Dhaka City Of Bangladesh Research Articles

Neck Pain among Dental Practitioners

Dentistry is a demanding profession regarding concentration and precision. Performance of dental treatment results in a very inflexible work posture and under stressful body position for prolonged period, bad pattern and faulty neck posture disturbs the normal spine curve of neck leading to muscular imbalance and consequently lead to neck pain and disability. The aim of the study is to measure the prevalence of neck pain among the Dental surgeons in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. This is a cross-sectional survey type study. Dentists who reported neck pain last for 12 months were selected as a study population. After screening Neck pain intensity was measured by using 101 NPRS. Then the dentists were given NPAD questionnaire to measure disability level due to neck pain. About 36.60% dental surgeons had neck pain whereas 63.40% did not have. Among 71 dental surgeons 55.20% had moderate neck pain according to neck pain and disability scale (NPAD scale) followed by 23.90% had mild pain and 20.90% had severe pain respectively. Statistically no significant association was found between neck pain and age group. Statistically significant association was found between neck pain and duration of job of the respondents. Moreover, study found that negative correlation between age of the dental surgeons and pain score and it was not statistically significant. It is concluded from the study that prevalence of neck pain among dental surgeons working in Dhaka city is still high i.e. one in every three dental surgeons suffered from neck pain. Preventive musculoskeletal awareness campaign and posture training can be conducted among dental surgeons.

Child-related factors associated with depressive symptoms among mothers of school-going children in urban Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.

This study aimed to identify the child-related factors associated with depressive symptoms among mothers of school-going children in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. The study followed a cross-sectional design and was conducted between June and December 2019 among mothers of school-going children from Dhaka City, Bangladesh. A multistage sampling technique was adopted, and a total of 324 mothers of school-going children studying in the same school for at least six months were selected. Depressive symptoms of mothers were measured using a 20-item Self-Rating Depression Scale weighted to 100 percent, with 25-49 categorized as no depression and ≥ 50 as having depression. A binary logistic regression model was executed to identify the child-related factors associated with depressive symptoms among mothers. All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical software, Stata (Version 14.0). More than half of the participants (54.3%) were aged 40 years or above and had up to HSC level education (52.5%). The majority of the participants were homemakers (67.0%), mothers of a girl child (53.1%), and had a family income of 50,000 BDT or more (52.8%). Adjusted analyses revealed that the mother's depressive symptoms were associated with their child's frequent complaints of headaches or stomach aches (aOR = 13.19, 95% CI 3.03-57.37), having an injury (aOR = 4.05, 95% CI 1.44-11.41), and unfriendly relationship with mothers (aOR = 21.46, 95% CI 5.04-91.28). The present study highlighted several child-related factors that are associated with depressive symptoms among mothers that need to be considered while designing any intervention to address depressive symptoms among mothers of school-going children. It is also important to counsel mothers and fathers of the children about the importance of having a sound mother-child relationship while addressing depressive symptoms among mothers.

Evaluation of radioactivity concentration in farm fresh milk and concomitant dose to consumer

In this study, activity concentrations of natural radionuclides in 28 raw milk samples collected from different dairy farms in Dhaka city of Bangladesh were measured using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector for the first time. The activity concentration of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in the investigated fresh milk samples ranged from BDL (Below detection level) to 26 ± 1.6 Bq/kg, BDL to 11.7 ± 3.3 Bq/kg and 101 ± 17 to 384 ± 32 Bq/kg, respectively. No artificial radionuclides were found in the investigated samples. Present results show inline within the range of available data in the literature. Annual committed effective doses were estimated following the consumption characteristics of raw milk by city population, values are found within the limiting range recommended by international organizations due to consumption of foodstuffs. Additionally, real-time gamma-ray dose rate in the farms/sampling locations was found in the range of 0.12 ± 0.01–0.20 ± 0.01 μSv/h by using a digital gamma survey meter (Gamma Scout) and the calculated maximum annual effective dose due to outdoor absorbed dose was found to be 0.25 mSv/y, which shows lower than the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) recommended limit of 2.4 mSv/y. This study indicates that the concentration of radionuclides in the farm fresh milk of Dhaka city does not pose any unwanted risk to public health, and it is safe to consume by both children and adults with the current intake level.

