Diabetes Self-care Management Research Articles

The Use of SMS Text Messaging to Improve Glycemic Control, Diabetes Self-Management, and Patient Satisfaction

The prevalence of diabetes in the United States continues to grow at an alarming rate. Nonadherence to diabetes self-management leads to morbidity and mortality. Short message service (SMS) text messaging is an effective method for delivering support to increase patient engagement with diabetes self-care management. This quality improvement project evaluated the effectiveness of a unidirectional SMS text messaging intervention to improve glycemia targets in adult patients with diabetes in the primary care setting. Results showed significant improvements in glycemic control (ie, decrease in A1C of 1.04%; P = 0.05). The SMS text messaging intervention effectively supports this modality in providing ongoing motivation and support patients with diabetes.

The Indonesian Version of the Skills, Confidence, and Preparedness Index (SCPI) was tested for reliability and validity in type 2 diabetes patients

Although several diabetes self-care management tools have been created, very few provide preparation for diabetes self-care behavior management. Three essential components of diabetes self-care management are measured by the assessment tool "Skills, Confidence & Preparedness Index (LMC) (SCPI)": Knowledge of skills, Confidence in one's ability to use skills, and Readiness to put skills into practice. This study aims to validate, translate, and adapt the SCPI for usage with Indonesian adults with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons Evidence Based Medicine Committee (AAOS) criteria for modifying the scale were adhered to in this study. Evaluate average variance, Cronbach alpha, and composite reliability to test validity and reliability. Specifically, determinant coefficient testing and model appropriateness testing are used to assess goodness of fit. Examine the valid R-squared statistical value for every relationship to determine the test. If the p-value is less than 0.05, then there is a direct and indirect association to be seen if the variable is significant Result: Cronbach's alpha > 0.60 indicates strong internal consistency for the Indonesian SCPI version or I-SCPI. For every variable, the AVE value is larger than 0.50, while the CR value exceeds 0.70. This indicates that all legitimate indicators converge to form the variables for which they are intended. The R-Square values of 0.312 and 0.536 for the variables of preparedness and confidence are used to calculate the degree of good fit. This number indicates that the Preparedness variable is only partially explained by the Confidence and Preparedness variables (5.36%), with other variables accounting for the remaining 94.64%. Furthermore, the Skill/Knowledge, Confidence, and Preparedness factors account for only 3% of the variance in the Confidence variable, with the remaining 97% explained by variables outside the model. Conclusion: We developed an Indonesian version of SCPI through cross-cultural translation and adaption. The I-SCPI is reliable and valid for assessing the level of self-management in type 2 diabetes patients in Indonesia

SELF-CARE MANAGEMENT AND SOCIAL SUPPORT AMONG PEOPLE WITH TYPE 2 DIABETES ATTENDING SELECTED DIABETES CLINICS IN POKHARA

Background: Social support plays a significant role in determining the self-care management of individuals with diabetes. In the developing countries, the association between two factors has not been adequately explored. This study assessed the level of self-care management and social support among individuals with type 2 diabetes and identify associations between self-care management, social support, and selected variables. Methods: In this multisite cross-sectional study, 158 individuals with type 2 diabetes who attended selected diabetes clinics in Pokhara Nepal, were selected using a nonprobability purposive sampling technique from February 10 to March 10, 2021. Data collection was conducted through interviews using a modified summary of diabetes self-care activities and a multidimensional scale of perceived social support as instruments. A descriptive analysis followed by an inferential statistical test was performed to assess the association between variables. Results: More than half (53.2%) of respondents had satisfactory levels of diabetes self-care management, and most of them received high levels of social support. Levels of self-care management were significantly associated with the levels of social support. Marital status, family income, residency, educational status, disease duration, regular follow-up visits, A1C goal, and co-morbidity were significantly associated with self-care management. Gender, marital status, and follow-up visits were significantly associated with the level of social support. Conclusions: Focusing on enhancing social support, including the self-care management of individuals with diabetes, can force diabetes management more successful. Health professionals should implement programs for individuals with diabetes, including peer support groups, family education, and community-based initiatives.

