Diabetes mellitus is one of the fastest-growing chronic medical conditions worldwide. It disproportionately affects some minoritized populations, including certain racial and ethnic groups, migrant populations, and rural communities. Disparities in diabetes mellitus prevalence, morbidity and mortality in minoritized populations are related to longstanding structural and social inequities and are closely tied to social factors. However, current interventions to improve diabetes mellitus outcomes among people from minoritized populations have primarily focused on trying to change individual behaviour, without sufficiently addressing the root structural barriers that drive disparities. Here, we aim to describe the structural inequities in the diagnosis, management and outcomes of minoritized people with diabetes mellitus and to discuss practical measures that can ensure equitable care for people in minoritized groups who have diabetes mellitus. Using a framework to examine diabetes mellitus disparities, we will consider interventions at system levels, including public health approaches, the endocrine healthcare workforce, care quality standards, access to high-quality care (including advanced technologies) and involvement in research. We will also discuss strategies to address intermediate factors, including food insecurity and literacy, and to improve diabetes mellitus care services among migrant and refugee populations and racial and/or ethnic minority communities.

Association of coffee consumption with diabetes mellitus and gestational diabetes mellitus.

Dysregulated zinc homeostasis is a common feature of diabetes mellitus (DM), exacerbating β-cell dysfunction, impairing glycemic control, and promoting vascular, renal, neural, and cognitive complications. This review summarizes experimental and clinical evidence on hyperzincuria and impaired intestinal zinc absorption in type 1 (T1DM) and type 2 (T2DM) DM, focusing on their mechanisms and implications for revising dietary zinc recommendations. Experimental models showed tissue-specific zinc depletion, with pancreas, liver, and femur zinc levels reduced by 17-50%, while kidney, muscle, and intestine show variable changes depending on DM duration and dietary zinc. Radiolabeled zinc studies report a 53% reduction in intestinal uptake, while early-stage of DM may compensatory increase absorption up to ~ 70%. However, prolonged hyperglycemia and zinc transporter dysregulation (ZIP4/ZIP7/ZIP14 down, ZnT1/5/7 and metallothioneins up) cause persistent intracellular and systemic zinc depletion. Persistent urinary zinc (UZn) loss, a marker of disrupted zinc homeostasis in diabetes, increases 3- to 14-fold in T1DM models, 5- to 6-fold in db/db mice, and is 1.6- to 5-fold higher in humans with T1DM and 1.4- to 7-fold higher in T2DM. Hyperzincuria in DM is primarily driven by hyperglycemia-induced osmotic diuresis and glycosuria, exacerbated by diabetic nephropathy, proteinuria, and the use of certain antidiabetic and antihypertensive medications. Current zinc RDAs (8mg/day for women, 11mg/day for men) may be insufficient in diabetes, and a 30-50% higher intake could help restore zinc balance, improve glycemic control, and reduce the risk of complications. However, these estimates are based on experimental and observational data, and well-designed clinical studies are needed to confirm the optimal zinc intake in DM.

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease with a steadily increasing prevalence and is frequently accompanied by foot complications that substantially impair patients’ quality of life. Diabetic foot complications, including foot ulcers, can be prevented through appropriate foot care practices. Foot care knowledge is a critical component in shaping self-care behaviors; however, patients knowledge levels remain variable and are influenced by sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, and exposure to health information. Objective: This study aimed to analyze factors associated with foot care knowledge among patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods: This analytic observational study employed a cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Sudiang Raya Primary Health Care Center from October to December 2025. A total of 80 patients with diabetes mellitus were recruited using a total sampling technique. Data were collected from the primary health care database and structured questionnaires assessing participants’ characteristics and foot care knowledge. Data analysis included descriptive analysis, bivariate analysis using Chi-square or Fisher’s exact tests with calculation of odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals, and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis to evaluate the discriminative ability of the model using the Area Under the Curve (AUC). Results: The results demonstrated that age, educational level, employment status, duration of diabetes mellitus, and exposure to health information were significantly associated with foot care knowledge. Exposure to information emerged as the most dominant factor and significantly increased the likelihood of patients having good foot care knowledge. Conclusion: Foot care knowledge among patients with diabetes mellitus is influenced by a combination of sociodemographic factors, clinical characteristics, and exposure to health information. These findings highlight the importance of structured, continuous, and contextually appropriate foot care education as an integral component of diabetes nursing care to prevent foot-related complications.

