Diabetes Knowledge Scale Research Articles

A Causal Model of Health Literacy among Thai Older Adults with Uncontrolled Diabetes

Uncontrolled diabetes among older adults leads to acute and chronic complications that threaten health and life. Health literacy is crucial to managing health and making successful behavior changes for optimal diabetes outcomes. However, a clear understanding of multiple factors and their mechanisms to influence health literacy is lacking. This descriptive cross-sectional study aimed to test a Model of Health Literacy among Thai Older Adults with Uncontrolled Diabetes and examined the influencing pathways of cognitive function, diabetes knowledge, provider-patient communication, empowerment perception, social support, Internet use, and social engagement regarding health literacy. The sample consisted of 259 older Thai adults with uncontrolled diabetes. Data were collected using a demographic data form, the European Health Literacy Survey Questionnaire, the Diabetes Knowledge Scale, the Diabetes Empowerment Process Scale, the Provider-patient Communication Scale, the Social Support Questionnaire, the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic Test, the Internet Use Questionnaire, and the Being Actively Engaged with Society Subscale of the Active Ageing Scale for Thai People. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling with AMOS. The results showed that the model explained 76% of the quality of life variance. Diabetes knowledge and cognitive function directly affected health literacy. Health literacy was indirectly affected by provider-patient communication and empowerment perception through diabetes knowledge, social engagement through cognitive function, and Internet use through cognitive function and diabetes knowledge. Nurses can develop strategies by integrating Internet use and social engagement in empowerment communication programs to improve diabetes knowledge and cognitive function toward higher health literacy in this population.

Factors associated with Diabetes Empowerment among patients with type 2 diabetes, at OPD setting, Karachi, Pakistan

Diabetes Empowerment is important for diabetic control as it postpones the onset of complications. This study aimed to investigate the association of medication adherence, self-care behaviors, and diabetes knowledge with Diabetes Empowerment among patients with type II diabetes. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 451 type II diabetes patients attending Endocrinology clinics at OPD setting in Karachi. Data was collected electronically using a structured questionnaire comprising of tools to measure Diabetes Empowerment, medication adherence, self-care behaviors, diabetes knowledge, and socioeconomic scale. It also included health-related information from patients’ medical record. As outcome variable was continuous, so multiple linear regression analysis was used to assess the independent effect of Diabetes Empowerment on medication adherence, self-care behaviors and diabetes knowledge with other co-variates. The mean Diabetes Empowerment score was 3.62 (SD = 0.31). The mean age of the participants was 56.68 (SD = 11.76). 53.88% were females, 80.71% were married, 77.56% were obese, and 66.30% were upper-middle class with average diabetes duration of 11.7 years (SD = 7.89). HbA1c values were ≥ 7 in 63.41% of study participants. Diabetes Empowerment was significantly associated with medication adherence (P = 0.001), general diet (P < 0.001), special diet (P = 0.011), smoking status (P = 0.001), and socioeconomic status (upper lower, P = 0.085). A comprehensive strategy for the treatment of type II diabetes is essential to enhance clinical results, improve patient quality of life, and prevent diabetes-related comorbidities. People with type II diabetes should be encouraged to embrace an empowerment-based approach by healthcare providers. It is critical to do research that promotes empowerment.

Assessment of the level of knowledge about diabetes mellitus among diabetic patients: A cross-sectional study from Nepal

Background Diabetes mellitus is a chronic non-communicable disease (NCD) often associated with poor psychosocial and health outcomes. Available evidence suggests that patients’ knowledge about the disease is fundamental to its treatment and prevention or delaying of complications. Therefore, this study assessed the level of knowledge of diabetes patients on diabetes mellitus and its associated factors. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study using a translated Nepalese version of the revised Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Scale was conducted among randomly selected patients with diabetes mellitus presenting to the outpatient department (OPD) of Madhyabindu Hospital, Nepal. Data were collected via an interviewer administered questionnaire and analyzed with MS Excel 2016 and IBM SPSS version 25 software. Results Among the 360 participants, 27.2% had good knowledge of diabetes and 72.8% had poor knowledge. Age, level of education, occupation, family history of diabetes, duration of the disease, presence of comorbidity, complications and body mass index (BMI) were significantly associated with knowledge of diabetes mellitus (p-value ≤ 0.05). Conclusions Based on the study findings, it is important that diabetes self-management education and support (DSMES) programs should be implemented and/or strengthened at the Madhyabindu Hospital and targeted communities to improve diabetes patient’s knowledge on their disease condition and self-care practices.