Electronic Interactive Games for Glycemic Control in Individuals With Diabetes: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Several electronic interventions have been used to improve glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Electronic interactive games specific to physical activity are available, but it is unclear if these are effective at improving glycemic control in patients with diabetes. This study aimed to determine the effects of electronic game-based interventions on glycemic control in patients with diabetes. Relevant studies that were published before April 1, 2023, were searched from 5 databases: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Cochrane Library. Eligibility criteria included prospective studies examining the relationship between electronic games with physical activities or diet education and glycemic control as the outcome. The risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool. All analyses were conducted using RevMan5.4.1. Depending on the heterogeneity across studies, the pooled effects were calculated using fixed-effects or random-effects models. Participants from 9 studies were included and assessed. Glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting blood glucose improved in the intervention group, although the analysis revealed no significant reduction in HbA1c (-0.09%, 95% CI -0.29% to 0.10%) or fasting blood glucose (-0.94 mg/dL, 95% CI -9.34 to 7.46 mg/dL). However, the physical activity of individuals in the intervention group was significantly higher than that of those in the control group (standardized mean difference=0.84, 95% CI 0.30 to 1.38; P=.002). Other outcomes, such as weight and blood lipids, exhibited no significant improvement (all P>.05). Electronic games had a good impact on participants' physical activity and offered an advantage in glycemic control without reaching statistical significance. Electronic games are convenient for reminders and education. Low-intensity exercise games may not be considered a better adjuvant intervention to improve diabetes self-management care.

Role of community-based health clubs in promoting patients’ health education for diabetes self-care management: an interventional qualitative study in a Ugandan urban setting

BackgroundSelf-care management support is a core component of the Chronic Care Model that emphasises the need for empowering and preparing patients to manage their healthcare. In diabetes mellitus (DM) management,...

The Education Effect of AADE7TM Model on Self-Care Activities in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high blood glucose levels due to a lack or ineffective use of the hormone insulin. If not treated properly, it will result in complications, even amputation and death. However, many patients still do not understand their disease, lack motivation, and have poor self-care activities. Therefore, it is important to provide education on the AADE7TM model, namely 7 tips for self-care habits, which have become a trademark of AADE, an organization consisting of multidisciplinary health professionals who are experts in diabetes education and diabetes self-care management. An organization comprises multidisciplinary health professionals who are experts in diabetes education and diabetes self-care management. The Seven tips include (1) eating healthy, (2) being active, (3) monitoring, (4) taking medication, (5) problem solving, (6) healthy coping, and (7) reducing risks so that there will be increased self-care activities. Objective to determine the effect of AADE7TM model education on self-care activities in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Research methods: Quantitative research type with quasi-experiment method, nonrandomized control group pre-test and post-test design. With purposive sampling on 30 patients, 15 patients in the experimental group and 15 in the control group. The experimental group was given AADE7TM model education, and the control group received conventional education. Data analysis techniques t-test. There was a difference in mean self-care in the experimental group in the pre-test, with a score of 19,800, and in the post-test, 33,066, with a p-value of 0.001.There was no difference in mean self-care in the control group at the initial and final measurements, with a p-value of 0.060. There was a difference in self-care activities after the AADE7TM model education in the experimental group compared to the final measurement in the control group, with a p-value of 0.001.Conclusion: there was an influence of AADE7TM model education on self-care activities in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Keywords: AADE7TM, self-care activities, diabetes mellitus.

An intervention to improve self-care among people with diabetes mellitus: A quasi-experimental study

