Diabetic Retinopathy Classification Research Articles

Deep learning ensemble framework for multiclass diabetic retinopathy classification

Deep learning ensemble framework for multiclass diabetic retinopathy classification

Differential Artery–Vein Analysis Improves OCTA Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy

This study investigates the impact of differential artery-vein (AV) analysis in optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) on machine learning classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Leveraging deep learning for arterial-venous area (AVA) segmentation, six quantitative features, including perfusion intensity density (PID), blood vessel density (BVD), vessel area flux (VAF), blood vessel caliber (BVC), blood vessel tortuosity (BVT), and vessel perimeter index (VPI) features, were derived from OCTA images before and after AV differentiation. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was utilized to assess both binary and multiclass classifications of control, diabetic patients without DR (NoDR), mild DR, moderate DR, and severe DR groups. Initially, one-region features, i.e., quantitative features extracted from the entire OCTA, were evaluated for DR classification. Differential AV analysis improved classification accuracies from 78.86% to 87.63% and from 79.62% to 85.66% for binary and multiclass classifications, respectively. Additionally, three-region features derived from the entire image, parafovea, and perifovea, were incorporated for DR classification. Differential AV analysis further enhanced classification accuracies from 84.43% to 93.33% and from 83.40% to 89.25% for binary and multiclass classifications, respectively. These findings highlight the potential of differential AV analysis in augmenting disease diagnosis and treatment assessment using OCTA.

Automatic Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Resnet50 and Inceptionv3

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is an eye disease in diabetic patients and is the cause of blindness in the population. Because of the complexity of color fundus images DR classification by humans is challenging and is also an error prone task. Thus, this paper proposes automated DR classification to detect diabetic retinopathy in advance. Traditional machine learning algorithms like Logistic regression (60%) and Support Vector Machines (70%) have been employed to detect the severity of DR using information from retina images in this work. Since machine learning Algorithms provide low accuracy, deep learning algorithms have been used to improve the accuracy of the model. To develop a model from scratch is a complicated task, which can be solved using another technique called transfer learning. In this work, two CNN models are trained - Resnet50 and Inception V3 with pre-trained imageNet weights. ResNet50 is used in two ways, as a classifier, fine tuning and InceptionV3 without fine tuning. The CNN model achieved a good accuracy around (85%) using InceptionV3 without fine tuning. The dataset used was provided by Kaggle which are high resolution images of the retina which are proven to show good accuracy. Since machine learning Algorithms provide low accuracy, deep learning algorithms have been used to improve the accuracy of the model. To develop a model from scratch is a complicated task, which can be solved using another technique called transfer learning. In this work, two CNN models are trained - Resnet50 and Inception V3 with pre-trained imageNet weights. ResNet50 is used in two ways, as a classifier, fine tuning and InceptionV3 without fine tuning. The CNN model achieved a good accuracy around (85%) using InceptionV3 without fine tuning. The dataset used was provided by Kaggle which are high resolution images of the retina which are proven to show good accuracy.

An ensemble approach for classification of diabetic retinopathy in fundus image

An ensemble approach for classification of diabetic retinopathy in fundus image

DEC-DRR: deep ensemble of classification model for diabetic retinopathy recognition.

Most diabetes patients are liable to have diabetic retinopathy (DR); however, the majority of them might not be even aware of the ailment. Therefore, early detection and treatment of DR are necessary to prevent vision loss. But, avoiding DR is not a simple process. An ophthalmologist can typically identify DR through an optical evaluation of the fundus and through the evaluation of color pictures. However, due to the increased count of DR patients, this could not be possible as it consumes more time. To rectify this problem, a novel deep ensemble-based DR classification technique is developed in this work. Initially, a Wiener filter (WF) is applied for preprocessing the image. Then, the enhanced U-Net-based segmentation process is done. Subsequent to the segmentation process, features are extracted that include statistical features, inferior superior nasal temporal (ISNT), cup to disc ratio (CDR), and improved LGBP as well. Further, deep ensemble classifiers (DEC) like CNN, Bi-GRU, and DMN are used to recognize the disease. The outcomes from DMN, CNN, and Bi-GRU are then subjected to improved SLF. Additionally, the weights of DMN, CNN, and Bi-GRU are adjusted via pelican updated Tasmanian devil optimization (PU-TDO). Finally, outputs on DR (microaneurysms, hemorrhages, hard exudates, and soft exudates) are obtained. The performance of DEC + PU-TDO for diabetic retinopathy is computed over extant models with regard to different measures for four datasets. The results on accuracy using the DEC + PU-TDO scheme for the IDRID dataset is maximum around 0.975 at 90th LP while other models have less accuracy. The FPR of DEC + PU-TDO is less around 0.039 at the 90th LP for the SUSTech-SYSU dataset, while other extant models have maximum FPR.