Facteurs prédictifs du niveau des connaissances, des attitudes et de la qualité de vie des diabétiques tunisiens — À propos de 1007 cas

Aim of the studyTo study the predictors of knowledge level, attitudes and quality of life of type 1(T1D) and type 2 (T2D) Tunisian diabetics Population and methodsWe undertook an analytical cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was administered in Arabic and contained a section collecting socio-demographic, clinical and diabetes-specific data. The following sections contained the Arabic-translated and validated versions of the “Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Scale”, the “Diabetes Attitude Scale-3” and the “Diabetes Health Profile-18” to assess level of diabetes knowledge, attitudes towards the disease and diabetics’ quality of life. ResultsWe collected 186 T1D (18.5%) and 821 T2D (81.5%) completed questionnaires. A good level of knowledge about diabetes was indicated in T1D patients by glycemic self-monitoring and by secondary and university education, urban housing, stable employment, insulin therapy and prior therapeutic education, while regular medical follow-up was of particular importance in T2DM patients. Smoking and diabetes complications were predictors of a negative attitude towards the disease in T1D and T2D respectively. Diabetics’ Impaired quality of life was predicted by age < 40 years and a low level of knowledge about diabetes in T1D and by female sex, insulin therapy and a low level of knowledge about diabetes in T2D. ConclusionPredictors of the level of knowledge, attitudes and quality of life of diabetics may be a basis for establishing a therapeutic education program tailored to the different populations.

ODP234 Proposal for an Inclusive Diabetes Education Program in Regional Schools

Abstract Diabetes is increasing in children and adolescents. Kids have great challenges in schools. We proposed one routine Diabetes Education Program in Regional Schools. Diabetes Education Program in Regional Schools was approved to be applied in Schools of Brasília, Capital of Brazil, using KIDS Information Pack of International Diabetes Federation (IDF), translated to Brazilian Portuguese, and tests: Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire modified (ATT-19) and Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A). These questionnaires were translated to Portuguese and validated in Brazil. The Program includes accessible language with easy presentation of KIDS Pack of IDF for students, parents, teachers and other school professionals. To study the diabetes attitude of the diabetic students the ATT-19 should be enlarged to better understanding: questions 2, 5, 9, 11, 17 expanded, asking about feelings at school. To increase social support DKN-A should be applied for all involved. KIDS Guide is accessible and free: https://kids.idf.org/resource/. ATT-19 measures psychological adjustment to diabetes. Scores higher than 70 indicate a positive diabetes attitude. The main application of ATT-19 is associated with the assessment of educative interventions, so asking about feelings at school can better quantify psychological and emotional aspects of diabetes in the students and maximise the quality of care and teaching in schools. Diabetic students should have the opportunity to express themselves about their attitudes towards diabetes in the school and this should be worked for a more inclusive environment and quality learning. In this Diabetes Program is suggested five complementary issues in ATT 19 that will not interfere in the final analysis and can promote a better understanding of diabetic students attitude in schools: 2 A: "I don't like that calling me diabetic at school. "5 A: "I often feel embarrassed at school for having diabetes. "9 A: "I try to let people at school not know that I'm diabetic. "11A: "My diabetes diet doesn't interfere in the way of my life at school. "17A: "There's no one at school I can talk to openly about my diabetes. "DKN-A is about general knowledge of Diabetes. Score equal to or greater than eight indicates sufficient knowledge about diabetes. The use of DKN-A for all involved in schools brings advantages. High knowledge combined with positive attitudes towards diabetes are factors that help metabolic control and treatment adherence of diabetics students and facilitate social support. A big deal for schools is to understand their diabetic students, promoting a safe place where they are well cared for and educated with equal rights and without prejudice. The creation of a Diabetes Education Program regularly in schools is simple and inexpensive and favors a more inclusive environment. The use of free IDF material and questionnaires adapted from diabetes for school use should be routinely implemented in schools. Presentation: No date and time listed