Clinical manifestations and seasonal occurrence of patients with dengue hospitalized at Dhaka city of Bangladesh in 2021

For the past few years, the intensity of dengue in Bangladesh has been rising. The current study was done among 533 dengue patients hospitalized in 2021 in Dhaka to observe the different aspects of clinical manifestations and seasonal occurrence of dengue. Due to COVID-19 restriction, hospital entry and face-to-face interview of the patients was not possible. Hence, contact numbers of the hospitalized dengue patients were collected from Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) and patients were interviewed over the phone. Out of 533 patients, majority were from Dhaka south city corporation (DSCC) (53.7%), had a monthly household income of 30001≥ BDT (67.4%), and lived in small sized families (76.9%). High fever (p=0.013), headache (p<0.001), body pain (p<0.001), vomiting/nausea (p=0.0085), skin rash (p=0.033), eye lesion/red eyes (p=0.0011), pleural effusion (p=0.0404), weakness (p=0.017) and gum bleeding (p=0.014)- were significantly associated with age groups whereas vomiting/nausea (p=0.048), skin rash (p=0.002) and eye lesion/red eyes (p=0.032) were significantly associated with gender. 86.7% suffered from thrombocytopenia (<150000 per microliter blood), while 27% were in serious condition with lowest platelet count ≤ 20000 per microliter blood. 3.6% patients were admitted to ICU and 1.7% died of dengue. Death due to dengue was significantly associated with age groups (p <0.05) and majority among them were children (≤ 10 years). Family members of 44.6% patients were also affected with dengue and majority of the patients belonged to small sized families. Dengue occurrence had significant association with season where majority of the patients were from monsoon season (65.29%) followed by post-monsoon (33.21%) season. Dengue manifests a wide spectrum of symptoms as shown by the study, so now it is necessary to identify the changes in pattern of the clinical manifestations, and effective disease management to lessen the severity of the outbreak. Dhaka Univ. J. Biol. Sci. 33(1): 33-46, 2024 (January)

Behavior of Non-Hybrid and Hybrid Forms of Fibro-Osseous Lesions in the Cranio-Maxillofacial Region of Patients Attending at the Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Behavior of Non-Hybrid and Hybrid Forms of Fibro-Osseous Lesions in the Cranio-Maxillofacial Region of Patients Attending at the Tertiary Care Hospital in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Dietary Habit and Lifestyle of Secondary School-Going Students in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Introduction: Understanding the dietary habits and lifestyle choices of secondary school-going students is crucial for developing targeted health interventions. This study aims to analyze these aspects among secondary school-going students in Dhaka, Bangladesh, focusing on dietary preferences, physical activity, screen time, and sleep patterns. Methods: This observational cross-sectional study involved 600 secondary school students in Dhaka. Data were collected through structured questionnaires by assessing age, gender, BMI, dietary habits, meal frequency, water intake, fruit and vegetable consumption, fast-food and sweets intake, breakfast habits, physical activity, screen time, sleep patterns, self-perceived health status, and chronic health conditions. Bivariate correlations were analyzed to understand the relationships between these variables. Result: The majority of participants were 15 years old (37.83%), with more females (61.33%) than males. Most students were in grade 10 (77.67%), and the predominant BMI category was normal (54.67%). Dietary preferences showed a preference for a mixed diet (56.17%). Regular fruit and vegetable consumption was reported by 34.00% and 59.83% of students, respectively. High rates of fast food (23.00% regularly) and sweets (33.00% regularly) consumption were observed. Breakfast was often skipped by 15.50% of participants. Physical activity levels indicated that 45.33% engaged in physical training, but 19.67% were not involved in any sports. The average screen time was 2.42 hours, and the mean sleep time was 7.02 hours. Most students rated their health as good (61.17%), and 95.17% had no known chronic health conditions. Conclusion: The study highlights a mix of healthy and unhealthy dietary and lifestyle patterns among secondary school students in Dhaka. While there is a reasonable intake of fruits and vegetables, the prevalence of fast food and sweets consumption, combined with suboptimal breakfast habits and physical ..........