Abstract Background An increased self-efficacy promotes better diabetes self-care behaviours, which help in achieving glycemic targets among patients with diabetes mellitus. Methods A quasi-experimental study was conducted among patients with T2DM living in rural areas of Punjab, North India. A total of 283 in the intervention and 291 in the control arms were participated at baseline, and a total of 242 in the intervention and 237 in the control arms at endline assessments. Summary of diabetes self-care activities and diabetes management self-efficacy questionnaires were used at baseline and endline (after 6 months) surveys. Outcomes were net changes in proportion of population having diabetes self-management self-efficacy, overall diabetes self-care activities (health dietary habits, physical activity, adequate foot care, medication adherence and blood glucose monitoring) and net mean change in HbA1c. Data were analysed using per protocol analysis principle. Difference in difference analysis (DiD) using Generalized Estimating Equation model was done to adjust for confounders. p < 0.05 was considered as significant. Results There was a significant net increase in participants proportion (39%; 95% CI: 25% -52%, p < 0.001) on diabetes management self-efficacy scale. At the baseline assessment for overall self-care behaviours, only 4% of participants in the intervention arm were in the action stage and 12% were in the preparation stage; however, at the post intervention assessment, this proportion increased to 24% for action stage and 67% for preparation stage. There was a significant net increase in participants proportion (49%, 95%CI 37% -60%, p < 0.001) engaged in optimal diabetes self-care. There was a significant net decrease in mean HbA1c (-1.06%; 95%CI: -1.62 - -0.50, p < 0.001) at post intervention phase. Conclusions Diabetes self-care intervention was successful in promoting self-efficacy and self-care practices among patients with T2DM of rural areas. Key messages • Self-efficacy theory-based diabetes self-care intervention successfully improves the diabetes related self-care practices. • There is a need for a structured diabetes self-care management education programme to improve the ability of patients with T2DM who live in rural areas.

The relationship between diabetes self-care management and blood glucose level among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

There are still many patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) with uncontrolled blood sugar levels. Self-care was needed to control blood glucose levels. The aim of this study was to analyze the relationship between diabetes self-care management and blood sugar levels in type 2 DM (T2DM) patients. This study was used a correlational design. Data was collected from the Internal Medicine Polyclinic of William Booth Hospital Surabaya. The dependent variable was blood glucose and the independent variable was diabetes self-care management. The 99 respondents were selected using the purposive sampling technique. The inclusion criteria were patients with T2DM, the ages between 45-and 64 age years old. We used the summary of diabetes self-care activities to assess self-care management and blood sugar level was measured using a capillary blood glucose test. Chi-square was used to calculate the relationship between diabetes self-care management and blood glucose level. This study showed that most of the respondents with good diabetes self-care management had good blood sugar levels and there was a significant relationship between diabetes self-care management and blood sugar levels among T2DM patients (p<0.05). Increasing diabetes self-care management among T2DM patients was required to control blood glucose levels.

Cultural-Based Diabetes Self-Care Management Education for People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: Empowering Community Health Workers (Kaders) Program Evaluation

Aim: The aim of this study was to understand the perspectives of Kaders, community health nurses (CHNs), and the community on an empowerment program for Kaders in Indonesia. The program aimed to help Kaders provide cultural-based diabetes self-care management education for people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods: The empowerment program consisted of a four-month training program, including two full-day sessions on cultural-based health education for people with T2DM, followed by four months of monitoring T2DM patients. Fifteen Kaders from community health centers in Makassar City participated in the program. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with Kaders to explore their perceptions and experiences related to the program. Interviews were also conducted with CHNs and people with T2DM regarding their perceptions of the program. Results: The FGDs with Kaders resulted in four themes: overall training, guideline book, education and monitoring program, and potential obstacles. CHNs highlighted the benefits of the program, the guideline book, and the impact on patients. Patients identified three themes, including the benefits of the program, what was taught, and what was improved. Conclusion: The empowerment program for Kaders in Indonesia has proven to be beneficial for Kaders, CHNs, and the community. Kaders have the potential to provide effective and efficient health education with proper preparation and empowerment through knowledge and skills.

A systematic literature review for understanding the effectiveness of advanced techniques in diabetes self-care management

This article includes a systematic review that identifies and summarizes the many behavioral change techniques (BCTs), behavioral health theories, and advanced techniques based on artificial intelligence (AI) currently used to manage diabetes. The review focuses on assessing the efficacy of diabetes self-care applications that leverage these cutting-edge techniques in their development and use. The study provides thelatest comprehensive review and the findings of the report through the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 reporting guidelines. After carefully reviewing and choosing pertinent studies from well-known bibliographic databases, the review finds that self-care treatments favor behavior change, blood glucose reduction, healthier habits,and substantial weight loss.According to the results, investigations that use these methodologies and ideas and AI-based ones are more likely to succeed. The evaluation ends by highlighting its shortcomings and outlining potential future research and application design areas. It alsohighlights the possibility of incorporating BCT methodologies, theories, and AI-based techniques in creating self-management interventions. The knowledge gained from this systematic review can help application developers create frameworks for effective diabetes self-care interventions based on the identified cutting-edge techniques.