Developing a Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults and its Psychometric Properties

Objective: This study was conducted to develop and test the psychometric properties of a “Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults.” &#x0D; Methods: The sample for this research of methodological design consisted of 500 individuals, ages 18-90, who had presented at a state hospital in Istanbul during the period October 2018-April 2019 with or without a diagnosis of diabetes. Data for the study were collected with a “Sociodemographic Characteristics Descriptive Questionnaire” and the “Diabetes Knowledge Scale for Adults (DKSA).” The validity of the scale was evaluated with the content validity index and construct validity testing (exploratory, confirmatory factor analyses). Its reliability was assessed with KR-20 internal consistency analysis, item-total correlation testing, the item discrimination, item difficulty indexes, and test-retest analysis. &#x0D; Results: The content validity index for the 28-item scale was found to be 0.92. The exploratory factor analysis revealed five subscales that explained 62.15% of scale variance. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis, GFI= 0.88 CFI= 0.93, AGFI= 0.86, SRMR= 0.01 and χ²/ df = 2.43, confirmed a good and acceptable level of goodness of fit for the scale. The scale’s KR-20 reliability coefficient was 0.94, item-total correlations were above .45 and the correlation between the test-retests administered two weeks apart was found to be r=0.99 &#x0D; Conclusion: DKSA is a valid and reliable scale that can be used to determine the knowledge level of between the ages of 18-90 adults about diabetes.

The Influence of Family Caregiver Knowledge and Behavior on Elderly Diabetic Patients' Quality of Life in Northern Thailand.

The quality of life (QoL) of elderly diabetic patients may be affected by caregiver factors, but this has received little empirical support. The objective of this cross-sectional study is to determine the influence of family caregivers’ diabetes knowledge and behavior on the QoL among elderly patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). The participants included 354 elderly patients with Type 2 DM and their family caregivers, who were recruited through multistage sampling from five districts in Chiang Mai, Thailand. Face-to-face interviews with DM patients were conducted using the Thai Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Scale (T-SDKS), the Thai version of the Diabetes Self-Management Questionnaire (DSMQ) for self-care behaviors, and the Thai version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life for Older People (WHOQOL-OLD) scale. For caregivers, their diabetes knowledge was measured by T-SDKS and patient-care or supportive behaviors were developed based on DSMQ. The results showed a moderate level of QoL among elderly diabetic patients. According to simple linear regression analysis, the QoL score among elderly DM patients was positively associated with their diabetes knowledge (B = 1.25), self-care behaviors (B = 3.00), caregivers’ knowledge (B = 0.97), and supportive behavior from caregivers (B = 2.92) at a significance level of p < 0.01. In the multivariable model, patients’ self-care behaviors (B = 1.58, p = 0.001), caregivers’ knowledge (B = 0.58, p = 0.001), and patient-care behaviors (B = 1.38, p = 0.004) were significantly associated with QoL among DM patients when controlling for patient factors, including age, body mass index (BMI), education, and living arrangements, which accounted for 27.0% of the variance. This indicates that caregivers’ adequate diabetes knowledge and appropriate supportive behaviors may impact the QoL of elderly diabetic patients. Health care providers should prioritize motivating and empowering family caregivers to pay more attention to the patient for the success goal.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the heart disease fact questionnaire among the Brazilian population.

This study aimed to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire into Brazilian Portuguese. The Brazilian version of the Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire was developed through the processes of translation, back-translation, review committee, and pre-test. Test-retest reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient and the kappa coefficient. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. For construct validity, the total Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire score was correlated with the Diabetes Knowledge Scale and the Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire. Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated in this study. For construct validity and floor and ceiling effect measurements, a total of 100 participants were selected. Reliability was measured using a sub-sample of 30 participants from the total sample. We identified adequate values of reliability (kappa between 0.22 and 1.00 and ICC=0.75) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha=0.79). We observed adequate correlations of the Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire score with Diabetes Knowledge Scale (r=0.348) and Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire (r=0.136). No ceiling or floor effects found. Brazilian Portuguese version of the Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire has adequate psychometric properties according to the best scientific recommendations.