Menstrual Hygiene Practice among Adolescent Girls in Selective Slum Areas of Dhaka City in Bangladesh

Background: Adolescence is the transition period from childhood to adulthood and is widely recognized as a time of great importance due to its vulnerabilities linked with biological, physical, social, and environmental considerations.Objective: To assess the experience of menstruation and menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls in selective slum areas of Dhaka city in Bangladesh.Methods: This cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between June and September of 2023 among 169 adolescent girls. A semi-structured questionnaire was used as tool for data collection through face to face interview. A total of 169 girls aged between 13 and 19 were included in this study.Results: The mean age of the girls was 15.33 years. Most of the girls (71.59%) were in 13-17 years age group. The mean age at menarche was 12.38 year. 136 (80.47%) by the age of 11-14 years and 127 (75.15%) had information on menstruation before menarche from mothers 98 (27.84%). During menstruation, 118(69.82%) were using sanitary pad, 60(50.85%) girls changed pad two times a day. The reuse of cloth material was practiced by only 39(76.47%) girls; among them, only 32(82.05%) girls were using soap (detergent) to clean the cloth material. 34(87.18%) girls were drying their used cloth in sunlight. All participants bathed during menstruation and of which 127(75.15%) girls were using soap to clean the external genitalia. 111(65.68%) discarding sanitary materials in public dustbin. The main cause of choosing cloth as absorbent material over sanitary pad is financial issue for 59% of the girls.Conclusion: The average population of females in urban slums practiced good menstrual hygiene. The findings of this study may aid governmental and non-governmental groups in developing programs to prevent health concerns during menstrual periods by improving education on menstrual hygiene habits.International Journal of Human and Health Sciences Vol. 08 No. 01 Jan’24 Page: 79-83

Preterm birth and neonatal mortality in selected slums in and around Dhaka City of Bangladesh: A cohort study.

Although under-five mortality has declined appreciably in Bangladesh over the last few decades, neonatal mortality still remains high. The objective of the study is to assess the level and determinants of preterm birth and the contribution of preterm birth to neonatal mortality. Data for this study came from selected slums in and around Dhaka city, where; since 2015, icddr,b has been maintaining the Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS). The HDSS data were collected by female Field Workers by visiting each household every three months; however, during the visit, data on the Last Menstrual Period (LMP) were also collected by asking each eligible woman to ascertain the date of conception. Gestational age was estimated in complete weeks by subtracting LMP from the date of the pregnancy outcome. In this study, 6,989 livebirths were recorded by HDSS during 2016-2018, and these births were followed for neonatal survival; both bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Out of total births, 21.7% were born preterm (before 37 weeks of gestation), and sub-categories were: 2.19% for very preterm (28 to 31 weeks), 3.81% for moderate preterm (32 to 33 weeks), and 15.71% for late preterm (34 to 36 weeks). The study revealed that preterm babies contributed to 39.6% of neonatal deaths; however, the probability of death was very high on the 1st day of birth (0.124 for very preterm, 0.048 for moderate preterm, 0.024 for late preterm, and 0.013 for term birth), and continued until the 3rd day. In the regression analysis, compared to the term neonates, the odds of neonatal mortality were 8.66 (CI: 5.63, 13.32, p<0.01), 4.13 (CI: 2.69, 6.34, p<0.01) and 1.48 (CI: 1.05, 2.08, p<0.05) respectively for very, moderate, and late preterm birth categories. The population attributable fraction for neonatal mortality was 23%, and sub-categories were 14% for very preterm, 10% for moderate preterm, and 6% for late preterm. Although urban slums are in proximity to many health facilities, a substantial proportion of preterm births contribute to neonatal deaths. So, pregnant women should be targeted, to ensure timely care during pregnancy, delivery, and post-partum periods to improve the survival of new-borns in general and preterm birth in particular.

Environmental Governance: Challenges of Environmentally Friendly Industrial Areas In Dhaka City of Bangladesh

This research employs a comprehensive approach that takes into account stakeholder views, workforce demographics, and quantitative environmental indicators to investigate environmental governance difficulties in Dhaka's eco-friendly industrial zones. Sector-specific dynamics are revealed by the findings, highlighting the necessity of customized interventions. Higher environmental perception ratings are seen in the electronics industry; nevertheless, there are a variety of obstacles to overcome, such as the chemical industry's pressing need to enhance air quality and the electronics industry's difficulty in reducing waste. The demography of the workforce and attitudes toward the environment are correlated, pointing to possible approaches for promoting sustainability. The study's conclusions offer insights into Dhaka's path toward sustainable industrial growth and implications for stakeholders and future research directions.