Every fifth surgical patient presents with diabetes mellitus and the use of modern oral antidiabetic agents is rapidly expanding. Therefore, comprehensive and current knowledge of benefits and risks is essential for anesthesiologists. The 2025 international guidelines for perioperative management of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus recommend continuation of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists in patients without an elevated risk of aspiration, temporary discontinuation of sodium-glucose-co-transporter-2 inhibitors one to four days before surgery, and do not provide specific recommendations for dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors. Emerging evidence focuses on two principal areas: the additive metabolic and cardiovascular benefits of combination therapy, and the real-world perioperative safety of these agents. Large cohort studies now demonstrate exceedingly low incidences of pulmonary aspiration and euglycemic ketoacidosis, with adverse events previously documented predominantly in case reports. Detailed pathophysiological understanding of the mechanisms, benefits, and potential risks associated with oral antidiabetic agents remains indispensable and should foster individualized, risk-based perioperative management strategies for patients with diabetes mellitus.

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) represents a major complication of diabetes mellitus (DM) with limited early diagnostic biomarkers. This study investigated the clinical significance and molecular mechanism of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) VCAN-AS1 in DN pathogenesis. The patients with diabetes mellitus, including 85 with DN and 66 without nephropathy, were enrolled, along with 62 healthy controls. Serum VCAN-AS1 levels were detected using qRT-PCR. Clinical parameters and renal injury markers were analysed for correlations with VCAN-AS1. Invitro, high glucose-treated human renal tubular cells (HK-2) underwent genetic interventions including VCAN-AS1 knockdown and miR-205-5p inhibition. Functional assessments encompassed cell viability, oxidative stress, fibrosis and inflammation. Dual-luciferase reporter assays validated molecular interactions. Serum VCAN-AS1 expression showed a progressive increase across healthy controls, diabetes mellitus patients and DN patients. It exhibited strong diagnostic efficacy for DN with an AUC of 0.879. Elevated VCAN-AS1 correlated with deteriorated renal function parameters. VCAN-AS1 was identified as an independent risk factor for diabetes mellitus progression to DN. High glucose exposure up-regulated VCAN-AS1 in HK-2 cells, promoting cellular injury phenotypes. Rescue experiments confirmed that miR-205-5p inhibition reversed the protective effects of VCAN-AS1 knockdown. Mechanistically, VCAN-AS1 directly bound miR-205-5p, suppressing its expression and consequently enhancing vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) expression. VCAN-AS1 serves as a potential diagnostic biomarker for DN and promotes disease pathogenesis through the miR-205-5p/VEGFA axis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is an autoimmune disease that targets pancreatic beta cells, causing insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia. Unfortunately, till now, no conclusive treatment has been established for the entire treatment of T1DM. Today, Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are widely used in regenerative medicine. MSCs have several advantages, including easy access, strong proliferation ability, differentiation power, minimal risk of tumorigenesis, and low risk of immunogenicity. However, there have been few clinical trials using MSC implants to treat T1DM. In this paper, we look at clinical trials using MSCs to treat T1DM and analyze the benefits and limitations of this approach. To collect crucial data, a comprehensive search was undertaken on articles published between 2015 and 2024. The search involved PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, CINAHL, PsycInfo, and Cochrane databases. All MeSH words related to mesenchymal stem cells, clinical trials, and type 1 diabetes mellitus were searched. Relevant studies with full access, authored in English from 2015 to 2024, were selected. Ultimately, eleven papers that met the predetermined criteria underwent a comprehensive analysis. This systematic review reveals that MSC treatment is an acceptable treatment option for T1DM, with a positive safety profile observed in the evaluated research. The analyzed findings suggest potential benefits in sustaining beta-cell function and modifying the immunological response, which could lead to a decrease in insulin requirement. However, it remains to be proven as an alternative for insulin administration, and more detailed clinical research is necessary to verify its enduring effectiveness and reliability.

