Washing Device Research Articles

Artificial intelligence for training and reporting infection prevention measures in critical wards.

Healthcare associated infections (HAI) are a major concern. Infections and sepsis are prevalent causes of prolonged hospitalization, healthcare resources consumption, and mortality. Infection prevention and control (IPC) measures need to be encouraged with the purpose to become standard protocol. Hand hygiene represents the most important measure to prevent the spread of infections. Poor hand hygiene is often due to: the belief that the use of gloves replaces hand hygiene, lack of good example from colleagues and superiors, sinks that are difficult to access or insufficient in number, staff often too busy / not enough time, poor knowledge of guidelines and protocols. Artificial intelligence was recently integrated in hand washing devices; this can implement training on a daily basis but also is an objective method to assess the efficacy of the IPC measures adopted. The benefit–cost ratio of this approach needs to be discussed.

Study of hydrocyclone with flushing water device for sand washing of municipal sludge

Municipal sludge particles with size range between 0.045 and 0.2 mm were difficult to be precisely separated due to fine size distribution and high content of organic matter, resulting in low sand recycling efficiency. In view of the above problems, this paper proposed a flushing water device which was settled at the cone section of conventional hydrocyclone, aiming to utilize the supplementary water to strengthen the shear force field. Comparative test results showed that the organic matter content in the underflow product was significantly reduced after the addition of flushing water. Using the organic matter content and the sand recovery rate as the response index, the prediction models were established by using response surface optimization test. The influence order of different parameters on the response index was apex diameter, flushing device position and flow rate. Finally, an underflow product with organic matter content of 3.96 % and sand recovery rate of 48.03 % was obtained under the conditions of optimized parameter combinations. The research results can contribute to the development of a new method of residual sludge disposal that improves the sand washing efficiency and the cost-effectiveness of sludge treatment.

Micro-flow cell washing technique combined with single-cell Raman spectroscopy for rapid and automatic antimicrobial susceptibility test of pathogen in urine

Facing the rapid spread of antimicrobial resistance, methods based on single-cell Raman spectroscopy have proven their advances in reducing the turn-around time (TAT) of antimicrobial susceptibility tests (AST). However, the Raman-based methods are still hindered by the prolonged centrifugal cell washing procedure, which may require complex labor operation and induce high mechanical stress, resulting in a pretreatment time of over 1 h as well as a high cell-loss probability. In this study, we developed a micro-flow cell washing device and corresponding Raman-compatible washing chips, which were able to automatically remove the impurities in the samples, retain the bacterial cell and perform Raman spectra acquisition in situ. Results of washing the 5- and 10-μm polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) microspheres showed that the novel technique achieved a successful removal of 99 % impurity and an 80 % particle retention rate after 6 to 10 cycles of washing. The micro-flow cell washing technique could complete the pretreatment for urine samples in a 96-well plate within 10 min, only taking 15 % of the handling time required by centrifugation. The AST profiles of urine sample spiked with E. coli 25922, E. faecalis 29212, and S. aureus 29213 obtained by the proposed Raman-based approach were found to be 100 % consistent with the results from broth micro-dilution while reducing the TAT to 3 h from several days which is required by the latter. Our study has demonstrated the micro-flow cell washing technique is a reliable, fast and compatible approach to replace centrifuge washing for sample pretreatment of Raman-AST and could be readily applied in clinical scenarios.

DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC HANDWASHING TOOL USING INFRARED SENSOR BASED ON ARDUINO NANO IN PHYSICS DEPARTMENT OF SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

The implementation of the New Normal forces people in Indonesia to be able to return to their activities outside the home, alongside the risk of the COVID19 outbreak. One of the health protocols that must be applied is hand washing, so that the use of automatic hand washing devices is very effective in use. The way this automatic hand washing tool works is simply pointing your hand near the sensor, the sensor will detect it. The Automatic Hand Washing Tool is designed using a sensor Infrared, Arduino nano, a module Relay, a water pump and a solenoid faucet. Where is the working principle when thesensor infrared detects an obstacle, it will send an input signal to arduino nano as a microcontroller center which is regulated through a program in the Arduino Ide software, then sends it to themodule relay as answitch on / off, When on it is, themodule relay will activate the solenoid faucet, if it is in thecondition off , the relay will deactivate the solenoid valve, while the pump is used for washing soapy water, where the automatic hand washing tool on water with soapy water is differentiated according to the respective distance that has been set on the arduino nano microcontroller.

