Diabetes Risk Research Articles

The effect of maternal dietary polyphenol consumption on offspring metabolism.

The early intrauterine environment of mothers during pregnancy significantly affects the metabolic health of their offspring. Existing studies suggest that poor maternal nutrition during pregnancy increases the risk of obesity or diabetes in offspring, so it is highly important to intervene during pregnancy to prevent metabolic disorders in mothers and their offspring. Polyphenols with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are found in many foods and have protective effects on obesity, diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disease. Furthermore, recent evidence indicates that maternal dietary polyphenols could be a potential therapy for improving pregnancy outcomes and offspring metabolism. In this review, we discuss the studies and mechanisms of different kinds of maternal dietary polyphenols during pregnancy and lactation in improving the metabolism of offspring, analyze the limitations of the current studies, and propose possible directions of further research, which provide new ideas and directions for reducing metabolic diseases in offspring.

Gender differences in the association between the uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and diabetes risk: a mediation analysis of c-reactive protein, triglycerides, and insulin resistance

BackgroundThe uric acid to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio (UHR) has emerged as a novel metabolic marker and is proven to be associated with diabetes risk. However, there is still a lack of systematic research regarding its role in gender differences and underlying mechanisms. This study aims to assess the association of UHR with diabetes risk in the context of gender differences and to investigate its mediation effects through metabolic and inflammatory pathways.MethodsThis study utilized data from NHANES 2005–2010 and included 6,843 adult participants. Multivariate logistic regression was employed to assess the association between UHR and diabetes risk, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) along with correlation analysis was applied to explore its relationship with metabolic risk factors. Multiple mediation analysis was conducted to evaluate the mediating effects of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), triglycerides (TG), and C-reactive protein (CRP) on the association between UHR and diabetes risk.ResultsIn the overall population, UHR was significantly positively associated with diabetes risk, but gender-stratified analysis revealed a stronger predictive effect in women. In the unadjusted model, every unit increase in UHR was linked to an 18.6% increase in diabetes risk in women (p < 0.001). In the quartile analysis, women in the highest quartile showed an 8.49-fold increased risk of diabetes (OR = 8.494, 95% CI: 5.542–13.019, p < 0.001), whereas no significant association was observed in men (p > 0.05). Mediation analysis revealed that HOMA-IR was the main mediator of the relationship between UHR and diabetes risk, with mediation effects of 64.55%, 118.38%, and 39.09% in the overall population, men, and women, respectively. Additionally, the mediation effect of TG was stronger in men (36.78%) and weaker in women (17.31%). The mediation effect of CRP was relatively minimal across all groups, accounting for 7.62% in men and 2.67% in women.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the association between UHR and diabetes risk exhibits gender differences, with higher diabetes risk observed in women, while men show stronger mediation effects in insulin resistance, lipid metabolism, and inflammatory response.

Linear and non-linear relationships between red blood cell indices and cardiovascular risk factors: findings from the China National Health Survey

IntroductionCardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Red blood cell indices (RBIs) are associated with CVD risk factors (CRFs) and easy to test, making them useful as a screening tool for early identification of individuals at high risk for CVDs.MethodsData from 31,781 participants in the China National Health Survey conducted from 2012 to 2017 were analyzed. Linear and non-linear relationships between RBIs and CRFs (hyperuricemia, diabetes, dyslipidemia) were assessed using restricted cubic splines. Propensity score weighting was used to balance confounders between RBI groups in the multivariable logistic regression models.ResultsHemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count and hematocrit all showed a significant linear dose-response association with all CRFs (p values < 0.001). Higher RBIs levels were associated with increased risk of hyperuricemia, diabetes, high LDL, high triglycerides, and high total cholesterol, but decreased HDL. For example, compared to the lowest quantile of HGB, the highest quantile had a 26% (13-40%) higher risk for hyperuricemia, a 43% (25-63%) higher risk of diabetes, 87% (61%-1.18 fold) higher risk of high LDL, and 68% (52-85%) higher risk of high triglycerides. Non-linear relationships were revealed between RBIs and most CRFs except uric acid and glucose. Sex differences were observed, with stronger associations between RBIs and hyperuricemia in women but stronger links with high LDL in men.ConclusionsElevated RBIs indicated higher risk of multiple CRFs. These findings suggest incorporating RBIs into CVD screening strategies to facilitate early prevention efforts, with consideration of sex differences.

