Diabetic Girls Research Articles

Risk factors of the physical and sexual development disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus

Objective. To determine hereditary and environmental factors, resulting in the formation of physical and sexual development disorders in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM 1).Methods and materials. The genealogical analysis was performed in the families of 50 patients aged 8 to 18 years (22 boys and 28 girls) with DM 1, who were examined at the Institute of Child and Adolescent Health of the NAMS of Ukraine. Harmonious physical development was observed in 16 boys and 10 girls, disharmonious development — in 6 and 18, respectively. The nature of puberty, which corresponded to the normative values, was registered in 19 boys and 23 girls, and puberty disorders were observed in 3 boys and 5 girls.Results. According to the genealogical analysis data, boys with DM 1 with harmonious physical development were more likely to be born with low body weight, they were more likely to undergo surgery compared to the girls with normal sexual development. Mothers of boys with harmonious and disharmonious physical development were significantly less likely to register stress before pregnancy compared to mothers of diabetic girls with different levels of physical development. The DM 1 boys with sexual development disorders significantly more likely to be born with the increased body mass in comparison with the DM 1 girls with sexual development disorders. Hereditary burden of diabetes in the girls with harmonious and disharmonious physical development exceeded in 1.8 and 2.8 times that in boys with corresponding physical development, and in girls with normal sexual development it was in 1.7 times oftener than in the boys. Cardiovascular and gastrointestinal diseases prevailed in the relatives of diabetic boys with harmonious physical development, and in the relatives of boys with disharmonious physical development, the cardiovascular and neurological diseases dominated, and gastrointestinal pathology was rarer than the incidence of these diseases in the relatives of diabetic girls with various levels of physical development. At the same time, relatives of boys with the normal sexual development had predominantly endocrine and neurological diseases, and relatives of boys with sexual development disorders had more often cardiovascular diseases in comparison with the incidence of these pathologies in relatives of girls with various levels of sexual development.Conclusions. It can be assumed that the presence of DM 1, especially diagnosed in childhood, may adversely affect the formation and functioning of the reproductive system in adolescence. Moreover, one should consider the impact of environmental factors and diabetes hereditary burden on their health.

Low-carb Diet in Hospitalized Late Pubertal Type 1 Diabetic Girls: A Short-Term CGM Study.

Objective:We conducted the present study to observe potential short-term benefits or risks of low-carb diet (LCD).Methods:This is a prospective randomized cross-over study. Type 1 diabetic girls were hospitalized in ternary groups for 7 days and each group randomly started with LCD or regular diet. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed between 0 and 168 h.Results:Twenty-eight subjects completed the study. Total energy, protein, and fat consumption were high (P < 0.001); carbohydrate consumption and rapidly acting insulin dose were low (P < 0.001 and P = 0.002, respectively) during LCD. Morning postprandial, noon postprandial, and evening preprandial capillary blood sugar levels were lower during LCD (P = 0.013, 0.018, and 0.048, respectively).Conclusion:LCD may have the advantage of better glycemic control despite lower insulin dose which is a favorable outcome with regard to weight control and atherosclerosis prevention. No adverse events were observed.

Correlation of risk factors for coronary heart disease in type-2 diabetes mellitus using the chi-square method

The male sex is taken into account a crucial risk issue for coronary heart disease (CHD) within the general population, however, studies on diabetic patients counsel that diabetic girls have a better risk of developing CHD. This study was to determine whether there is correlation between risk factors and the incidence of CHD in patients with type 2 DM. Furthermore, this work also investigates the mathematical model work in calculating the magnitude of the risk of variables against the tendency of CHD complications for patients with type 2 diabetes. This research utilizes current information on the setup of Dr. Soetomo Hospital’s medical records in 2015-2016. Samples were all patients with type 2 diabetes with CHD and without CHD reported in the inpatient medical records of Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya. Data processing was carried out using the chi-square test technique. As a result, the system is proof to calculate the worth of the chi-square and confirm the results of conditions on every variable. There is a distinction in price between the calculations of the chi-square on the system with the calculation of the manual chi-square test. This is often caused by taking variety of digits behind completely different commas (,). The variables of gender, age, GDA, GDP, GD2PP, triglycerides, HDL, weight, smoking, and length failed to have a significant relationship on the incidence of CHD in patients with sort two DM. Sterol variables and lipoprotein levels have a highly vital relationship within the incidence of CHD for patients with sort two polygenic disease.

