Dipotassium Tartrate Research Articles

Measurement and modelling of liquid density (298.15 and 313.15 K) and vapour pressure osmometry (313.15 K) for binary aqueous solutions of organic salts

Due to the eco-friendliness of organic salts, they have been gradually replacing other electrolytes in different fields of chemistry. For example, they provide biocompatible salting-out agents for liquid–liquid extractions and earth-abundant materials for flow batteries. Nevertheless, reliable liquid density and vapour pressure data, which are paramount for a proper parameterisation of thermodynamic models, are often hard to find for aqueous solutions of organic salts, delaying the development of these technologies.In this work, the liquid density (ρ) of five binary aqueous solutions of organic salts (disodium tartrate, sodium potassium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate, trisodium citrate and tripotassium citrate) were measured and correlated at 298.15 and 313.15 K and 0.1 MPa. In these assays, second-degree polynomials provided determination coefficients (R2) larger than 0.9982 in the correlation of liquid density with salt molality, for which a very accurate description of this property was accomplished. Moreover, vapour pressure osmometry (VPO) studies were carried out for these solutions at 313.15 K and 0.1 MPa. Then, the obtained osmotic coefficients (ϕ) were successfully modelled using the Extended Pitzer Model of Archer, yielding standard deviations (σϕ) lower than 8.61·10-3. Finally, the mean molal activity coefficients (γ±) and excess Gibbs free energies (GE/RT) of the binary aqueous solutions of organic salts were effectively calculated, with potassium- and tartrate-based salts attaining significantly higher values than the ones composed of sodium and citrate, hinting at a more ideal solution behaviour of the former.

Density, Viscosity, Refractive Index, and Excess Properties of Binary and Ternary Solutions of Poly(ethylene glycol), Water, and Dipotassium Tartrate at 298.15 K and Atmospheric Pressure

The refractive index (nD) and density (ρ) values of the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 1500 + dipotassium tartrate + water ternary system and physical properties of PEG 1500 + water and dipotassium tartrate + water binary solutions have been measured at 298.15 K and atmospheric pressure. Moreover, the refractive index deviation (ΔnD), viscosity deviation (Δη), apparent specific volume (Vφ), excess molar volume (VE), and excess Gibbs energy of activation for viscous flow (ΔG‡E) were calculated from the experimental measurements to analyze the behavior of the binary solutions and the refractive index deviation (ΔnD) and excess molar volume (VE) of the ternary solution. These results were fitted to Redlich–Kister polynomial and Cibulka Equations to estimate the interaction parameters. Adjustments were made to the refractive index and density to obtain a third-order polynomial expansion model and a second-order equation, respectively. The intermolecular interactions between the mixing components were demonstrate...

Influence of the molecular weight of polymer, temperature and pH on phase diagrams of poly (ethylene glycol) + di-potassium tartrate aqueous two-phase systems

Phase diagrams and liquid – liquid equilibrium (LLE) data for aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) containing di-potassium tartrate (DPT) and poly (ethylene glycols) (PEG) (1500 and 6000) have been determined experimentally at different pH values (6.41, 7.74 and 9.05) and temperatures (298.15 and 308.15 K). The effect of molecular weights of the PEG, temperatures, and pH on the binodal curve, tie-line length (TLL) and slope of tie line (STL) was studied. It was found that an increasing in PEG molecular weight, temperature and pH led to the binodal curve displacement towards the origin and increasing two-phase region. Accordingly, the various empirical equations were used to correlate the binodal curves of these systems such as Merchuk equation and Pirdashti equation and the tie-line compositions were correlated using Guan equation. Also, the refractive index and density of ternary (PEG 1500/6000 + di-potassium tartrate (DPT) + water) system have been measured. The density and refractive index were employed as the physical properties to obtain the phase composition and the tie-lines ends and show a linear variation with mass fraction of the polymers and the salt. Also, it was found that TLL affects the density of ATPS. The density difference between the phases (Δρ) increased with an increment in the TLL and pH values and PEG molecular weights and temperatures. Finally, the salting-out ability of the systems were explained by using “Effective Excluded Volume (EEV) model”.