Interpretable Graph Convolutional Networks for cardiovascular disease risk prediction in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) represents a substantial health burden especially regarding cardiovascular diseases. In this context, the presence of T2DM adversely affects both disease emergence and progression. Therefore, this study investigated the impact of T2DM on outcomes in patients hospitalized for ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We used the nationwide German inpatient statistics of the years 2005-2022 for statistical analysis. Hospitalizations of patients who were admitted due to STEMI in German hospitals were included in this study. The impact of T2DM on in-hospital adverse events was evaluated, whereas patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) were excluded. Overall, data on 1,590,775 hospitalizations of patients admitted due to STEMI were included; among these 379,346 (23.8%) patient-cases had T2DM. STEMI patients with T2DM were older (71.0 [62.0-79.0] vs. 66.0 [55.0-77.0] years, P<0.001) and had an aggravated comorbidity burden. STEMI patients with T2DM were less often treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (61.2% vs. 66.7%, P<0.001), whereas coronary-artery bypass graft was more often performed (5.0% vs. 3.9%, P<0.001). The in-hospital case-fatality was significantly higher in T2DM patients (16.0% vs. 13.3%, P<0.001).In multivariable analysis, T2DM was independently associated with lower usage of percutaneous intervention (OR 0.89 [95%CI 0.89-0.90], P<0.001) and increased case-fatality (OR 1.03 [95%CI 1.01-1.04], P<0.001). In STEMI patients, T2DM was associated with an increased case-fatality and higher complication rate in the light of an underuse of interventional revascularization.

To systematically review and meta-analyze proinflammatory cytokines and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) among individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment (FOT), compared with non-diabetic counterparts, incorporating recent evidence on hyperglycemia-driven inflammation and periodontal biomarkers. This PRISMA-compliant systematic review and meta-analysis (PROSPERO: CRD420251237402) searched PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, Web of Science, EBSCO, and Google Scholar, without date or language restrictions, using descriptors including "Cytokines," "Chemokines," "Advanced Glycation Endproducts," "Gingival Crevicular Fluid," "Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus," and "Fixed Orthodontic." Risk of bias was assessed using a modified Quality Assessment Instrument (QAI). Meta-analysis was performed with Review Manager 5.4.1, using fixed- or random-effects models based on heterogeneity. Of 224 records, three cross-sectional studies (all moderate risk of bias) were included. Meta-analysis showed elevated AGE levels AGEs (MD = 154.06 [95% CI = 72.25 to 235.87]; p = 0.03; I 2 = 36%) and TNF-α (MD = 17.45 [95% CI = 1.97 to 32.92]; p = 0.04; I 2 = 0%) in T2DM + FOT compared to non-T2DM + FOT groups. T2DM is associated with elevated inflammatory responses during FOT, as indicated by increased GCF levels of TNF-α and AGEs. However, further well-designed studies are needed to determine whether these biological differences lead to clinically relevant outcomes or justify tailored orthodontic approaches for this population.