Auditory function and motor proficiency in type 1 diabetic children: A case-control study

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the auditory and motor functions in children with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). MethodsThis case-control study, 65 diabetic children, receiving care in Diabetes Center of 17 Sharivar Hospital, were enrolled. 130 controls were matched to cases by age and sex. The authors performed audio-vestibular tests, including pure tone audiometry (PTA), distortion product otoacoustic emission (DPOAE), auditory brainstem response (ABR), bedside head-impulse test and dynamic visual acuity test. Motor function was evaluated using of Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Second Edition (BOT-2). ResultsThe results showed higher thresholds of air conduction PTA and a prolonged peak latency of wave V (ABR) in diabetic children as compared to controls (all Ps < 0.001). The odds of normal response in DPOAE of cases decreased by 0.44–0.82 - fold. Although clinical vestibular outcomes were worse in cases, differences were not significant. In BOT-2, the cases had statistically significant lower scores (standard score = −0.58, P < 0.05) than the controls for the Total Motor Composite. Also diabetic girls had more skill motor impairment compared to boys with IDDM. ConclusionBased on our study, metabolic disturbances present in Type I diabetes cause disturbances in different parts of auditory and balance functions.

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus among Adolescent Girls in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is rapidly becoming one of the main health issues among humans in the 21st century. The increase in the incidence of type 1 diabetes has been observed as a global public health problem in children and adolescents. This work was conducted aimed to estimate the prevalence of type I diabetes and to describe some related characteristics of cases in a sample of adolescent primary and secondary school girls of Riyadh city, KSA. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted during the academic year 2016-2017. Data were collected via a predesigned and pretested questionnaire to gather the relevant data. The total number of participants was 154 adolescent girls. Results: The overall prevalence of type I diabetes among the studied adolescent girls was 5.2% with Mean(±SD) age was 14.08 (± 3.4). All diabetic girls were Saudi. Only 25% of the cases were using a hormonal contraception. No smoking history or other chronic diseases was detected among them. Conclusion: The present study establishes the prevalence of type 1 DM among Saudi adolescent girls to be 5.2%. We suggest repeating this study periodically, with concentration on the various possible etiological and risk factors. Also we recommend conducting similar studies in other areas of Saudi Arabia to get more information about Diabetes. Awareness campaigns and continuous medical education is of utmost importance to detect the disease to guard against development of complications.

Study of metabolic and some hormonal aspects among pubertal type 1 diabetic girls

Study of metabolic and some hormonal aspects among pubertal type 1 diabetic girls

Vitamin D deficiency and the associated factors in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus in southern Iran

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disorder caused by destruction of beta cells of the pancreas. Several reports have suggested a connection between vitamin D deficiency and T1DM and the possible role of dietary vitamin D supplementation in reducing the risk of T1DM. There is little knowledge about the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among Iranian children with T1DM. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin D (25OHD) was assayed by high performance liquid chromatography in 8–18-year-old diabetic patients referred to pediatric diabetes clinics in Shiraz, Iran, during a period of 14 months. The age of the onset of T1DM, daily insulin usage, weight, height, and BMI of each patient were recorded along with levels of physical activity and sun exposure. The patients’ body composition was determined by DEXA and used in further analysis. This study was conducted on 39 diabetic boys and 46 diabetic girls aged 12.4 ± 4.2 years. Mean serum 25(OH)D3 was 18 ± 12.2 ng/dl. Serum levels of 25(OH)D3 were higher in boys than girls. 7.7 % of the boys and 30.4 % of the girls had severe vitamin D deficiency. There was a negative correlation between the age of the onset of T1DM and serum concentration of 25(OH)D3 (p = 0.006, r = −0.17). Girls with T1DM showed a higher prevalence of severe vitamin D deficiency than boys with T1DM. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in individuals with earlier onset of the disease and in those with higher fat mass index.

Lipid Profile in Adolescent Girls with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus and Hyperandrogenemia.