Diabetes Self-Care Management (DSCM) experience individuals with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background : Self-Care Management is an important part of the lives of individuals with chronic diseases. This is important because they have to adapt their conditions so that they are able to make decisions about how to manage their own health condition. (Objective) This study aims to gain an in-depth understanding of the meaning of diabetes self-care management (DSCM) in type 2 diabetic individuals .
 Method: This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive phenomenological approach. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. Data saturation occurred in the 4th participant so the participants involved in this study were 4 people with inclusion criteria consisting of 1) Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2) individuals with a period of ≥ 6 months; 2) those who did not experience severe complications (such as severe stroke, heart disease, and diabetic ketoacidosis; 3) was able to tell his experience. Data were taken through in-depth interviews for approximately 60 minutes. Data analysis using Colaizzi’s method.
 Results: The results of the study identified nine themes, including 1) physical responses experienced by people with Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (T2DM); 2) perception; 3) Self-awareness; 4) routine blood sugar control; 5) adherence to diet; 6) physical activity; 7) adhere to treatment; 8) self-efficacy; 9) non-pharmacological therapy lowers blood sugar levels.
 Conclusion: DSCM is important in the management of Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 (DMT2). A better DSCM can reduce complications, reduce visits to health services, and treatment costs and reduce morbidity and mortality. Further research is needed to explore the content stored in DSCM.
 
 Key words: Diabetes self-care management, Diabetes mellitus Type 2 (DMT2), qualitative

The role of family in supporting adherence to diabetes self-care management practices: An umbrella review.

Synthesize a review of reviews of the family's role in supporting adherence to diabetes self-care management practices (DSMP) for adults with type 2 diabetes (DM2). An umbrella review. Scopus, Web of Science including MEDLINE, CINAHL via EBSCO, PubMed and Science Direct were searched for systematic reviews from their year of establishment until June 2021. The review followed the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for umbrella reviews. The JBI data extraction form for systematic reviews and research syntheses was used for data extraction. Methodological quality was assessed using the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Systematic reviews and Research Syntheses. Nineteen reviews met the inclusion criteria. The key findings were summarized using a narrative and thematic analysis methods. Four main themes were identified: family interactions and diabetes self-management, family support as informal social support, factors affecting families' roles, and tailoring culturally sensitive family-based interventions. There appears to be a consensus regarding the impact of family on adults' self-management of DM2. Additional research is needed to comprehend the role of the family in underrepresented populations and examine what constitutes a family and the diverse family functions in different groups. Enhancing adherence to self-care management practices is crucial for the well-being of adults with DM2. Family support is a key to successful self-care management at home. However, understanding the unique needs of adults with DM2 and their families can help healthcare professionals plan appropriate support strategies and sustainable family-based interventions. This review did not incorporate direct patients or public input as it summarizes evidence from previously published systematic reviews.

Association between self-care and complications among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study

Abstract Background: Self-care is essential for diabetes patients to keep control of the disease and avoid complications. Self-care can help minimize these complications. Objectives: The study endeavored to examine type 2-diabtic patients’ knowledge regarding self-care management and to determine the association between self-care management and the disease complications. Materials and Methods: This study was a quantitative research of cross-sectional design on a sample of 151 patients who visited the endocrine and diabetes center in Al-Dewaynia Teaching Hospital, Iraq. Data were collected by demographic questionnaire and the Diabetes Self-Care Scale (DSCS). Results: The results showed that there was a significant association between the diabetes self-care management and both diabetic foot and neuropathy (0.002 and 0.005), respectively, whereas it was no association between the diabetes self-care management with retinopathy, cardiovascular problems, nephropathy, and hepatic problems at any significant level. Conclusion: The study revealed that individuals’ adherence to self-care management of type 2 diabetes is very poor. Enhancing patients’ and community’s regarding changing the lifestyle is essential.