Comparison of Miniperc and Standard Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy in the Treatment of Renal Stone: An Open Level Parallel Arm Randomized Control Trial

Background: Treatment of renal stone is very crucial for the outcomes of the patients. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to compare the Miniperc and standard percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the Treatment of Renal Stone. Methodology: This randomized control trial was conducted in the Department of Urology at National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology, Dhaka and some private hospitals in Dhaka city of Bangladesh from July 2016 to November 2017 for a period of one and half year. Patients from 18 to 65 years of age with renal calculi ( 2cm) were selected on the basis of plain X-ray and ultra-sonogram of KUB region, from Urology outpatient Department (OPD) in National Institute of Kidney Diseases and Urology (NIKDU), Dhaka and some private hospitals in Dhaka city. Patients were selected in every alternate sequence (odd numbers for Miniperc in Intervention group and even numbers for Standard PCNL, control group). All patients underwent PCNL of both the procedures under general anesthesia and received intravenous broad spectrum antibiotics. Results: A total number of 60 patients were selected for study of which 30 patients were underwent miniperc and 30 patients were undergoing standard PCNL. The mean age of miniperc group and PCNL group were 34.43±11.09 and 36.70 ± 12.27 years respectively. An overall stone clearance rates was 93.33 (28) in intervention group and 6.67 % (2) was not cleared. Among the control group an overall stone clearance rates were 96.67% (29) and 3.33% (1) was not cleared. Stone clearance rates were not significant. The mean operative time (min) of intervention group was 97.47±15.03 and the mean operative time (min) of control was 86.37±17.73 Operative time was significant between the groups (p&lt;0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion the rate of clearance of intervention group is not statistically significant. Journal of Current and Advance Medical Research, January 2023;10(1):19-24

Exploring the Impact of Academic Psychological Capital Resources on Student Engagement at Undergraduate Level: The Mediating Role of Faculty Support

Students’ engagement in academic activities is the major dominating factor for their academic success along with their educational institution because disengaged students are more likely to have behavioral issues, suffer academically, and drop out. To create a conducive learning environment, it is indispensable to understand the nature of student participation in tertiary education. The current study was initiated to explore the level of students’ engagement in higher education and the influence of students’ socio-demographic factors and individual academic psychological capital resources including academic self-efficacy and resilience on students’ engagement. It also intended to examine the direct and mediating role of faculty support in prior relationships. A structured questionnaire was developed to collect data. 242 undergrad students sampled from a renowned private University in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. In conjunction with other statistical techniques, to investigate the direct correlation of academic self-efficacy, academic resilience, and teachers' support with students' engagement as well as the mediation impact, structural equation modelling was primarily used with SmartPLS software. According to the study, faculty support and educational psychological capital resources were favourably associated with students’ engagement. Furthermore, the study also revealed that the relationship between academic self-efficacy and resilience with the students' engagement was partially mediated by faculty support. The study offered a number of recommendations for emphasizing the psychological aspects of students' academic well-being as well as the assistance provided by teachers, both of which unquestionably stimulate students and improve their academic success.

Microbial Isolates from Urinary Tract Infection and their Antibiotic Resistance Pattern in Dhaka city of Bangladesh

The present study was conducted to investigate the bacterial infections of urinary tract and their antibiotic resistance pattern in Dhaka city in the Microbiology Department in MH Samorita Hospital &amp; Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study was carried out from November 2016 until July 2017. Two hundred and thirty-five patients with urolithiasis were included in the present study whose ages ranged from 05 to 70 years. Seven different bacterial species with noticeable growth were found in the urine sample after bacterial cultures were performed. E. coli was the most frequent bacterium found in patients' urinary tract infections, accounting for 50% of cases. Klebsiella (12%), Pseudomonas (10%), Proteus (10%), Streptococcus (8%), Citobacter (6%) and Staphylococcus (4%), were the next most frequent bacteria. According to E. coli, women (72%) had more urinary tract infections than men (21.28%). Diverse bacterial pathogens were discovered to be extremely susceptible to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and the most of them were also quite sensitive to nitrofurantoin and nalidixic acid. Furthermore, nalidixic acid, cotrimoxazole, nitrofurantoin, and imipenem showed considerable sensitivity to E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Pseudomonas spp., Proteus spp., Staphylococcus spp., Streptococcus spp., and Citrobacter spp.