Study Objectives. The study aim was to evaluate whether hyperandrogenemia in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) may adversely influence lipid profile. Design and Participants. Lipid levels in 16 diabetic girls with biochemical hyperandrogenemia (T1DM-H) aged 16.3 ± 1.2 years were compared to 38 diabetic girls with normal androgen levels (T1DM-N) aged 15.8 ± 1.2 years. 15 healthy girls served as controls (CG). In all patients, anthropometric measurements were done, and androgens and SHBG were assessed. Results. In T1DM-H, total cholesterol (TC) and low density cholesterol (LDL-ch) were significantly higher than in CG (196.1 ± 41.2 versus 162.7 ± 31.7 mg/dL, p = 0.01; 117.3 ± 33.1 versus 91.3 ± 27.8 mg/dL, p = 0.01, resp.). Their LDL-ch, non-high density cholesterol (non-HDL-ch) concentrations, and LDL/HDL ratio were also significantly higher than in T1DM-N (117.3 ± 33.1 versus 97.7 ± 26.7 mg/dL, p = 0.03; 137.3 ± 42.9 versus 113.3 ± 40.4 mg/dL, p = 0.04; 2.8 ± 3.7 versus 1.6 ± 0.5, p = 0.04, resp.). In stepwise multiple linear regression, free androgen index (FAI) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) were associated with TC (R 2 = 0.4, p < 0.0006), non-HDL-ch (R 2 = 0.4, p < 0.0003), and LDL-ch (R 2 = 0.4, p < 0.0008). Triglycerides and LDL/HDL ratio were (R 2 = 0.7, p < 0.0001, R 2 = 0.6, p < 0.0003 resp.) related to testosterone, FAI, WHR, and mean HbA1c. Conclusion. Lipid profile in diabetic adolescent girls is adversely influenced by the androgens level, particularly in the group with higher WHR and poorer glycemic control.

Disturbed eating behavior in Iranian adolescent and young females with type-1 diabetes compared to non diabetic peers: A cross-sectional study.

Background:An association of eating disorder with diabetes mellitus may lead to a serious lack of metabolic control, higher mortality and morbidity. There is no recent study conducted in the Iranian population about eating disorder and its variants. The aim of the present study is investigation of frequency of disturbed eating behaviors in adolescent girls with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) compared to non-diabetics.Materials and Methods:In this cross-sectional study, disturbed eating behavior were evaluated and compared in two groups of 12–22 year old adolescent and young females (126 with diabetes and 325 without diabetes). A self-report questionnaire including demographic data, Children's Depression Inventory (CDI), and Eating Attitude Test (EAT-26) was used for data gathering. Independent t-test, Chi-square test, and logistic regression [odds ratio (OR)] were used for data analyses in SPSS 15.Results:Findings revealed that higher percentage of diabetic girls are likely to have eating disturbances (67.9% vs. 53.8%, P = 0.01). Diabetic group obtained higher scores in both dieting (14.95 ± 6.28 vs. 11.79 ± 5.62, P < 0.001) and bulimia scales (4.9 ± 3.13 vs. 4.12 ± 2.89, P = 0.017), which supports a role for T1DM in inducing the symptoms. Diabetic girls were at more than double the risk of developing eating disturbance.Conclusions:The results indicate that a significantly higher percentage of diabetic girls are likely to have eating disturbances. Also, diabetic subjects had an increased probability of getting higher scores in all three EAT-26 subscales. Therefore, healthcare professionals, especially diabetic nurses, should be aware of the potential effects of the subclinical and clinical eating behaviors on adolescents with T1DM and evaluate them for these disturbances.

Diabetes, menstruation, and the uterus

Diabetes, menstruation, and the uterus

Study of Adiponectin Level in Diabetic Adolescent Girls in Relation to Glycemic Control and Complication of Diabetes.