Experimental investigation of the structure, magnetic moment and decomposition process on heating in dipotassium tartarte crystals grown in chemical reaction gel method

Single crystals of dipotassium tartrate were grown in gel by chemical reaction method. The various functional groups such as OH stretching, CH stretching, CC modes, carbonyl modes and metal-oxygen stretching have been identified by using FTIR study. From the powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, the unit cell dimensions and inter-axial angles were found to be a=9.8845Å, b=7.4420Å, c=8.8480Å; α=β=90˚, γ≠90°. This reveals the monoclinic nature of the crystal. The magnetic susceptibility and magnetic moment of the grown crystals have been found to be 36.12×10−6emu and 2.94BM, respectively. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of the sample exhibit the decomposition process and the loss of weight during the process. The endothermic peak at 285.40°C confirms the major stage of decomposition of the sample and there is no water of hydration.

Vapor–liquid equilibrium of ternary aqueous poly (ethylene glycol)+dipotassium tartrate at solutions at different temperatures

In this study, water activities for the ternary systems of {dipotassium tartrate (K2Tar)+PEG4000+H2O} have been measured using an improved isopiestic method at T=(298.15, 308.15, 318.15)K. From these measurements, values of the vapor pressure of solutions were also determined. The experimental data for the activity of water were accurately correlated with the Wilson model. Also, the performance of an empirical two parameter equation was also tested for representing the experimental water activity data.

Measurement and correlation of phase equilibria in aqueous two-phase systems containing polyvinylpyrrolidone and di-potassium tartrate or di-potassium oxalate at different temperatures

Experimental (liquid + liquid) equilibrium (LLE) measurements and the phase diagram have been determined for aqueous two-phase systems containing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and di-potassium oxalate or di-potassium tartrate at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K. Also, the effects of temperature on the binodal curve and tie-lines have been studied. The Merchuk equation was used to correlate the binodal curves of these systems. Furthermore, several suitable equations were used to fit the tie-line data points. The results show that at each temperature, the agreement between the correlated and the experimental values is good with all of these equations. Also, the effects of the type of salt on LLE are discussed.

Liquid–liquid equilibria of aqueous two-phase systems containing polyethylene glycol 4000 and di-potassium tartrate, potassium sodium tartrate, or di-potassium oxalate: Experiment and correlation

Phase diagrams and liquid–liquid equilibrium (LLE) data of aqueous polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG 4000) + di-potassium tartrate or potassium sodium tartrate and aqueous PEG 4000 + di-potassium oxalate systems have been determined experimentally at 298.15 K. Furthermore, the Merchuk equation was used to correlate the binodal data; Othmer–Tobias and Bancraft, Setschenow and extended NRTL equations were used to fit the tie-line data of these systems. Finally, the effects of the type of salt on LLE are discussed.

Vapor–Liquid Equilibria, Density, Speed of Sound, and Viscosity of Aqueous Dipotassium Tartrate Solutions at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K

The vapor–liquid equilibria, density, speed of sound, and viscosity of aqueous dipotassium tartrate solutions at T = (298.15, 308.15, and 318.15) K have been measured. The experimental vapor–liquid...

Conductivity studies on aqueous solutions of stereoisomers of tartaric acids and tartrates. Part I. Alkali metal and ammonium tartrates

Conductivity measurements on aqueous solutions of disodium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate, sodium potassium tartrate, and diammonium tartrate were performed in the temperature range 5 to 35°C. The equivalent limiting conductivity of tartrate anion, λ∞(l/2 Tar2-) is evaluated.