Sphingolipid profiling as a biomarker of type 2 diabetes risk: evidence from the MIDUS and PREDIMED studies

BackgroundType 2 diabetes (T2D) has become a worldwide pandemic. While ceramides may serve as intermediary between obesity-related lipotoxicity and T2D, the relationship with simple glycosphingolipids remains uncertain. The aim of this study was to characterize the associations between blood glycosphingolipid and ceramide species with T2D and to identify a circulating sphingolipid profile that could serve as novel biomarker for T2D risk.MethodsCross-sectional relationship between sphingolipid levels, insulin resistance, and T2D prevalence were evaluated in 2,072 American adults from MIDUS cohort. Prospectively, the association between sphingolipid species and the incidence of T2D was analyzed using a case-cohort design nested within the PREDIMED trial (250 cases and a random sample of 692 participants, with 3.8 years of median follow-up). Circulating levels of sphingolipid species in both populations were measured using LC/MS. Hazard ratios were estimated with weighted Cox regression models using Barlow weights.ResultsIn American adults, only CER18:0 and CER22:0 were linked to insulin resistance and a higher prevalence of T2D. Conversely, three lactosylceramides (LCER 14:0, 16:0, and 24:1) showed a strong inverse relationship with both insulin resistance and T2D. These findings led to development of two sphingolipid scores. In the prospective analysis, these scores consistently predicted a reduced risk of T2D incidence in PREDIMED (HR: 0.64, 95% CI 0.44 to 0.94 and 0.58, 0.40 to 0.85 respectively) between extreme quartiles, with 5-year absolute risk differences of 9.6% (95% CI: 0.3–20.5%) and 11.4% (1.0–21.6%). They were validated in the same trial with samples obtained after 1 year of follow-up.ConclusionsOur findings support the potential usefulness of circulating sphingolipid profiles as novel biomarkers for T2D risk. Moreover, this study opens the door for future research on the predictive value and possible protective roles of lactosylceramides in T2D.Graphical abstract

Type 2 diabetes genetic risk and incident diabetes across diabetes risk enhancers.

To evaluate the predictive value of a contemporary type 2 diabetes (T2D) polygenic score (PGS) in detecting incident diabetes across a range of diabetes risk factors. We analysed participants in the Further Cardiovascular Outcomes Research With PCSK9 Inhibition in Subjects With Elevated Risk (FOURIER) trial (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT0176463), which compared the efficacy of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitor evolocumab versus placebo in lowering cardiovascular outcomes in participants with stable atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL cholesterol levels of 70 mg/dL (1.8 mmol/L) or higher who were receiving statin therapy. Genetic risk was characterized using a previously validated T2D PGS based on ~1.2 million single-nucleotide polymorphisms. PGS was analysed continuously and categorically as high (top 20% of the PGS) and low to intermediate (lower 80% of the PGS). The effect of evolocumab on incident diabetes in patients without diabetes at baseline was also assessed. HbA1c was measured at baseline and every 24 weeks thereafter, while FPG was measured at baseline, week 12, week 24 and every 24 weeks thereafter. Potential cases of incident diabetes were adjudicated centrally. Hazards ratios (HRs) for incident diabetes were adjusted for baseline characteristics and ancestry. Among 9388 participants, the mean age was 63 ± 9 years and 22.7% were women, with median HbA1c 39 mmol/mol (36 mmol/mol - 41 mmol/mol; 5.7% [5.4%-5.9%]) and mean body mass index (BMI) 28.7 ± 5 kg/m2. Diabetes developed in 690 participants (7.3%) during 2.3 years of median follow-up. T2D PGS predicted incident T2D (HR per 1-SD 1.22, 95% CI 1.14-1.32, p < 0.001). The rates of incident T2D in the high and low to intermediate genetic risk categories were 12.1% versus 6.8%, respectively (HR 1.43 95% CI 1.20-1.70, p < 0.001). Notably, high T2D genetic risk had greater predictive strength among individuals with lower HbA1c (P-int = 0.0499) and lower BMI (P-int = 0.004). The T2D polygenic score serves as an independent predictor of incident diabetes, particularly among individuals with lower distribution of traditional risk factors.