AIM:To study the relation between adiponectin level with glycemic control and complication of diabetes.PATIENTS AND METHODS:The study included 40 female adolescent type 1 diabetic patients and 40 healthy volunteers of the same age and sex. Blood sample was taken for assessment of glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile and adiponectine. Urine sample was taken for assessment of albumin/creatinine ratio.RESULTS:Diabetic patients had a significantly higher diastolic blood pressure, triglyceride, total cholesterol, LDL and adiponectin than controls. Patients with diabetes complication had a significant lower BMI and HDL. On the other hand, they had higher disease duration, total cholesterol, HbA1, albumin/creatinine ratio and adiponectin. Patients with microalbuminuria had a lower BMI, higher disease duration, diastolic blood pressure and adiponectin. Patients with diabetic retinopathy had higher disease duration, insulin dose, HbA1, microalbuminuria and adiponectin. Adiponectin in diabetic patients had a significant negative correlation with BMI and positive correlation with systolic blood pressure and microlabuminuria.CONCLUSION:Serum adiponectin level is high in adolescent type 1 diabetic girls. It can be used as a predictor of diabetes complications rather than a sensitive biochemical marker for glycemic control.

Body composition in Indian children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes

Studies suggest that children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes (T1DM) have suboptimal body composition with higher fat mass and lower bone mass. Aim of our study was to compare body composition of Indian children with type 1 diabetes with age gender matched healthy controls. In a cross-sectional study, body composition parameters were measured by DXA (Lunar DPX PRO, Total Body Densitometer) in 160 (74 boys) children with T1DM (attending type 1 diabetes clinic) and age gender matched healthy controls. Z scores for bone mineral content (TBBMC) for age, bone area for age (TBBA), TBBMC for TBBA, TBBA for height, lean body mass (LBM) for height, TBBMC for LBM[1] and fat and lean mass [2] were computed using Indian reference data. Anthropometry and tanner staging (TS) was assessed for all children. The height (HAZ), weight (WAZ) and BMI (BAZ) were converted to Z scores using contemporary Indian references [3]. Mean ages of boys and girls were 11.4±3.3y and 10.9±3.4y respectively. For both genders HAZ (boys -0.5 vs 0.3, girls -0.5 vs 0.1) and WAZ (boys -0.6 vs 0.0 and girls -0.5 vs -0.1) were significantly lower in diabetics, though BAZ scores were comparable. Similarly, mean Z scores were significantly lower for fat mass (boys -0.1 vs 0.2, girls -0.1 vs 0.1) and higher for lean mass (boys -0.4 vs -1.1, girls -0.3 vs -0.6) in diabetics for both genders. Diabetic boys and girls had lower android fat percent (boys 20 vs 25, girls 28 vs 32, P<0.05) when compared with controls. Mean Z scores for bone parameters showed TBBA for age (boys -0.1 vs 0.5, girls -0.1 vs 0.3), TBBMC for age (boys -0.1 vs 0.6, girls -0.1 vs 0.3) and TBBMC for LBM (boys -0.4 vs 0.0, girls -0.5 vs -0.2) were significantly lower in diabetics while all other bone parameters were comparable. Indian children with type 1 diabetes had lower fat mass (including android fat) and higher muscle mass than controls; however, diabetics need special attention to optimize their bone health.

IVS1 −397T&gt;C Estrogen ReceptorαPolymorphism Is Associated with Low-Grade Systemic Inflammatory Response in Type 1 Diabetic Girls

Purpose. The study aimed to investigate the influence of estrogen receptor α (ER-α) genotypes on inflammatory response and development of microvascular complications in girls with type 1 diabetes. Methods. 152 young regularly menstruating girls with diagnosed type 1 diabetes and 84 young, healthy menstruating girls were recruited. ER-α genotyping was carried out by PCR. Serum concentrations of 17β-estradiol, as well as IL-6, TNF-α, VEGF, and IL-10, were measured. CD4+Foxp3+ TH17 cells were isolated and analyzed by flow cytometry. Results. Type 1 diabetic girls carrying TT genotype were characterized by the lowest serum estradiol level and IL-10 and highest IL-6, TNF-α , and VEGF. The association between the level of certain cytokine and the genetic variant of estrogen receptor α polymorphism was analyzed. Frequencies of CD4+Foxp3+ TH17 cells were also enhanced in TT bearing girls with type 1 diabetes and correlated with the level of analyzed cytokines. In addition, the correlation between serum estradiol level and cytokine concentrations was observed. Conclusions. We propose that TT variant of estrogen receptor α polymorphism may be associated with enhanced inflammatory response, which in turn may lead to acceleration of diabetic retino- and nephropathy in girls with type 1 diabetes. This finding may help the physicians to predict the onset and progression of diabetic microvascular complications.