COVID-19 Risks and Vulnerabilities of Street-Connected Children: A Qualitative Study in Bangladesh

The outbreak of COVID-19 exacerbated the plight of street-connected children. This qualitative study was conducted to elucidate child welfare service providers’ (CWSPs) experiences regarding the massive impact of COVID-19 on street-connected children in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Ten CWSPs with direct experience of serving street-connected children during the pandemic were recruited purposively. Findings unveil that government administrative actions taken through lockdowns and restrictions disrupted the lives and livelihood of street-connected children. The pandemic situation caused job losses and restricted children’s opportunities to earn, and intensified their sufferings from hunger, homelessness, and physical and sexual abuse. The children were displaced and detached from their peer network. They were deprived of education, healthcare, social services, and treatment facilities. Despite the risks of COVID-19 and movement restrictions, CWSPs came forward to serve the children with food aid and emergency services in collaboration with a few community-based voluntary organizations. However, the services were not enough to address children’s needs and problems. Findings suggest that CWSPs should adopt strategies for community engagement and multi-stakeholder collaboration to provide better services to the street-connected children during emergencies. A mixed methods research focusing on child maltreatment could be helpful for better understanding of children’s sufferings during the pandemic.

Unplanned urbanization and health risks of Dhaka City in Bangladesh: uncovering the associations between urban environment and public health.

Dhaka City, the capital of Bangladesh, has experienced rapid and unplanned urbanization over the past few decades. This process has brought significant challenges to public health as the urban environment has become a breeding ground for various health risks. Understanding the associations between unplanned urbanization, the urban environment, and public health in Dhaka City is crucial for developing effective interventions and policies. This review paper aims to uncover the associations between unplanned urbanization and health risks in Dhaka City, with a specific focus on the urban environment and its impact on public health. The objectives of this study are to examine the health challenges faced by the city's population, explore the specific urban environmental factors contributing to health risks, analyze the socioeconomic determinants of health in unplanned urban areas, evaluate existing policies and governance structures, identify research and data gaps, and provide recommendations for future interventions. A comprehensive literature review was conducted to gather relevant studies, articles, reports, and policy documents related to unplanned urbanization, the urban environment, and public health in Dhaka City. Various databases and online resources were searched, and the selected literature was critically analyzed to extract key findings and insights. The findings reveal that unplanned urbanization in Dhaka City has led to a range of public health risks, including air pollution, inadequate water and sanitation, poor waste management, overcrowding, slums, and substandard housing conditions. These environmental factors are strongly associated with respiratory diseases, waterborne illnesses, and other adverse health outcomes. Socioeconomic determinants such as poverty, income inequality, and limited access to healthcare further exacerbate the health risks faced by the urban population. Unplanned urbanization in Dhaka City has significant implications for public health. Addressing the associations between unplanned urbanization, the urban environment, and public health requires comprehensive policies and interventions. Improved urban planning, enhanced infrastructure, and better policy governance are essential for mitigating health risks. Furthermore, addressing socioeconomic disparities and ensuring equitable access to healthcare services are crucial components of effective interventions.