Post-transplant complications in alcohol- and metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease

Alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD) and metabolic-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD)/metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) are severe liver diseases, with liver transplant being the primary curative treatment option. Transplant recipients with ALD suffer from alcohol use disorder (AUD) and poor drug compliance, which can result in graft injury and even graft loss. Relapse of alcohol consumption, lack of drug compliance, and smoking negatively impact the graft and clinical outcome of ALD-related transplantation patients. Furthermore, these patients are at a higher risk of developing non-hepatic complications such as malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, and other metabolic conditions. The management of these conditions requires pharmacological and behavioral strategies to manage complications as soon as they arise. Critical monitoring of these conditions is also advocated. In patients undergoing transplants for MASLD/MASH, early complications arise in obese and diabetic patients. Late post-transplant complications such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, recurring MASLD/MASH, immunosuppression, and arterial hypertension are reported. Integrating behavioral strategies with diet modification and physical activity is crucial to balance underlying metabolic disorders and improve clinical outcomes. Early steroid withdrawal and low calcineurin inhibitor doses can decrease the risk of post-transplant diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Lifestyle modifications and tailored immunosuppression are helpful in the prevention and management of post-transplant recurrent MASLD/MASH.

Interaction between sex and one-hour post-load glucose on metabolic syndrome and its components among Chinese people at high risk of diabetes

BackgroundRecently, International Diabetes Federation position statement has adopted one-hour post-load glucose (1hPG) ≥ 8.6 mmol/L for diagnosing intermediate hyperglycemia. We aimed to assess the association of 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L with metabolic syndrome (MetS) and its components, as well as interaction between sex and 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L on MetS and its components in Chinese people at high risk of diabetes.MethodsThe cross-sectional study was conducted in DaQing city of HeiLongJiang Province, China between August, 2023 and January, 2024. Eligible individuals with fasting glucose of 5.6–6.9 mmol/L and age of 25–55 years in health checkup data in the year of 2023 or with at least one risk factor of diabetes were invited to receive the oral glucose tolerance test and biochemical examinations. Individuals with self-reported presence of diabetes or usage of glucose-lowering medication were excluded. MetS was defined as presence of at least three of the five components according to the Chinese Diabetes Society criteria. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate the association of 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L with MetS and its components. Additive interaction was estimated using the relative excess risk due to interaction, attributable proportion due to interaction (AP), and synergy index.ResultsA total of 2419 subjects comprising 1465 men (60.6%) with a mean age of 45.77 ± 6.20 years were included, and the prevalence of MetS was 46.8%, with 59.7% in men and 27.1% in women. 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L was associated with MetS (aOR = 4.40, 95% CI 3.26–6.01), elevated blood pressure (aOR = 1.46, 95% CI 1.13–1.89), hyperglycemia (aOR = 15.46, 95% CI 11.56–20.98), and reduced HDL-C (aOR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.07–2.15) in the overall population, whereas no significant association between 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L and elevated blood pressure in men (aOR = 1.36, 95% CI 0.97–1.91) or dyslipidemia in women (elevated TG: aOR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.47–1.39; reduced HDL-C: aOR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.49–2.37). Additive interaction effect between sex and 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L on MetS was observed, with 31% attributed to the interaction effect between men and 1hPG ≥ 8.6 mmol/L (AP = 0.31, 95% CI 0.06–0.49).ConclusionsThere was an additive interaction effect between sex and 1hPG on MetS among Chinese people at high risk of diabetes. 1hPG test and sex-specific strategies should be taken into consideration in cardiometabolic disorder identification and management.

Preventive Approach to Type II Diabetes Mellitus: A Case Study

The escalating prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in India necessitates effective preventive strategies, particularly for individuals at high risk of developing the condition. This case study examines the application of an integrative Ayurvedic approach to prevent the progression of prediabetes in a 48-year-old male, identified as high-risk using the Indian Diabetes Risk Score (IDRS). The treatment protocol focused on addressing Kapha and Meda imbalances, incorporating Shamana therapy along with tailored dietary recommendations, lifestyle modifications, and stress management strategies. Significant clinical improvements were observed, including a reduction in symptoms such as fatigue, polyuria, and polydipsia. Objective metabolic parameters, including fasting and postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, and IDRS score, showed notable improvement over six months. This case highlights the potential of Ayurveda to provide effective, personalized, and evidence-based preventive care, supporting the management of prediabetes and mitigating the risk of T2DM progression

Characteristics of participants in the first fully online National Diabetes Prevention Programme: A quantitative survey