Empreintes de la maladie diabétique chez l’adolescente : donner forme à une maladie invisible

Our research concerns the feminine adolescence process of subjects with diabetes mellitus type-1. Beyond the heritage of the sick and dependant body, how can these subjects manage through the reappropriation of their pubescent body? The objective is here initially to propose the representations of the patients’ diabetics on their disease, then to understand if and how these representations work with the acceptance of their sick body. Our approach leaves the question of the origin of the disease unresolved in order to study which elements facilitate its integration and the access to the psychic autonomy of girls affected by this chronic disease. Our research is conducted in two departments of pediatric endocrinology and diabetology in 60 diabetic girls aged 12 to 17years. Their discourse on the disease is collected in semi-structured interviews. Our conclusions propose the importance of the personal theories on the disease in the process of integration of the disease and access to psychic autonomy. The discourse about the disease is sometimes poor, without emotions, centered on the mechanics of treatment, medical knowledge and glycemic numbers. He is accompanied in the majority of these cases of a difficult expression of instinctual movements. In other teenage, the discourse about their disease is marked by personal theories about the origin of the disease and fantasies about the insulin and medical treatment. Here he is accompanied in most cases a far better expression of instinctual movements. Furthermore, noncompliance with treatment — common behaviors in this population — appear as many attempts of reappropriation of the dependent body: masochistic behaviors allows the physical appropriation of pulsionnal pressure, but it is always running the risk of his own racing when the propping up of the object comes to miss or cannot be accepted.

666 Pulmonary Abnormalities in Children and Adolescents with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Background and AimsFew studies are available on pulmonary function abnormalities in children with diabetes with controversial results. Spirometric abnormalities and reduction of lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO) have...

Contribution of sex hormones in the progression of diabetic microvascular diseases.

Contribution of sex hormones in the progression of diabetic microvascular diseases.

The association of the IVS1-397T>C estrogen receptor α polymorphism with the regulatory conditions in longstanding type 1 diabetic girls

Type 1 diabetes is considered as pluricausal disease, whose etiology involves genetic predisposition as well as environmental factors that contribute to disease progression and pathogenesis. Women are believed to be more susceptible to develop autoimmune diseases, which may depend in part on the influence of sex hormones on the immune system. It was shown that estrogens may protect against the development of autoimmune disease by inducing the expansion of regulatory T cell pool and upregulating Foxp3 expression. Foxp3 is a transcription factor that controls the development and suppressive function of naturally occurring regulatory T cells CD4+Foxp3+. Longstanding diabetes type 1 has features of low-grade chronic inflammation which may influence regulatory T cell subset by reducing their numbers or/and inhibiting their suppressive potential. As diabetic type 1 patients are differentiated with regard to metabolic factors, level of glycemic control and systemic inflammatory state, we aimed to examine if this can be associated with IVSI-397T>C estrogen receptor α polymorphism. We examined 93 young regularly menstruating girls with diagnosed type 1 diabetes and 49 healthy age-matched control individuals. The PvuII polymorphism of the ER-α gene was analyzed as well as the serum TNF level and the level of CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells in these individuals. Girls with type 1 diabetes had lower level of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs than their healthy counterparts. Regulatory T cells from these patients showed also lower expression of Foxp3 than Tregs in healthy, control group. In addition, DM1 girls bearing the CC genotypes showed the highest level of CD4+Foxp3+ Tregs and the lowest TNF serum level in comparison to girls carrying CT or TT genotype. The CC DM1 carriers had also higher serum level of estrogens than girls bearing CT or TT genotype. We propose that different variants of IVS1-397 estrogen receptor α polymorphism may become additional genetic factor that influences regulatory conditions during diabetes type 1 in females.