Laser Raman and infrared spectra of dipotassium tartrate hemihydrate

AbstractA systematic analysis of the IR and Raman spectra of dipotassium tartrate hemihydrate (K2C4H4O6 · ½H2O) in terms of the standard frequency correlations, deuteration shift and typical nature (with respect to intensity and width) of bands due to different modes is reported. The bands due to the internal modes (excluding some skeletal modes) of the C4H4O ion appear as doublets. For certain modes (e.g. βCH, νC(OH) and δCOO), doublets arise due to interaction between two identical oscillators of two identical groups in COO(HO)HCCH(OH)COO2−, whereas for other modes (e.g. νCH, ν, ν, δCOH, and τCOO) they arise due to crystallographically distinguishable sites for two identical oscillators.

On the propagation of Love waves in a crystalline medium.

In this paper the propagation of Love-type SH waves in a monoclinic crystalline internal stratum of finite thickness lying between two semi-infinite non-isotropic elastic layers has been investigated. The intermediate layer is supposed to be composed of dipotassium tartrate. The dispersion relation is derived and discussed. Some of the limiting cases are considered. The interesting results obtained in the case of crystalline media are clarified in contrast with an isotropic case or with a transversely isotropic case.

Effect of temperature of the triboluminescence of tartrate crystals

The triboluminescence (TL) intensity in tartaric acid, sodium tartrate, dipotassium tartrate, and ammonium tartrate crystals has been measured in the temperature range of 27-120\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. It has been found that the triboluminescence intensity in the tartrate crystals decreases with temperature and follows the relation ${{I}_{s}}^{{T}_{1}}\ensuremath{-}{{I}_{s}}^{{T}_{2}}={I}_{0}({T}_{2}\ensuremath{-}{T}_{1})\mathrm{exp}[(\frac{{E}_{a}}{k})(\frac{1}{{T}_{1}}\ensuremath{-}\frac{1}{{T}_{2}})]$. The TL intensity at a fixed temperature of the crystals is higher when that temperature is attained by heating the crystals than by cooling them from a higher temperature. It has been discussed that the decrease in the saturation value of triboluminescence intensity of the tartrate crystals with temperature is (i) due to decrease of their Young's modulus of elasticity and (ii) due to increase in the probability of diffusion of the excited triboluminescent centers with radiationless transition.

Triboluminescence in tartrate crystals and simultaneous charge produced at fracture

The variation of triboluminescence intensity in tartaric acid, sodium tartrate, rochelle salt, dipotassium tartrate and ammonium tartrate crystals with the simultaneous charge produced at fracture has been studied. It is found that for the crystals of a given mass, the triboluminescence intensity and the simultaneous charge produced at fracture increase with crushing mass and both of them attain saturation values after particular values of crushing mass, for a given crushing height. The saturation value of the TL intensity increases, but the charge produced at fracture due to shock induced polarization decreases with increase of the crushing height. The TL is higher for those tartrate crystals which develop less charge at fracture. It has been concluded that in impulsive crushing, elastic stress in crystal increases due to the reduction of piezoelectric stress. Hence at higher values of the elastic stress, the moving dislocations are able to interact with more luminescent centres, due to which the TL intensity increases.

PIEZOELECTRICITY AND THE GROWTH OF ULTRASONICS

A brief introduction will be given to the discovery of piezoelectricity and the significant application made by Paul Langevin. Then follows an account of the search for and development of new materials, natural and synthetic, with particular relevance to piezoelectric and mechanical properties. The advent of new techniques such as vapour-deposited transducers will be mentioned and how piezoelectric semi-conductors may be «tailored» to achieve desired qualities leading to depletion-layer and diffusion-layer transducers. Reference is made to polorized ceramics and their properties and those of new piezoelectric materials such as diamine tartrate, dipotassium tartrate and lithium iodate. Qualitative statements have been made in the past regarding the existence of piezoelectricity in various non-crystalline materials, but it was not until the mid-1950's that quantitative confirmation was forthcoming in wood specimens. The Japanese workers concerned also showed the existence of piezoelectricity in various kinds of biological tissues such as bone, tendon, muscle, etc., and in oriented polymers. The growing impact of ultrasonics on many aspects of everyday activities will be emphasised, from its use in the laboratory for probing various states of matter to industrial processes of metal forming, welding, etc., and its widespread use in non-destructive testing. In many medical applications it has become an essential diagnostic and surgical tool and the use of new piezoelectric devices for mechanical surface wave generation is leading to advances in filter and delayline design for communication purposes.