Background Diabetes prevention programmes (DPPs) are being implemented around the world to tackle the rise in type 2 diabetes. In 2021/22, the Health Service Executive(HSE) in Ireland piloted a fully online national diabetes prevention programme(NDPP). Characteristics and factors affecting participation may be different among people attending online DPPs compared to face-to-face programmes. The aim of this study was to describe the demographic, psychosocial and health characteristics of participants in the pilot of the online NDPP in Ireland. Methods A survey from the evaluation of the English NDPP was adapted for the Irish context with Patient and Public Involvement (PPI) input. The survey was sent (between April and June 2022) to all individuals who attended the initial assessment of the pilot NDPP (n=73). It contained questions on health status, co-morbidities, motivation to improve health, quality of life, self-efficacy, beliefs about the risk of diabetes, participation(e.g. recollection and understanding of invite, number of sessions attended), as well as demographic information. Results Response rate was 30.5% (n=22). Mean age of responders was 62 years (range 36–82 years) and over half were men (57.1%, n=12). The majority (81%, n=17) had attended 6 or more of the 14 sessions. Most (90.5% n=19) reported having family members or acquaintances with diabetes, had positive views of their current health status and high quality of life scores (71.4%, n= 15). Mental health scores were slightly higher than the national average. Over half (57.2%, n=12) were confident or very confident about participating in an online DPP. Almost all (95.2%, n=20) believed it was important to manage their risk of type 2 diabetes. Conclusions Participants in the online pilot NDPP had positive views of their general health and positive psychosocial characteristics affecting their decision to participate. These beliefs may be modifiable intervention targets to encourage participation among non-attenders in future programmes.

Study of glucose homeostasis in burnout cases using an oral glucose tolerance test

Burnout is caused by long term psychosocial stress and has, besides the fatigue and mental health burden, been associated with increased risk of adverse physical health, such as for example type 2 diabetes. This study aims to investigate the glucose and insulin levels in individuals with stress related burnout, by assessing these metabolic markers in response to a standard oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). 38 cases with burnout (13 men and 25 women) and 35 healthy controls (13 men and 22 women) in the age 24–55 were included in the study. The burnout group overall did not differ from healthy controls in glucose or insulin levels during the OGTT. However, the burnout cases who reported more severe burnout symptoms exhibited significantly higher levels of both glucose and insulin levels during the OGTT compared to burnout cases reporting lower severity of symptoms. Furthermore, the group of burnout cases who reported symptoms of depression exhibited higher insulin levels during OGTT compared to the burnout cases without depressive symptoms. The observed higher levels in the burnout cases with most severe symptoms indicate an increased diabetic risk in these patients and it may be of importance to follow glucose and insulin levels in individuals with more severe symptoms of burnout i.e. to perform an OGTT.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus Prevalence and Risk Factors - A Study from a Tertiary Care Centre in North India

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) pose significant global health challenges. The increasing global prevalence of GDM and its associated complications underscores the need for proactive screening and management. The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of GDM and its associated risk factors in a tertiary care hospital in North India Methodology: A prospective cross-sectional study conducted at Max Super Speciality Hospital, New Delhi, during 2016-2017, enrolled 900 pregnant women (aged 18-50 years) from the antenatal outpatient department (OPD). Primary objective: To assess impaired oral glucose tolerance prevalence (IADPSG criteria) at 24th-28th weeks. The data covered demographic, socioeconomic, obstetric, and medical details. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the variables. Chi-square or Fisher's tests were applied to categorical data, while continuous data were analysed using independent t-tests. Multiple regression analysis was conducted to identify risk factors. Results: GDM was diagnosed in 7.4% of participants. Prevalence was highest in the age group &gt;35 years (36.2%, p=0.000), and a significant association was found between increasing body mass index (BMI) and GDM (p=0.04). Adverse obstetric history, including previous abortions and GDM in prior pregnancies, increased the risk of GDM. Complications during pregnancy, such as macrosomia (present in 1 patient with GDM and none in non-GDM), foetal distress (9.09% in GDM), and preeclampsia (4.7% in GDM), were higher in women with GDM. Vaginal delivery prevalence was higher in non-GDM, while GDM had a higher rate of caesarean section delivery (p&lt;0.005). Conclusion: The study discloses a 7.4% GDM prevalence in North Indian tertiary care, accentuating rising diabetes trends. Identified risk factors inform antenatal screening, highlighting the need for early GDM management to mitigate complications and prevent future diabetes. Single-centre limitations emphasise the necessity for broader population studies for accurate prevalence rates.

Are Nutrition Literacy and Sustainable Dietary Habits Associated with Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes Developmental Risks?