Blindness and vision loss caused by diabetes mellitus remain common complications that significantly impair patients' quality of life. This study aimed to examine global, regional, and national trends in the burden of blindness and vision loss resulting from diabetes mellitus. Data on the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) attributable to blindness and vision loss due to diabetes mellitus between 1990 and 2021 were extracted from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2021. Absolute numbers, age-standardized rates (ASR), and average annual percentage changes (AAPC) in prevalence and YLDs were analyzed at global, regional, and national levels. Trends were further analyzed according to age, gender, and Socio-demographic Index (SDI). Joinpoint regression was utilized to detect temporal inflection points and quantify trend changes. Additionally, a Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was employed to project the global burden up to 2050. Globally, the age-standardized prevalence of diabetes-related blindness and vision loss increased from 62.69 per 100,000 in 1990 to 111.05 in 2021 (AAPC 1.61), alongside an increase in YLDs. Medium-SDI regions experienced the heaviest and fastest-growing burden, with Central Latin America ranking highest among all regions. Mexico and Mauritius showed the highest national ASPR and YLDs. Rates were consistently higher in women and increased with age. BAPC projections estimate that global ASPR and YLDs will reach 134.98 and 10.91, respectively, by 2050. Blindness and vision loss from diabetes mellitus represent a growing global burden. Preventive strategies, particularly targeting women and older adults, should therefore be prioritized and supported by evidence-based interventions. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-026-01917-4.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease that often causes complications such as peripheral neuropathy, characterized by decreased foot sensitivity. This condition increases the risk of diabetic foot ulcers. Physical activities such as diabetes exercises have the potential to improve peripheral circulation and nerve function. This study aims to analyze the optimization of diabetes exercises in improving foot sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a community service program. This study used an observational analytical design with a cross-sectional approach. The community service activities were carried out from October–November 2025 in the Biringkanaya area, Makassar City. Data were obtained from the Sudiang Raya Community Health Center database. The study sample consisted of 45 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Data analysis used the Chi-square test,logistic regression, and ROC analysis. Respondents who regularly participated in diabetes exercises showed a higher proportion of normal foot sensitivity. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between diabetes exercises and foot sensitivity (p &lt; 0.05). The AUC value of 0.70 indicates sufficient predictive ability. Diabetes exercises have the potential to improve foot sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

ER stress: A putative therapeutic target for diabetes mellitus.

Phytotherapy for ageing-related multimorbidity: Systems-level insights into Centella asiatica in diabetes and Alzheimer's Disease.

Effect of methanolic extract of Salix babylonica on biochemical parameters and gene expression in streptozotocin induced diabetic rat model.

Environmental enrichment attenuates astrocyte reactivity and glutamate dysregulation in Streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Deciphering the molecular crosstalk between type 2 diabetes and pancreatic cancer through cross-disease co-expression network analysis.

Comprehensive assessments of the prevalence of prediabetes and glucose intolerance are scarce for acromegaly. To estimate the prevalence of pre-operative glucose homeostasis in patients with acromegaly, including diabetes mellitus (DM), impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and prediabetes. The study encompassed patients diagnosed with acromegaly at Taipei Veterans General Hospital from 1977 to 2020. Known DM was defined as the use of anti-diabetic medication. Newly diagnosed DM was defined as any of the following conditions: a fasting PG concentration≥126mg/dL, 2-h glucose concentration≥200mg/dL during the OGTT, or HbA1c level≥6.5%. Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) was defined as a fasting PG concentration<100mg/dL, 2-h glucose concentration<140mg/dL during the OGTT, HbA1c level<5.7%, and not using anti-diabetic medication. Patients who did not meet the criteria for either DM or NGT were classified as having prediabetes. Of 177 patients, 83 (46.9%) had diabetes-39 pre-existing and 44 newly diagnosed. Normal glucose tolerance (NGT) occurred in 32 patients (18.1%), while 62 (35.0%) had prediabetes. Among those with prediabetes, impaired fasting glucose was noted in 59 (39.3% of those with fasting data), impaired glucose tolerance in 47 (34.3% of those with OGTT data), and HbA1c levels of 5.7-6.4% in 19 (28.0% of those with HbA1c data). Our findings on diagnosis and prevalence of various blood-glucose statuses in patients with acromegaly at the pre-operative stage may suggest novel mechanisms worthy of further investigation.

Design and application of a multi-epitope ACE2 antigen for detection of autoantibodies in post-COVID-19 diagnosed type 1 diabetes.

Postural control in type 2 diabetes mellitus: the role of diabetic neuropathy.