Effects of Nurse-Led diabetes Self-Management education on Self-Care knowledge and Self-Care behavior among adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus attending diabetes follow up clinic: A Quasi-Experimental study design

IntroductionThe prevalence of type II diabetes is growing globally. Nurse-led diabetes self-management education (DSME) plays an important role in DM treatment because it enhances diabetic self-care knowledge and practice, which in turn improves clinical outcomes. PurposeTo assess the effect of DSME on self-care knowledge and behavior among adult people with type II diabetes attending diabetic follow-up clinics in selected hospitals. MethodsAn institution-based quasi-experimental study design was used, and a systematic random sampling technique was used to select 360 patients, out of whom 321 patients participated and 278 completed the study. Participants were assigned to the interventional or control group, and DSME was delivered monthly for six months for the interventional groups. The data was collected by trained nurses using structured interviews. ResultsAn independent t-test showed that there was no significant difference in all of the outcomes before intervention; however, there was a statistically significant higher mean score difference in self-care knowledge and self-care behavior after the delivery of DSME (p < 0.05). Before the intervention, 96 (62.7%), 39 (25.5%), and 18 (11.8%) of participants in the intervention group had low, medium, and high knowledge, respectively. After the intervention, the level of participant knowledge in the low range for an interventional group decreased from 62.7% to 20.6%, and the high range increased from 11.8% to 54%. In addition, 129 (84.3%) and 24 (15.7%) of participants from the intervention group before the intervention had poor and good self-care behaviors, respectively, while 30 (23.6%) and 97 (76.4%) of participants from the intervention group after the intervention had poor and good self-care behaviors, respectively. ConclusionThe study concluded that there was a significant improvement in the mean score of self-care knowledge and self-care behavior after nurse-led DSME; hence, the implementation of DSME in health facilities can improve diabetes self-care management.

A Comprehensive Review of Modern Methods to Improve Diabetes Self-Care Management Systems

A Comprehensive Review of Modern Methods to Improve Diabetes Self-Care Management Systems

Given According to Knowledge, Motivation and Behavioral Skills (IMB Model) The Effect of Diabetes Education on Self-Care

Aim: It has been determined that the education given according to the information, motivation, and behaviour model is effective in AIDS, chronic diseases, glucose control in diabetes, and self-care behaviours such as diet and exercise. The aim of this study, which is planned from this point of view, is to evaluate the effect of education given according to the information, motivation, and behaviour model on diabetic self-care management. Material and Methods: This study was conducted as an experimental study with a nonrandomized control group that included 90 diabetes mellitus individuals, with 45 in the intervention group and 45 in the control group. The control group were given formal diabetes mellitus education. In contrast, the intervention group received an education based on the information, motivation, and behaviour model and diabetes mellitus cases were followed for six months. Data were collected with a questionnaire on the essential characteristics of the patients, an evaluation form on the level of knowledge about diabetes, an evaluation form on their motivation about diabetes, and a diabetes self-care activities questionnaire. An Independent Sample-t test was used to analyze the data, and Paired Sample-test statistics were used to compare two dependent groups. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the measurement values of two independent groups that did not have a normal distribution. Wilcoxon test statistics were used to compare two dependent groups. Results: At the end of the study, it was determined that while HbA1c in the intervention group decreased for 6 months, knowledge scores, motivation levels and self-care skill scores increased (t=7.067, p

Barriers related to self-care management among people with diabetes mellitus- A narrative review

Diabetes is a challenging disease that is considered to be hard to live with as it encompasses a lot of restrictions, lifestyle and behavioural modifications. Self-care management behaviors are very much essential to control glycaemic values and future complications. Although an import aspect leading to positive health outcomes among diabetic patients, diabetes self-care management is usually is a complex process. This narrative review summates barriers related to self-care management among people with diabetes. The literature was searched through databases like PubMed and google scholar with help of keywords and MeSH terminologies. Furthermore, selected articles reference list was also screened. It is concluded that self-care management in diabetes mellitus is often surrounded by many barriers. Deficiency of environmental resources and assisted strategies, poor awareness regarding self-care skills, lack of motivation and financial constraints are the major barriers faced by people with diabetes mellitus. Endeavour to withdraw barriers are prime in aiding people living with diabetes which will help to improve their quality of life and to attain positive results.