Phase-Matched Second-Harmonic Generation in Biaxial Crystals

The allowed directions for phase-matched second-harmonic generation in acentric biaxial crystals are obtained by considering the intersections of the index surfaces at the fundamental and harmonic frequencies; the topology of these intersections is determined by the principal refractive indices. There are thirteen distinguishable cases for optically well-behaved biaxial crystals and the phase-matching directions for them are shown as loci on the stereographic projection. Phase-matching that is insensitive to small changes in the direction of propagation is possible when some principal refractive indices are equal; the mismatch of the wave vectors is given for deviations from the phase-matching direction in such cases. The disposition of the principal axes of the optical indicatrix and the symmetry of the point groups C2v, D2, Cs, C2, and C1 are examined to find those situations which have a nonzero element in the second-order polarizability tensor that will give second-harmonic generation. Phase-matched second-harmonic generation experiments in the biaxial crystals dipotassium tartrate, lithium sulfate and ammonium oxalate demonstrate some of the possible phase-matching situations.

Elastic and Piezoelectric Coefficients of Dipotassium Tartrate (DKT)

A new determination has been made of the elastic and piezoelectric coefficients of dipotassium tartrate (DKT) and of their behaviour with temperature. A table is included comparing the properties of some zero-temperature-coefficient cuts of DKT, EDT and quartz.

New Low-Coefficient Synthetic Piezoelectric Crystals for Use in Filters and Oscillators

Two crystals of the monoclinic sphenoidal class have been found which have modes of vibration with zero temperature coefficients of frequency, high electromechanical coupling constants, and high Q's or low dissipation. These properties make it appear probable that such crystals may have a considerable use in filters and oscillators as a substitute for quartz, which is difficult to obtain in large sizes. These crystals are ethylene diamine tartrate (EDT) having the chemical formula C 6 H 14 N 2 O 6 , and di-potassium tartrate (DKT) having the formula K 2 C 4 H 4 O 6 -1/2 H 2 O. The paper describes the properties of EDT, since this crystal has been found more advantageous than DKT. The 13 elastic constants, the 8 piezoelectric constants, and the 4 dielectric constants have been measured over a temperature range, and from these measurements the regions of low temperature coefficients and high electromechanical coupling have been located. Six low-temperature-coefficient cuts have been discovered and the properties of these cuts are given. These cuts are being applied in the crystal channel filters of the long-distance telephone system, and may be applied to the control of oscillators.

Properties of Monoclinic Crystals

Two crystals of the monoclinic sphenoidal class have been found which have modes of vibration with zero temperature coefficients of frequency, and this property together with the high electromechanical coupling and the high $Q'\mathrm{s}$ make it appear probable that these crystals may have considerable use as a substitute for quartz which is difficult to obtain in large sizes. These crystals are ethylene diamine tartrate ${(\mathrm{C}}_{6}$${\mathrm{H}}_{14}$${\mathrm{N}}_{2}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6}$) and dipotassium tartrate ${(\mathrm{K}}_{2}$${\mathrm{C}}_{4}$${\mathrm{H}}_{4}$${\mathrm{O}}_{6}$, \textonehalf{}${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$O). Complete measurements of the elastic, piezoelectric, and dielectric constants of the dipotassium tartrate (DKT) crystal are given in this paper. The crystal has 4 dielectric constants, 8 piezoelectric constants, and 13 elastic constants. A discussion is given in the appendix of the method of measuring these constants by the use of 18 properly oriented crystals.