MediDRNet: Tackling category imbalance in diabetic retinopathy classification with dual-branch learning and prototypical contrastive learning

Background and ObjectiveThe classification of diabetic retinopathy (DR) aims to utilize the implicit information in images for early diagnosis, to prevent and mitigate the further worsening of the condition. However, existing methods are often limited by the need to operate within large, annotated datasets to show significant advantages. Additionally, the number of samples for different categories within the dataset needs to be evenly distributed, because the characteristic of sample imbalance distribution can lead to an excessive focus on high-frequency disease categories, while neglecting the less common but equally important disease categories. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new classification method that can effectively alleviate the issue of sample distribution imbalance, thereby enhancing the accuracy of diabetic retinopathy classification. Methods:In this work, we propose MediDRNet, a dual-branch network model based on prototypical contrastive learning. This model adopts prototype contrastive learning, creating prototypes for different levels of lesions, ensuring they represent the core features of each lesion level. It classifies by comparing the similarity between data points and their category prototypes. Our dual-branch network structure effectively resolves the issue of category imbalance and improves classification accuracy by emphasizing subtle differences in retinal lesions. Moreover, our approach combines a dual-branch network with specific lesion-level prototypes for core feature representation and incorporates the convolutional block attention module for enhanced lesion feature identification. Results:Our experiments using both the Kaggle and UWF classification datasets have demonstrated that MediDRNet exhibits exceptional performance compared to other advanced models in the industry, especially on the UWF DR classification dataset where it achieved state-of-the-art performance across all metrics. On the Kaggle DR classification dataset, it achieved the highest average classification accuracy (0.6327) and Macro-F1 score (0.6361). Particularly in the classification tasks for minority categories of diabetic retinopathy on the Kaggle dataset (Grades 1, 2, 3, and 4), the model reached high classification accuracies of 58.08%, 55.32%, 69.73%, and 90.21%, respectively. In the ablation study, the MediDRNet model proved to be more effective in feature extraction from diabetic retinal fundus images compared to other feature extraction methods. Conclusion:This study employed prototype contrastive learning and bidirectional branch learning strategies, successfully constructing a grading system for diabetic retinopathy lesions within imbalanced diabetic retinopathy datasets. Through a dual-branch network, the feature learning branch effectively facilitated a smooth transition of features from the grading network to the classification learning branch, accurately identifying minority sample categories. This method not only effectively resolved the issue of sample imbalance but also provided strong support for the precise grading and early diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy in clinical applications, showcasing exceptional performance in handling complex diabetic retinopathy datasets. Moreover, this research significantly improved the efficiency of prevention and management of disease progression in diabetic retinopathy patients within medical practice. We encourage the use and modification of our code, which is publicly accessible on GitHub: https://github.com/ReinforceLove/MediDRNet .