The Description of Knowledge of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patient Measured by Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Scale Indonesia Version (SDKS-INA)

Knowledge of diabetes is the important determinant to practice the self-care thus, the therapy goals of diabetes achieved. The aim of the study is to assess the knowledge of type 2 DM patients using SDKS-INA. This research is an observational study, with data collected in the community of the Yogyakarta province from January - May 2020. The assessment of knowledge of type 2 DM patients was measured by Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Scale in Bahasa Indonesia 1 for the non-insulin user (SDKS-INA1) and SDKS-INA2 for insulin user. Ninety-six of the non-insulin user and 28 insulin user type 2 DM participated in this study. The percentage of non-insulin user type 2 DM patients with a high level of knowledge was 53.13%, while in those in insulin user was 60,70%. However, high knowledge level is not the intention to discontinue giving education. The knowledge level also should be assessed routinely as well as delivering sustainable diabetes education.

Social Media-Delivered Patient Education to Enhance Self-management and Attitudes of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BackgroundThe use of mobile health technologies has been necessary to deliver patient education to patients with diabetes during the COVID-19 pandemic.ObjectiveThis open-label randomized controlled trial evaluated the effects of a diabetes educational platform—Taipei Medical University–LINE Oriented Video Education—delivered through a social media app.MethodsPatients with type 2 diabetes were recruited from a clinic through physician referral. The social media–based program included 51 videos: 10 about understanding diabetes, 10 about daily care, 6 about nutrition care, 21 about diabetes drugs, and 4 containing quizzes. The intervention group received two or three videos every week and care messages every 2 weeks through the social media platform for 3 months, in addition to usual care. The control group only received usual care. Outcomes were measured at clinical visits through self-reported face-to-face questionnaires at baseline and at 3 months after the intervention, including the Simplified Diabetes Knowledge Scale (true/false version), the Diabetes Care Profile–Attitudes Toward Diabetes Scales, the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels. Health literacy was measured at baseline using the Newest Vital Sign tool. Differences in HbA1c levels and questionnaire scores before and after the intervention were compared between groups. The associations of knowledge, attitudes, and self-care activities with health literacy were assessed.ResultsPatients with type 2 diabetes completed the 3-month study, with 91 out of 181 (50.3%) patients in the intervention group and 90 (49.7%) in the control group. The change in HbA1c did not significantly differ between groups (intervention group: mean 6.9%, SD 0.8% to mean 7.0%, SD 0.9%, P=.34; control group: mean 6.7%, SD 0.6% to mean 6.7%, SD 0.7%, P=.91). Both groups showed increased mean knowledge scores at 12 weeks, increasing from 68.3% (SD 16.4%) to 76.7% (SD 11.7%; P<.001) in the intervention group and from 64.8% (SD 18.2%) to 73.2% (SD 12.6%; P<.001) in the control group. Positive improvements in attitudes and self-care activities were only observed in the intervention group (attitudes: mean difference 0.2, SD 0.5, P=.001; self-care activities: mean difference 0.3, SD 1.2, P=.03). A 100% utility rate was achieved for 8 out of 21 (38%) medication-related videos. Low health literacy was a significant risk factor for baseline knowledge scores in the intervention group, with an odds ratio of 2.80 (95% CI 1.28-6.12; P=.01); this became insignificant after 3 months.ConclusionsThe social media–based program was effective at enhancing the knowledge, attitudes, and self-care activities of patients with diabetes. This intervention was also helpful for patients with low health literacy in diabetes knowledge. The program represents a potentially useful tool for delivering diabetes education to patients through social media, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04876274; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/results/NCT04876274

Knowledge of Diabetic Patients in Al-Kut City According to Revised Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test