Body Composition Analysis in Newly Diagnosed Diabetic Adolescent Girls

Purpose: The objective of this study was to determine the type differences of diabetes by analyzing the growth status and body composition of newly diagnosed diabetic adolescent girls. Methods: The study included 6 type 1 diabetic adolescent girls (age 11.7 ± 1.9 years) and 6 type 2 diabetic adole- scent girls (age 14.4 ± 2.6 years). The height, weight and body composition of fat mass and fat-free mass were measured in each patient. Body mass index (BMI), fat mass index (FMI), fat free mass index (FFMI) and percent body fat (PBF) were calculated and each component was plotted on a body composition chart. Results: Type 2 diabetic adolescent girls seemed to be taller and heavier compared to type 1 diabetic girls, but the differences in height and weight z-score were not significant. BMI, FFMI, FMI, PBF were also higher in type 2 diabetic girls. The body composition chart revealed that type 2 diabetic girls had significantly higher FMI and PBF. In type 1 diabetic girls, FFMI was lower compared to type 2 diabetic girls. The BMI difference between diabetes types was explained with the difference in FFMI as well as FMI. Conclusion: The components of body composition differ according to diabetes type in adolescent girls. Measuring the body composition of diabetic girls might help to promote growth and adequate FFM gain during childhood. In diabetes control, diet and exercise should be emphasized along with insulin treatment.

Development and linear growth in diabetic children receiving insulin pigment

The aim of this study was to ascertain if there are differences in the development and linear growth between a group of diabetic children who had been receiving insulin pigment and healthy children. A total of 57 Chinese children with type 1 diabetes diagnosed at the age from 6 to 10 years old (26 boys and 31 girls) were included in the study. Their height and weight and development conditions were recorded until they reached their 18th birthday. Diabetic children were taller than healthy children at the onset of diabetes, even though there was no significant difference between them [male height standard deviation score (SDS): 0.34 +/- 0.93, female height SDS: 0.38 +/- 0.50]. When they reached their final height, they were slightly shorter than the healthy group. However, there were still no significant differences between these two groups (male height SDS: -0.42 +/- 0.95, female height SDS: -0.60 +/- 0.98). The median age at onset of puberty, 12.62 years in boys and 11.13 years in girls, was significantly delayed in diabetic boys compared to 10.55 years in healthy boys and 9.2 years in healthy girls. The median age at menarche in diabetic girls (14.15 years) was also delayed compared with 12.27 years in healthy girls. The majority of these diabetic children were thinner than the healthy children when they were diagnosed [male body mass index (BMI): 14.45 +/- 1.35 kg/m2 vs. 16.08 +/- 0.59 kg/m2, t = -0.63, p < 0.05; female BMI: 13.50 +/- 1.87 kg/m2 vs. 15.46 +/- 0.45 kg/m2, t = -6.67, p < 0.05]; however, as they reached their final height, they became fatter, especially the girls (male BMI: 21.43 +/- 1.62 kg/m2 vs. 20.8 +/- 0.00 kg/m2, t = 1.97, p > 0.05; female BMI: 23.95 +/- 2.37 kg/m2 vs. 20.3 +/- 0.00 kg/m2, t = 8.60, p < 0.05). Even with well-controlled glucose levels, the development of children with diabetes who had been receiving insulin pigment were still adversely affected. However, linear growth had only been slightly affected. All patients, especially girls, became fatter when they reached their final height.

Age of onset of puberty and menarche in type 1 diabetic girls

IntroductionDelayed pubertal maturation has been reported in girls with type 1 diabetes. ObjectivesTo report the age of onset of puberty and menarche in girls with type 1 diabetes diagnosed before puberty. To investigate the clinical factors affecting the occurrence of puberty and menarche in this population. Patients and methodsA retrospective study of 38 girls with type 1 diabetes, all of them on intensive insulin therapy since diagnosis and followed up at our hospital until menarche. The age of onset of puberty and the age of menarche were collected as dependent variables, and the time from onset of diabetes, glycosylated hemoglobin levels, daily insulin requirements, and body mass index standard deviation scores were collected as independent variables. Variables are expressed as mean±standard deviation. Multivariate linear regression models tested the associations between dependent and independent variables. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. ResultsThirty-eight girls were enrolled. Age of onset of puberty was 10.4±1.1 years and age of menarche, 12.6±1.0 years. The time from diabetes onset influenced age at onset of puberty (β=+0.12; p=0.047). A negative association was found between body mass index standard deviation score and age at menarche (β=−0.39; p=0.014). ConclusionDiabetes duration and body mass index correlated to the age of onset of puberty and the age of menarche in girls with type 1 diabetes.