Localization and grading of NPDR lesions using ResNet-18-YOLOv8 model and informative features selection for DR classification based on transfer learning

Complications in diabetes lead to diabetic retinopathy (DR) hence affecting the vision. Computerized methods performed a significant role in DR detection at the initial phase to cure vision loss. Therefore, a method is proposed in this study that consists of three models for localization, segmentation, and classification. A novel technique is designed with the combination of pre-trained ResNet-18 and YOLOv8 models based on the selection of optimum layers for the localization of DR lesions. The localized images are passed to the designed semantic segmentation model on selected layers and trained on optimized learning hyperparameters. The segmentation model performance is evaluated on the Grand-challenge IDRID segmentation dataset. The achieved results are computed in terms of mean IoU 0.95,0.94, 0.96, 0.94, and 0.95 on OD, SoftExs, HardExs, HAE, and MAs respectively. Another classification model is developed in which deep features are derived from the pre-trained Efficientnet-b0 model and optimized using a Genetic algorithm (GA) based on the selected parameters for grading of NPDR lesions. The proposed model achieved greater than 98 % accuracy which is superior to previous methods.

A multi-resolution convolutional attention network for efficient diabetic retinopathy classification

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a disorder commonly associated with individuals who have diabetes and is caused by excessive glucose levels in the blood, which induce retinal damage. Manual diagnosis of DR by medical experts is time-consuming; hence, a computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) solution for faster identification and improved efficiency is required. Diagnosis of DR is complex due to the prevalence of inter-class differences and small lesions, making it difficult for convolutional neural networks (CNNs) to identify discriminative regions effectively. The most critical challenge is locating complex patterns connected with visual differences and lesion locations. To tackle the aforementioned challenges, this work presents a novel multi-resolution convolutional attention network (MuR-CAN), which improves overall performance by emphasizing discriminative features. MuR-CAN includes a multi-dilation attention block (MDAB), which uses depth-wise convolution layers with various dilation rates to allow the model to prioritize relevant features and capture multi-scale spatial information. This method provides for simultaneously highlighting fine features and subtle visual patterns. Furthermore, the features extracted from the MuR-CAN are utilized to train the support vector machine (SVM) for DR classification. The integration of the SVM classifier with the proposed CNN architecture ensures improved accuracy. The experimental findings demonstrate that the proposed model outperforms the current state-of-the-art methods.

A systematic review on diabetic retinopathy detection and classification based on deep learning techniques using fundus images.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of visual impairment globally. It occurs due to long-term diabetes with fluctuating blood glucose levels. It has become a significant concern for people in the working age group as it can lead to vision loss in the future. Manual examination of fundus images is time-consuming and requires much effort and expertise to determine the severity of the retinopathy. To diagnose and evaluate the disease, deep learning-based technologies have been used, which analyze blood vessels, microaneurysms, exudates, macula, optic discs, and hemorrhages also used for initial detection and grading of DR. This study examines the fundamentals of diabetes, its prevalence, complications, and treatment strategies that use artificial intelligence methods such as machine learning (ML), deep learning (DL), and federated learning (FL). The research covers future studies, performance assessments, biomarkers, screening methods, and current datasets. Various neural network designs, including recurrent neural networks (RNNs), generative adversarial networks (GANs), and applications of ML, DL, and FL in the processing of fundus images, such as convolutional neural networks (CNNs) and their variations, are thoroughly examined. The potential research methods, such as developing DL models and incorporating heterogeneous data sources, are also outlined. Finally, the challenges and future directions of this research are discussed.

An improved Tasmanian Devil Optimization algorithm based EfficientNet in convolutional neural network for diabetic retinopathy classification

An improved Tasmanian Devil Optimization algorithm based EfficientNet in convolutional neural network for diabetic retinopathy classification

Detecting Diabetic Retinopathy using Mobile Net

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a prevalent complication of diabetes mellitus that can lead to This paper presents a novel machine learning approach using TensorFlow for the automated detection and stage classification of diabetic retinopathy from retinal images. The study utilizes a comprehensive dataset of retinal images, which undergo preprocessing steps to enhance image quality and prepare them for analysis. A deep learning model based on convolutional neural networks (CNNs) is developed using TensorFlow, leveraging its efficient computational capabilities and optimization tools. The proposed model using Mobile Net is trained and validated on the retinal image dataset to classify diabetic retinopathy into different stages, ranging from mild to severe. Keywords— Deep Learning, Mobile Net, Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) , Dataset

Correction: Srinivasan et al. Detection and Grade Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy and Adult Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy Based on Ophthalmoscopy Images. Electronics 2023, 12, 862

There was an error in the original publication [...]

Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy using Pre-Trained Deep Learning Models

Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) stands as the leading cause of blindness globally, particularly affecting individuals between the ages of 20 and 70. This paper presents a Computer- Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system designed for the automatic classification of retinal images into five distinct classes: Normal, Mild, Moderate, Severe, and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR). The proposed system leverages Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) employing pre-trained deep learning models. Through the application of fine-tuning techniques, our model is trained on fundus images of diabetic retinopathy with resolutions of 350x350x3 and 224x224x3. Experimental results obtained on the Kaggle platform, utilizing resources comprising 4 CPUs, 17 GB RAM, and 1 GB Disk, demonstrate the efficacy of our approach. The achieved Area Under the Curve (AUC) values for CNN, MobileNet, VGG-16, InceptionV3, and InceptionResNetV2 models are 0.50, 0.70, 0.53, 0.63, and 0.69, respectively.

Deep Learning Based Identification and Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy

Deep Learning Based Identification and Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy

Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN)

Classification of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Deep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN)

Efficient diabetic retinopathy classification grading using GAN based EM and PCA learning framework

Efficient diabetic retinopathy classification grading using GAN based EM and PCA learning framework

An adaptive weighted ensemble learning network for diabetic retinopathy classification.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is one of the leading causes of blindness. However, because the data distribution of classes is not always balanced, it is challenging for automated early DR detection using deep learning techniques. In this paper, we propose an adaptive weighted ensemble learning method for DR detection based on optical coherence tomography (OCT) images. Specifically, we develop an ensemble learning model based on three advanced deep learning models for higher performance. To better utilize the cues implied in these base models, a novel decision fusion scheme is proposed based on the Bayesian theory in terms of the key evaluation indicators, to dynamically adjust the weighting distribution of base models to alleviate the negative effects potentially caused by the problem of unbalanced data size. Extensive experiments are performed on two public datasets to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method. A quadratic weighted kappa of 0.8487 and an accuracy of 0.9343 on the DRAC2022 dataset, and a quadratic weighted kappa of 0.9007 and an accuracy of 0.8956 on the APTOS2019 dataset are obtained, respectively. The results demonstrate that our method has the ability to enhance the ovearall performance of DR detection on OCT images.

Diagnosis and multiclass classification of diabetic retinopathy using enhanced multi thresholding optimization algorithms and improved Naive Bayes classifier

Diagnosis and multiclass classification of diabetic retinopathy using enhanced multi thresholding optimization algorithms and improved Naive Bayes classifier

Vision transformer with masked autoencoders for referable diabetic retinopathy classification based on large-size retina image.

Computer-aided diagnosis systems based on deep learning algorithms have shown potential applications in rapid diagnosis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Due to the superior performance of Transformer over convolutional neural networks (CNN) on natural images, we attempted to develop a new model to classify referable DR based on a limited number of large-size retinal images by using Transformer. Vision Transformer (ViT) with Masked Autoencoders (MAE) was applied in this study to improve the classification performance of referable DR. We collected over 100,000 publicly fundus retinal images larger than 224×224, and then pre-trained ViT on these retinal images using MAE. The pre-trained ViT was applied to classify referable DR, the performance was also compared with that of ViT pre-trained using ImageNet. The improvement in model classification performance by pre-training with over 100,000 retinal images using MAE is superior to that pre-trained with ImageNet. The accuracy, area under curve (AUC), highest sensitivity and highest specificity of the present model are 93.42%, 0.9853, 0.973 and 0.9539, respectively. This study shows that MAE can provide more flexibility to the input image and substantially reduce the number of images required. Meanwhile, the pretraining dataset scale in this study is much smaller than ImageNet, and the pre-trained weights from ImageNet are not required also.

IDF23-0251 An AI-Assisted System for Classification and Triage of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) by Using Real-World Fundus Images

IDF23-0251 An AI-Assisted System for Classification and Triage of Diabetic Retinopathy (DR) by Using Real-World Fundus Images