Background: Diabetes Mellites is a public health concern in Iraq. It was known that when patients have better knowledge about their illnesses, it is leading to more treatment adherence and finally fewer complications so the current study aims to assess the diabetic patient’s knowledge about their disease using Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Scale. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study performed among 384 randomly selected patients attending the diabetic center at Al-Zahraa Teaching Hospital in Wasit. All patients were formally consented to answer an Arabic revised Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test. Results: The mean age and slandered deviation for patients was (43.85±17.25) years old. The female patients represented 58.6%, about two-thirds of cases (66.1%) were married, 40.1% with high educational level, about three quarters didn’t do any exercise (76.3%), only 17.4% of them are smokers. The majority (78.91%) of patients had a good knowledge score and 21.09% had low knowledge scores. The major source of knowledge mentioned by patients (75.52%) was from hospitals and physicians. The knowledge score was significantly associated with the type of medication and smoking status (p-value 0>.001 and 0.019), respectively. Conclusions: The good knowledge score was found in the majority of patients visiting the diabetic center in AL-Zahraa Teaching Hospital. Most of the patients were adherence to their treatment which reflects the knowledge´s effect on their behaviors.

Arabic version of the simplified diabetes knowledge scale: psychometric and linguistic validation.

Introductionthe simplified diabetes knowledge scale is used to obtain a general assessment of diabetic´s knowledge about diabetes and its care. For clinical and methodological purposes, it was relevant and necessary to develop an Arabic version of this instrument. Thus, the aim of this study was to translate and validate the simplified diabetes knowledge scale (SDKS) into Arabic to measure the knowledge of Arabic-speaking diabetics.Methodsa methodological validation study of the simplified diabetes knowledge scale, following the guidelines of Vallerand was carried out. A convenience sample of diabetics followed in eight basic health centers in Sousse region and in Farhat Hached and Sahloul University Hospitals was recruited. An Arabic questionnaire including the demographic and clinical data of the diabetic and the final experimental version of the simplified diabetes knowledge scale was used.Resultsa sample of 333 diabetics was recruited. Content validity of the final experimental version was 0.94. Reliability assessed by Cronbach´s alpha coefficient (0.812), by test-retest correlation coefficient (> 0.60) and by internal consistency after deletion of each item (from 0.788 to 0.816) were acceptable except items 19 and 20 which had to be reformulated. Construct validity analysis identified that three items among the 20 ones (12, 17 and 20) required reformulation. Inter-item correlation matrix showed that the majority of items were not correlated with each other. Validation process was ended by establishing standards table.Conclusionthis study showed the Arabic version of the simplified diabetes knowledge scale had good validity and reliability.

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation, and validation of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire for the Brazilian population.

The aim of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire for use in Brazilian Portuguese. This is a Questionnaire validity study conducted at a private university. The Brazilian version of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire was developed by means of the processes of translation, back-translation, committee review, and pretesting. Test-retest reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient and kappa coefficient. Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. For construct validity, the total score of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire was correlated with the Diabetes Knowledge Scale and the Diabetes Mellitus Risk Questionnaire. Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated in the present study. For construct validity and floor and ceiling effect measurements, a total sample of 100 participants was used. For reliability, a subsample of 34 participants out of the total sample was used. We identified adequate values for reliability (kappa between 0.46-1.00 and ICC 0.96) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha 0.80). There were significant correlations between the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire and the Diabetes Mellitus Risk Questionnaire (rs=0.370, p<0.001), but not the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (rs= -0.162). No ceiling or floor effects were found. We concluded that in accordance with the best international recommendations, the Brazilian version of the Canadian Diabetes Risk Questionnaire has adequate psychometric properties.

Self-Efficacy as a Predictor of Self-Management Behavior Practice Among People with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM)