Objective This study aimed to examine the association of nutritional literacy levels and sustainable nutritional behaviors with the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases and diabetes in the Turkish adult population. Methods Sociodemographic information, disease history, nutritional habits, and physical activity levels of 3146 volunteer individuals (male = 1590, female = 1556) between the ages of 40–75 were collected using a questionnaire form and face-to-face interviews. The sustainable nutritional behaviors of the participants were evaluated using Turkish validated scales for Sustainable and Healthy Eating Behavior (SHE) and nutritional literacy levels with the Evaluation Instrument of Nutrition Literacy on Adults (EINLA). Cardiovascular disease risks of the participants were assessed with the Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD) Risk Estimator program and the Heart Score (SCORE) scale and type-2 diabetes risk with the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC). Each participant’s 24-h food consumption record was obtained using the retrospective recall method. Results It was determined that ASCVD and SCORE levels were significantly higher in males compared to females. It was observed that individuals with lower cardiovascular and diabetes risk scores had higher educational levels, and the risks increased significantly with age (p < 0.05). Anthropometric measurements such as body mass index, and waist hip circumference were significantly higher in those with higher cardiovascular and diabetes risk scores. Furthermore, in individuals with higher SCORE and FINDRISC levels, SHE and EINLA scores were significantly lower (p < 0.05). It was also observed that SCORE and diabetes risk scores increased with higher energy and macronutrient intakes. Conclusion The risk of developing cardiovascular disease and diabetes was associated with sustainable nutritional behaviors and nutritional literacy. It may be suggested that increasing nutritional literacy and encouraging sustainable nutritional behaviors may be effective strategies in the management and reduction of the prevalence of certain chronic diseases. KEY TEACHING POINTS Cardiovascular diseases and diabetes are two major chronic conditions that can be managed and treated through proper nutrition. Increased nutritional literacy levels and sustainable dietary habits may result in reduced risk of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. Nutritionists should assess the patients’ nutrition literacy levels and implement sustainable, health-focused nutrition education programs to enhance their understanding of nutrition.

Precision Medicine in People at Risk for Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Fresh Perspective on Prevention.

Precision Medicine in People at Risk for Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease: A Fresh Perspective on Prevention.

Mortality and risk of diabetes, liver disease, and heart disease in individuals with haemochromatosis HFE C282Y homozygosity and normal concentrations of iron, transferrin saturation, or ferritin: prospective cohort study

ObjectivesTo test whether haemochromatosis HFE C282Y homozygotes have increased risk of diabetes, liver disease, and heart disease even when they have normal plasma iron, transferrin saturation, or ferritin concentrations and...

Mediation Analysis of Diabetes and Heart Diseases Influenced by Obesity Using Machine Learning Classifiers

Purpose:This study examines the impact of body mass index on diabetes and heart disease among Indians. Multi-morbidity ailments are associated with diabetes. To understand the relationship between diabetes, body mass index, and heart disease, a study is undertaken.Methods:The present study established a relationship between diabetes, heart disease and body mass index using mediation analysis and machine learning classifiers. R software with Hayes Macro Process and Python was used as a statistical tool to conclude the study.Results:As a result of the present findings, the body mass index mediates the relationship between diabetes and heart disease and cannot be countered. This study's indirect impact is 4.6231, statistically significant at a 95% confidence interval (3.1333, 9.6556). Thesignificance of the indirect effect of diabetes on heart disease is evident as (BootLLCI), and (BootULCI) are both positive anddo not contain zero. This indicates that there is a substantial mediation effect present. In classification, the TensorFlow classifiershows 99% accuracy and 97% precession, while the Linear S.V.C., NuSVC and Logistic Regression have an accuracy of 98%, 96% and 97%, which shows that the machine learning classifiers are more significant for the study.Conclusion:Our study examines how Body Mass Index (B.M.I.) mediates diabetes and heart disease, which are statistically significant. Despite the close relationship between heart disease and diabetes, little is known about the pathways involved. Machine Learning Classifiers show that the risk of diabetes, heart disease and other diseases increases due to deterioration of body mass index.