Salivary Acetylcholine Concentration and Dementia: A Comparative Study in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Introduction: Dementia is rapidly becoming a major public health problem worldwide . In dementia, the rate of acetylcholine deficiency is very high. Therefore, it can be assumed that acetylcholine levels may play a potential role in the pathogenesis of dementia. Objective: To evaluate the relationship of salivary acetylcholine concentration with the events of dementia. Methods: This comparative cross-sectional study was carried out during the period of July 2014 to June 2015. Among the purposively selected 120 respondents, 60 respondents were suffering from dementia were selected from the Bangladesh Institute of Research and Rehabilitation for Diabetes, Endocrine and Metabolic Disorder (BIRDEM), National Institute of Neuroscience (NINS), and the Dementia Care Project of Sir William Beveridge Foundation, and the rest 60 were without dementia selected as the comparison group. Results: Out of all study subjects, the mean (±SD) age of dementia patients was 73.10(±4.93) years with an age range of 62 to 84 years and that of in comparative group was 71.20(±5.89) years with an age range of 64 to 85 years. Male (60.0%) was predominant in dementia patients. The mean (±SD) value of Salivary acetylcholine in the dementia group was found 153.93(±98.04) pg/ml and that of in comparative group was 411.50(±112.50) pg/ml. Here Salivary acetylcholine was found lower in dementia patients than comparative group (p&lt;0.001) Conclusion: Salivary acetylcholine level can help to diagnose the risk of development of early dementia. J Rang Med Col. September 2023; Vol. 8, No. 2: 3-6

Enhancing Effective Verbal Communication Between Radiologic Technologists and Patients: Assessing the Impact of Service Delivery in Hospitals of Dhaka City

Objective: Effective communication is crucial in the field of radiography as it holds significant importance in the practice. Radiologic technologists need to possess an understanding of both the physical and emotional requirements of patients. This understanding can be attained through proficient communication skills. Methodology: A qualitative research study was conducted in nearly fifteen private hospitals in Dhaka City in Bangladesh and 61 radiological technologists and 111 patients responds to this study. Result: The most important thing is, radiological technologist data showed there were 40 (65.6%) radiological technologists using protective shields for patients when taking radiographic exams and likewise Patients data showed there were 65 (58.6%) patients said that the radiological technologists were not using protective shields when taking radiographic exam. This is a contradictory issue of each other. It is due to a lack of awareness among professionals and patients and also due to a lack of supervision of the concerned authority. Conclusion: The study aimed to assess the extent of verbal communication occurring between radiological technologists and patients. It also sought to recognize the significance of patient care, ensuring patient safety, and determining priorities within diagnostic radiology departments.

Enhancing bovine tuberculosis screening at Dhaka city in Bangladesh: Integrating gamma interferon blood test as ancillary testing with tuberculin skin test

Tuberculin skin test (TST) is the standard method for screening of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). However, gamma interferon blood test has been introduced in the bTB control program as an ancillary testing with TST in many countries of the world. The objective of this study was to recommend this screening test as an ancillary testing with TST for field application in Bangladesh. In this study 577 cattle of different age, sex and breeds from twenty nine (29) cattle herds were examined to determine skin response against bTB through single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT) that comprised of positive (n = 81), inconclusive (n = 44) and negative (n = 452) animals. Of which 74 animals that included positive (n = 63), inconclusive (n = 8) and negative (n = 3) animals were taken under this study. Blood samples were collected in heparinized tube and stimulated overnight with bovine and avian purified protein derivatives (PPDs) for the secretion of gamma interferon, and measured via sandwich ELISA. Cohen’s kappa statistics was performed for the evaluation of agreement between the two tests. The agreement obtained between two tests was fair (Kappa agreement, K = 24.0%, 95% CI = 16.9−30.5%, P = 0.037). Of positive (n = 63), inconclusive (n = 8) and negative (n = 3) status of animals at SICTT, 82.54% (n = 52), 62.50% (n = 5), and 33.33% (n = 1) were found to be bTB positive respectively through this ancillary test. This test notably corroborates to TST result. A considerable number of inconclusive TB status animals were found to be positive through this gamma interferon assay. Therefore, this test could be used as an ancillary test with TST to maximize the proportion of bTB estimation in the infected cattle herd for early detection of zoonotic tuberculosis in Bangladesh before transmission at the animal-human interface.