Diabetes mellitus is a major health challenge associated with morbidity and mortality. Self-management behaviors are a critical part of diabetes disease management. Empowered or activated patients are more likely to practice better implementation of self-management behaviors. However, self-management behavior practice has not always been applied effectively among these populations. Further investigations are necessary to evaluate the status and factors that influence the practice of selfmanagement behaviors among patients with diabetes. The purpose of this research is to identify the relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors of people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A cross-sectional research design was used in this study; 112 eligible people with type 2 Diabetes were recruited. Several questionnaires were used in this study including demographic and patient characteristics, Diabetes Management Self Efficacy Scale (DMSES), Summary Diabetes Self Care Activity (SDSCA), and Diabetes Knowledge (DKN) Scale. Data analysis was performed through univariate, bivariate, and multivariate analyzes. Most of the respondents studied were women, aged 34-74 years and the highest educational background was secondary education, 33.9% of respondents have a good level of knowledge, and 59.8% have good self-efficacy. The results show the significant relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behaviors (p-value &lt; 0.001). The results of multivariate analysis showed that there was a relationship between self-efficacy and self-management behavior after being controlled by the knowledge and the duration of diabetes. Therefore, nurses need to improve the self-efficacy of people with type 2 Diabetes by providing education about the management of Diabetes, as well as supporting and motivating them.&#x0D; &#x0D; Keywords: self-efficacy, self-management behaviors, people with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Translation, cross-cultural adaptation and validation of the Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) for use in Brazilian Portuguese: questionnaire validity study.

The Finnish Diabetes Risk Score (FINDRISC) is a questionnaire that was developed by Finnish researchers to track the risk of diabetes. To translate, cross-culturally adapt and validate the FINDRISC for use in Brazilian Portuguese. Questionnaire validity study conducted at a private university. The Brazilian version of the FINDRISC was developed through the processes of translation, back-translation, committee review and pre-testing. Test-retest reliability was measured using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), kappa coefficient, standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC). Internal consistency was measured using Cronbach's alpha. For construct validity, the total score of the FINDRISC was correlated with the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A) and Diabetes Mellitus Risk Questionnaire (QRDM). Ceiling and floor effects were also evaluated in the present study. For construct validity and floor and ceiling effect measurements, a total sample of 107 participants was used. For reliability, a subsample of 51 participants out of the total sample was used. We identified adequate values for reliability (kappa ≥ 0.79 and ICC = 0.98) and internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.84). Regarding the error inherent in the FINDRISC, we found SEM = 8.02% and MDC = 22.44%. There were significant correlations between the FINDRISC and the QRDM (r = 0.686) and DKN-A (r = -0.216). No ceiling or floor effects were found. The Brazilian version of the FINDRISC has adequate psychometric properties that are in accordance with the best international recommendations.

Association between knowledge, awareness, and practice of patients with type 2 diabetes with socio-economic status, adherence to medication and disease complications

AimsDiabetes is a self-managed condition; knowledge, attitudes, and practices about the condition can influence the overall treatment outcomes and complications of the disease. The aim of this study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice toward diabetes among T2DM patients in the UAE, a highly prevalent country with diabetes. MethodsWe used the revised Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Scale on T2DM patients. The awareness on diabetes was then assessed based on socio-demographic characteristics, illness perceptions, medication adherence, diabetic self-care, and T2DM complications. ResultsOverall assessment of T2DM patients on their knowledge, and attitude toward their diabetes were good in the majority of participants (544, 76%; 570, 76% respectively). However, adherence to diabetic self-care practices was fair in the mainstream (437, 57%). The compliance to medication (527, 70%) and eye care practice (475, 63%), were quite high; yet regular checking blood sugar at home 330 (44%) and the foot care practice 336 (45%) were not satisfying. ConclusionOur results demonstrate that the intensive education service being given and time the physician spends with the T2DM patients is highly associated with better practice and outcome of the disease. There is a need for the establishment of better DM education programs in PHC clinics and the development of more campaigns and enlightening programs, both for health care providers and public on T2DM self-care, complications, and nature of the disease. We suggest that new policies be established with a focus on increasing community awareness of diabetes and preventive measures in UAE.