Higher remnant cholesterol increases the risk of coronary heart disease and diabetes in postmenopausal women

BackgroundPostmenopausal women represent the demographic increasingly susceptible to cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Elevated levels of remnant cholesterol (RC) have been implicated in atherosclerosis and insulin resistance.MethodsThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between RC and the prevalence of coronary heart disease (CHD), diabetes, and CHD combined with diabetes in a nationally representative sample of US postmenopausal women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Multivariate logistic regression models were employed to evaluate the association between RC and the outcomes of interest. Nonlinear associations were assessed using restricted cubic splines (RCS), and subgroup analyses, along with interaction tests, were performed.ResultsA total of 1611 participants were included in the final analysis. Higher RC levels were significantly associated with increased risks of CHD [OR=1.67, 95%CI (1.02, 2.74)], diabetes [OR=1.77, 95%CI (1.22, 2.58)], and CHD combined with diabetes [OR=2.28, 95%CI (1.17, 4.42)] (all P&amp;lt;0.05). Compared to the lowest RC quartile (Q1), the highest quartile (Q4) demonstrated elevated incidences of CHD [OR=1.76, 95%CI (1.04, 2.98)], diabetes [OR=1.81, 95%CI (1.30, 2.53)], and CHD combined with diabetes [OR=3.08, 95%CI (1.29, 7.37)] (all P&amp;lt;0.05). RCS curves indicated a nearly linear relationship between RC and the risks of CHD, diabetes, and CHD combined with diabetes.ConclusionOur study reveals a significant positive correlation between RC levels and the prevalence of CHD, diabetes, and CHD combined with diabetes among postmenopausal women. Understanding these associations could potentially inform targeted prevention and management strategies tailored to this vulnerable population.

Machine learning-based assessment of diabetes risk

Machine learning-based assessment of diabetes risk

The Role of Sudden Weight Loss as an Early Indicator of Diabetes Onset in Prediabetic and Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Patients

Background and Objective: Sudden weight loss is a potential early indicator of metabolic disorders commonly associated with diabetes, although its role in the early detection of the disease has not been extensively studied. Therefore, further exploration is needed to evaluate whether unexplained weight loss can serve as a more significant risk factor or marker for early diabetes detection, as well as to understand the metabolic changes occurring in the body of individuals with diabetes. This study investigates the relationship between unexplained sudden weight loss and early diagnosis of diabetes in prediabetic patients and newly diagnosed diabetic patients. Methods: This research employed a cross-sectional observational design, analyzing the association between sudden weight loss and a diabetes diagnosis using statistical tools such as SPSS. Results: The findings revealed a statistically significant relationship, as indicated by a p-value of 0.001 and an odds ratio of 8.39, suggesting that individuals experiencing unexplained weight loss are eight times more likely to be diagnosed with diabetes. Discussion: These results suggest that sudden weight loss may serve as an important diagnostic clue in identifying individuals at risk for diabetes at an early stage, particularly in high-risk populations. Conclusion: The findings support the need for healthcare providers to consider unexplained weight loss as a potential warning sign for the onset of diabetes, prompting earlier screening and intervention.

A Dual Burden Dilemma: Navigating the Global Impact of Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases and the Way Forward

The global burden of disease has shifted significantly, with communicable diseases (CDs) like HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria increasingly intersecting with the rising prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and diabetes. This narrative review explores the dual burden posed by CDs and NCDs, emphasizing their interconnections, societal impacts, and regional disparities. While CDs continue to challenge healthcare systems in low- and middle-income countries, NCDs dominate global mortality, driven by aging populations, urbanization, and lifestyle changes. The review highlights how infectious agents contribute to chronic diseases, such as hepatitis B leading to liver cancer or COVID-19 exacerbating diabetes and cardiovascular risks. It underscores the necessity for integrated healthcare approaches that address both disease categories to reduce health inequities. Regional and demographic disparities, such as higher disease burdens in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia, are also discussed, along with their socio-economic drivers. Global efforts, including vaccination programs, lifestyle interventions, and sustainable health policies, are evaluated for their effectiveness and challenges. The review concludes with a call for innovative, equity-focused strategies to mitigate the dual burden and strengthen global health resilience.

Diabetes Prediction Based on Machine Learning

Diabetes mellitus is a growing global health issue with an increasing incidence rate. Traditional methods for predicting diabetes, which rely heavily on clinical data and physical examinations, present challenges such as high costs, time-consuming processes, and difficulties in providing timely and personalized risk assessments. However, with the rise of machine learning (ML), new opportunities have emerged in diabetes prediction, utilizing large-scale data and advanced pattern recognition techniques. This study examines the application of ML in diabetes risk assessment by leveraging electronic health records (EHR) and big data, leading to significant improvements in accuracy and efficiency. The results demonstrate that ML methods can more effectively identify high-risk individuals, facilitating early intervention and contributing to the advancement of diabetes prediction.