Perception about Less Physical Activity and its Effect among Service Holders in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

Introduction: Physical activity has been traditionally defined as any bodily movement produced by contraction of skeletal muscle that substantially increases energy expenditure, although the intensity and duration can vary substantially. Lack of physical activity is known to be one of the most important risk factors for leading to morbidity and mortality around the world leading to an estimated 3.2 million deaths globally. Objectives: To assess perception about less physical activity and its effect among service holders in Dhaka city of Bangladesh. Methods: The study was conducted in Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh, Kurmitola; Janata Bank Limited, Satmasjid Road Branch; Rayerbazar Government Primary School, Rayerbazar and six gyms (training centers) of Dhaka, Bangladesh. A total of 15 government workers and 15 key informants purposefully (trainers of physical activities) selected for in-depth interview. Socio-demographic data were entered into SPSS version 21. Thematic area were identified and analyzed based on the themes. Result: Total 30 study participants (15 Government office worker and 15 Key Informant) were interviewed. All participants have good perception of physical activities. 7 of workers are moderately physically active (fulfill globally recommended physical activity rate) with 150 minutes of physical activity performance per week. The rest 3 workers have insufficient physical activities which is less than 150 minutes of physical activity per week. Factor like laziness, overloaded by office work, lack of self-confidence in doing physical activity, lack of awareness about physical activity, place factor, poor time management, lack of communication and economic status of workers were found as behaviors or factors affecting doing of physical activities among government office workers. Conclusion and recommendations: There is high number of physical activity insufficiency among workers and there are large numbers of factors that affect physical activity doing of workers. Therefore, the government should work on these factors to make worker healthy and productive.

The Effects of Brand Image and Brand Trust on Patients Satisfaction: An Application of Private Hospitals in Dhaka City of Bangladesh

This study examines the effects of brand image and trust on patients’ satisfaction with private hospitals in Dhaka, Bangladesh. This study is a Quantitative research. For collecting the data, the sample size is 359 patients selected via purposive sampling sing survey questionnaires on eight top-listed branded private hospitals in Dhaka. For analysing the goals, multiple data analysis methods were performed, such as demographic analysis, descriptive analyses, and reliability tests via SPSS, while correlation and hypothesis tests were performed using CFA and SEM with AMOS software. The results of this study show higher reliability for both brand image and brand trust, which indicate a positive relationship with patients’ satisfaction. Through enhancing private hospitals' brand image, brand trust can be applied to assist a positive image and establish marketing tactics to continue existing and appeal to new patients to create a profitable business. Furthermore, in confirming academic results from this study, policymakers should value brand image and brand trust marketing as they can advance the private hospital’s business globally. Keywords: Patient Satisfaction, Hospitals Brand Image, Hospital Brand Trust.

Assessment of Nutritional Status and Drug Abuse among Street Children of Dhaka City in Bangladesh: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Street children are often deprived of the basic human rights in our society and hence they suffer from various forms of malnutrition and usually get addicted to different drugs.&#x0D; Objective: The current study aimed to assess the nutritional status and drug abuse of the street children of Dhaka city.&#x0D; Methodology: It was a descriptive cross-sectional study with randomly selected 100 street children (51 male and 49 female) aged three to fifteen years old from Dhaka city between the timeframe of January, 2016 to June, 2016. Data was collected by face-to-face interview with a pre-tested questionnaire involving their socio-economic data, nutritional status and information concerning drug abuse. Data analysis was conducted by IBM SPSS version 20.0, WHO Anthro and WHO Anthro Plus software. Various descriptive statistics like mean±SD, frequency, percentage along with binary logistic regression analysis was performed for the current study.&#x0D; Results: The respondents’ mean age was 9±3 years. Majority of the street children (92%) knew about their mother’s identity whereas about 35% of them did not know about their father’s identity. Their monthly income ranged from one thousand BDT to three-thousand five hundred BDT. The study showed that about 47% of respondents were stunted, and nearly 58% were underweight. It was also found that about 82% of the respondents were drug abusers. However, about 45% were addicted to cigarette smoking and 24% were having marijuana in regular basis. Significant association was found between drug abuse and underweight status (AOR=1.27, p=.038) but no association was found between stunting rate and drug abuse of the respondents (AOR=1.03, p=.670).&#x0D; Conclusion: Appropriate measures ought to be taken to enhance the nutritional status and reducing the rate of drug abuse among this segment of our population to secure a productive and healthy adult life for them in the future. Further large scale research is recommended to explore the determinants of the nutritional status and their drug abuse in Dhaka City.