A REVIEW ON THE ROLE OF DIABETIC SELF-MANAGEMENT EDUCATION IN MADHUMEHA

A sedentary lifestyle, improper eating patterns and stressful mental conditions in the present scenario have invited many distressing diseases. Diabetes is among them and is gaining the status of a potential epidemic in India. WHO declares India to be the Diabetic capital of the world by2025. Diabetes self-care management plays a vital role by making several considerations and choices that patients must make daily. It includes knowledge and awareness about Diabetes causes, control, diet and lifestyle changes to survive the complex nature of this disease. Diabetes Self-Management Education is a critical element with seven self-care behaviours aimed at caring for all people with diabetes to prevent complications and those at risk of developing the disease. Our science aims to rejuvenate the body by balancing the glycaemia level and ensuring that there won’t be any further complications. Acharya Charaka mentions about three steps in treating Madhumeha (Diabetes Mellitus), like Nidana parivarjana (Avoiding causative factors), Vihara (Lifestyle changes) and Aushadha (Treatment).

Experiences of Using Wearable Continuous Glucose Monitors in Adults With Diabetes: A Qualitative Descriptive Study.

The purpose of the study was to understand the experiences of adults with diabetes wearing a continuous glucose monitor (CGM). This qualitative, descriptive study included 19 adults with type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes, who had used the FreeStyle Libre CGM for at least 4 weeks, from an outpatient clinic at a university-affiliated hospital in Korea. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and analyzed using an inductive content analysis approach. The content analysis revealed 3 major themes-navigating glucose level fluctuations, reframing diabetes self-care and improving quality of life, and device improvement and service quality. Participants reported that CGMs offered convenient glucose level monitoring, allowed early response to rapid glucose changes, and facilitated effective patient-clinician communication. Participants expressed concerns about the financial burden and limited services, recommending improvements for devices, consumer services, and health insurance coverage. Study findings indicated that using wearable CGMs could improve self-care and quality of life in adults with diabetes. Using CGMs could improve patients' understanding of how diabetes self-care management affects real-time glucose levels. Health care providers could support patients' self-care by using device data. Improvements in quality, services, and insurance coverage could increase user satisfaction and promote self-care.

School-based management of type 1 diabetes in the Republic of Ireland: a cross-sectional mixed-methods analysis.

Qualitative research regarding the experience of diabetes self-care management in schools is underrepresented in published literature. In addition, there are methodologic limitations in some of the existing studies. To investigate experiences of school-based diabetes self-care management in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Cross-sectional mixed-methods questionnaire survey. Sentiment analysis was undertaken of free-text responses by primary caregivers of young children and adolescents or adolescents themselves in relation to experiences regarding school-based support for self-care. Statements were rated on a 5-point Likert scale from strongly negative (1) to strongly positive (5). Responses were also grouped using thematic analysis. A quantitative analysis of the similarities and differences in responses between primary and secondary school students was undertaken. Text responses for analysis were present in 273 (65%) primary and 226 (56%) secondary school questionnaires. Sentiment analysis yielded mean scores of 3.5 and 2.8 for primary and secondary students, respectively. Three major themes were identified in the statements, namely attitude, education/knowledge, and resources. Scores within each theme were significantly higher for primary compared to secondary students. Attitude scored highest and education/knowledge scored lowest in both groups. Comments in relation to resources were significantly more frequent in primary school questionnaires, and comments regarding education and knowledge were more commonplace in secondary school responses. Our findings suggest that experiences regarding self-care management of type 1 diabetes are generally more positive among primary school students. Education and knowledge of school staff should be a particular area of focus in both cohorts.