovenian journalism in the internet era, more specifically the leading Slovenian newspaper Delo, and aims to offer insights into diachronic diversity within journalist-audience relationship from the setting up of Delo.si website in late-1990s, opening up weblogs to audience members online in mid-2000s, to journalists' move to Facebook and Twitter in recent years. Despite this case study's limited scope historical analysis of the journalist-audience relationship at Delo reflects a silhouette of journalism's Janus face - on the one side, the newspaper is adopting technological changes to envision a better future through various online interactive forms, but on the other side Delo is looking back and leaning on journalists' traditional communication privileges downsizing participation in news and established corporate logics of the news industry in order to retain the top-down character of the journalist-audience relationship.

Was the Great Depression always depressing? Examining diachronic diversity in students’ historical learning

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore and characterise students’ historical thinking as they attempt to work simultaneously with two second‐order concepts – change and diversity, to examine student difficulties in so doing and to reflect on the value of certain teaching approaches.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is a case study using data gathered from teaching and learning experiences across five history lessons taught to two Year 9 classes.Findings“Diachronic diversity” may be a useful characterisation of the distinctive student accomplishment of linking change and diversity in discursive historical analysis. An elaboration of shortfall in the form of “proto‐diachronic diversity” helps to establish the boundaries of that achievement and the possible properties that future curricular goals and assessment might privilege.Practical implicationsHistory teachers may need to find ways of integrating teaching of change and diversity rather than expecting the two to merge naturally after separate analyses. Possible impediments may include difficulties with language and limitations in students’ existing concept of “change”.Originality/value“Diachronic diversity” points to a new curricular category for characterising a particular disciplinary property of student thinking and learning in history lessons.

Early medieval household archaeology in Northwest Iberia (6<sup>th</sup>-11<sup>th</sup> centuries)

The aim of this paper is carrying out a social and economic analysis of household units of the northwest area of the Iberian Peninsula through the domestic architecture. More than sixty sites will be analysed, most of them excavated in the context of commercial archaeology of the last decade. This database allows to study the main constructive typologies in 5 th to 10 th village contexts as well as to recognize the existence of a remarkable territorial, geographic and diachronic diversity as a reflection of diverse «constructive forms».

Restandardisation in the Direction of a New English: Implications for Access and Equity

Numerous commentators have identified the dominance of English as a major challenge to South Africa's language policy, intended to redress past discrimination. This article attempts to show the extent of this threat by depicting the current sociolinguistic order and the role of English in it. For reasons of scope it focuses on one province, KwaZulu-Natal. It suggests that the survey-type studies alone, in depicting a stable Zulu-English diglossia, provide an overly simplistic picture of the sociolinguistic order. The article reports on the findings of studies of naturally-occurring language data that suggest a more diverse and changeable reality. The particular focus here is the processes and consequences of a putative informal restandardisation of StdSAE in the direction of a new English, Black South African English. The article argues that to accurately depict the full extent of such diachronic diversity methodological innovation, in the form of scenario-building techniques, is needed. Using this approach it attempts to assess the potential for this re-standardisation to occur. Finally, it considers the implications of this revised picture of the sociolinguistic order for the issue of equitable access to the society's resources for all South Africans.

Comparing the Traditions: New Testament and Rabbinic Literature

AbstractData from Rabbinic Literature have often been used to illuminate details of New Testament thought and the realia of the texts. Arguments over the proper method for interpreting and using Rabbinic Literature in New Testament study have gradually forced New Testament scholars to take Judaism seriously in its synchronic and diachronic diversity. The increasingly critical and full historical picture of Second Temple and early Rabbinic Judaism and of the Jesus movement and early Christianity emerging from Judaism invites interpreters to read the texts valued by each tradition in the light of one another. This requires recognizing the sharp theological and polemical boundaries erected by thinkers in each tradition as significant claims to truth and authenticity which gave shape to their communities. Equally, we must recognize that such boundaries, with their conflicting theological, ideological, and historical claims, reflect human ideals, needs, and conflicts that emerged from a more homogeneous and shared tradition of thought and practice. Reading texts from both the Rabbinic and early Christian tradition together, with full attention to the integrity of each, does justice to the shared context and valued particularities of each.

Comparing the Traditions: New Testament and Rabbinic Literature

Abstract Data from Rabbinic Literature have often been used to illuminate details of New Testament thought and the realia of the texts. Arguments over the proper method for interpreting and using Rabbinic Literature in New Testament study have gradually forced New Testament scholars to take Judaism seriously in its synchronic and diachronic diversity. The increasingly critical and full historical picture of Second Temple and early Rabbinic Judaism and of the Jesus movement and early Christianity emerging from Judaism invites interpreters to read the texts valued by each tradition in the light of one another. This requires recognizing the sharp theological and polemical boundaries erected by thinkers in each tradition as significant claims to truth and authenticity which gave shape to their communities. Equally, we must recognize that such boundaries, with their conflicting theological, ideological, and historical claims, reflect human ideals, needs, and conflicts that emerged from a more homogeneous and shared tradition of thought and practice. Reading texts from both the Rabbinic and early Christian tradition together, with full attention to the integrity of each, does justice to the shared context and valued particularities of each.

THE STRUCTURE OF INDIVIDUAL VARIATION IN MIOCENE GLOBOROTALIA.

Analysis of probability distributions of individual organisms provides a common language to describe synchronic and diachronic diversity. When based on an appropriate quantitative description of morphology, this language can be used to explore the temporal component of diversity embedded in the fossil record. Miocene Globorotalia (planktonic foraminifera) from Deep Sea Drilling Project site 593 are described using two-point registration of landmarks in two views (spiral and apertural) and medial-axis analysis of the shape of the final chamber. The equiangular spiral parameters Θ (the angle of increment), r (the expansion rate), and t (the rate of translation down the spiral axis) appear as principal components of the landmark data. Chamber shape variation is described by three principal components of medial-axis curvature. Partial-least-squares analysis demonstrates that the first components of within-morphospace variation also explain the patterns of correlation between the landmark and chamber-shape morphospaces. In the landmark morphospaces, the distribution of sampled individuals is continuous and roughly elliptical with few stratigraphic changes. In the chamber-shape morphospace, the distribution is continuous but shows complex features beyond the elliptical; the occupied morphospace changes stratigraphically, but neither strict cladogenesis nor strict anagenesis explains the derivation of new morphologies. Exemplars of named morphospecies are scattered across these spaces with continuous variation among all forms. These names cannot be assumed to represent discrete entities.