Knowledge about Diabetes Mellitus and Self-Care Activities before and after an Educational Program: A Pilot Study

Background: Health education has proven to be an effective strategy to enable people with diabetes mellitus to manage this condition. However, few studies in Brazilian population samples have been conducted to evaluate the effects of educational programs on diabetes knowledge and self-care. Aim: To evaluate the knowledge about diabetes mellitus and the performance of self-care activities, before and after participation in an educational program. Methods: This is an intervention study, with a quantitative approach, in a single comparison group, for the analysis of “before and after” results related to an educational program focused on self-care and concurrent physical training. The study interventions consisted of 42 exercise sessions, as well as individual educational meetings, according to the needs of each participant and through nursing consultations, using educational material prepared from the literature. The sample was initially composed of 33 adults with diabetes mellitus, but 18 completed the study. For the assessment of knowledge and self-care activities, the revised Brazilian versions of the Diabetes Knowledge Scale and the Diabetes Self-Care Activity Questionnaire were used, respectively, in the two moments of the study, that is, prior to the first educational meeting and immediately before the first physical training session, and after the last educational meeting, which ran parallel to the 42nd physical training session, making a six-month interval between the two assessment moments for each participant. Results: The analysis of knowledge about diabetes showed significant improvement after the educational program and, as for self-care, there was clinical improvement in all dimensions, but only the dimension “general diet” obtained statistically significant improvement. Conclusion: The educational program has been shown to be beneficial for improving knowledge and self-care of the disease, which reiterates the need to maintain interventions of this nature for people with diabetes mellitus.

Predictors of Self-Efficacy in Administering Insulin Injection.

This study aimed to identify the predictors of self-efficacy in administering insulin injection among patients with type 2 diabetes. Using a cross-sectional survey, data were collected via purposive sampling from a metabolic ward of a medical center in Southern Taiwan. Participants were 72 patients with type 2 diabetes, who had started using Lantus, Levemir, or Novomix pen injectors. Data were collected from October 2013 to August 2014, using the Diabetes and Insulin Injection Knowledge Scale, Self-Efficacy in Administering Insulin Injection Scale, and photographs illustrating insulin injection skills. The findings indicated that "knowledge of diabetes and insulin injection," "insulin injection skills," "senior high school or above education," and "diabetes duration" were predictors of self-efficacy in administering insulin injection, which explained 41% of the total variance in self-efficacy. Health care professionals can design relevant strategies for improving patient self-efficacy in administering insulin injection, thereby increasing patients' insulin self-injection abilities.

Knowledge and attitude about diabetes self-care of older adults in primary health care.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge about diabetes, the attitude for self-care and associated factors through a cross-sectional study, the baseline of a randomized clinical trial with elderly diabetic in primary health care in Recife, Northeastern Brazil. We used the Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A) and Diabetes Attitudes Questionnaire (ATT-19). Of the 202 elderly, 77.7% had insufficient knowledge of the disease, especially for ketonuria, food replacement and were unaware of the causes and care of hypoglycemia. As for attitude, 85.6% had a negative psychological adjustment for diabetes. The logistic regression model showed that living alone was a protective factor (OR = 0.24; 95% CI 0.09-0.65; OR = 0.22; 95% CI 0.07 to 0.71), and low education, a risk factor (OR = 7.78; 95% CI 3.36-18.01; OR = 13.05; 95% CI 4.63-36.82) for the insufficient knowledge and the negative attitude for self-care, respectively. The findings reinforce the need for interdisciplinary educational actions that include socioeconomic, psycho-emotional and educational aspects in diabetes management to maintain elderly autonomy and functionality.

Physical activity is associated with knowledge and attitudes to diabetes Type 2 in elderly

The aim this study was examined the association between physical activity, sociodemographic variables, health conditions and disease knowledge and attitudes in older adults with type 2 diabetes (DM2). A questionnaire for the collection of sociodemographic data and health conditions, the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), Diabetes Knowledge Scale (DKN-A), and Diabetes Attitude Questionnaire (ATT-19) were applied to 204 older adults. The absolute and relative frequencies was obtained and the results were analyzed by the chi-square test for proportions, bivariate analysis and logistic regression (p≤0.05). Significant associations were observed between being physically active and age above 70 years (OR=0.40; 95%CI: 0.22-0.90), having good knowledge of DM2 (OR=12.7; 95%CI: 6.8-30.1), and having a positive attitude towards DM2 self-care (OR=10.1; 95%CI: 6.34-20.1). Physical activity is associated with greater knowledge and a positive attitude towards DM2 self-care.