Development of an Automatic Water Saving System with Ultrasonic Sensor for Hand Washing Device

The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the critical importance of maintaining hand hygiene to prevent virus transmission. The virus can be present in carriers who may not display symptoms, making regular handwashing a crucial preventive measure. However, excessive water consumption during handwashing can strain water resources, particularly in regions facing water scarcity. This research presents an innovative system that combines effective handwashing with water conservation. The proposed system utilizes Arduino UNO, along with additional components such as resistors, ultrasonic sensors, an LCD, and LEDs, to guide individuals through a recommended approximately 20-second handwashing process. An ultrasonic sensor is employed to detect hand proximity, while an LCD provides instructions, and LEDs change color to signal the completion of the handwashing duration.

Study on the simultaneous release of microfiber and indigo dye in denim fabric home washing

In recent years, with the increasing global focus on environmental protection, the issue of microfiber release from denim during the washing process has gained attention. In this study, a programmable washing device simulating household drum washing was designed and developed, microfibers and indigo dyes released from denim washing were quantitatively detected, and we have also developed a novel method for estimating the release of microfibers during washing. The effects of washing time, washing temperature, and washing load on microfiber and indigo dye release from denim were explored. The results showed that the effect of washing load on microfiber and indigo dye release was greater than washing temperature and washing time. The research findings indicate that with an increase in washing time (35–95 min) and washing load (100–250 g), the shedding of microfibers and indigo dye significantly increases, reaching peak release levels of 343.6 μg/g fabric and 0.027 mg/L, respectively. However, there is a decreasing trend in the release of microfibers and indigo dye when the washing temperature exceeds 50 °C. Furthermore, our data suggests that an increase in washing load leads to a significant change in the number of microfibers (from 978 items/g fabric to 1997 items/g fabric) and their mass (from 156.87 μg/g fabric to 343.56 μg/g fabric). The influence of washing time, washing temperature, and washing load on microfiber length shows relatively small fluctuations within the range of 600–900 µm. This study provides new ideas and methods for estimating the release of microfiber and indigo dye in denim washing around the world.

A study of new washing machine for the care of delicate garments by testing on wool and silk fabrics

There is an increasing demand for gentle laundry and care of the delicate and high-end garments for maintaining their performance and appearance during the use. A tapping washing system was designed for the care of delicate garments. Adjustable and steady up-down tapping force was applied on fabrics or garments during laundry through the centric slider-crank mechanism with control parameters, such as the magnitude and frequency of the tapping force, washing temperature and duration, etc. By comparing with traditional drum rotation washing on wool and silk fabrics, the tapping washing method could prevent felting shrinkage of wool fabrics and crease of silk fabrics, and maintain their good appearance, although the washing efficiency for the removal of soils from garments needs to be further explored. The newly designed prototype of the tapping washing device could be the foundation for future research on gentle washing without the movement of fabrics but circulation of detergent washing solution during tapping action on the fabrics.

Water-saving optimization design of aggregate processing plant and recycled water utilization for producing concrete

Water resources utilization in large hydropower projects is primarily allocated to aggregate washing. Current washing devices are inefficient and lead to serious waste of water. Thus, a novel washing device is designed by optimizing outlet point layout and hydraulic form. The device's various nozzles, particularly the spiral ones, offer greater rinsing coverage and improved washing efficiency with multiple interfacial sprays. Compared to conventional methods, the new washing process has reduced water usage by half, and its effectiveness has been verified in Yebatan hydropower station's aggregate processing system. Subsequently, the feasibility of using recycled water for concrete mixing is verified. Recycled water may impair concrete performance due to Cl− accumulation after flocculation and high suspended solids concentration. Experiments confirm that Cl− and under 1800 mg L−1 suspended solids concentration do not significantly impair concrete performance. This work optimizes the utilization of water resources in aggregate processing from source and terminal.

The Efficiency Improvement of the Device Based on the Example of a High Building Facade Washer in the Area of Industry 4.0

The publication analyzes aspects of energy efficiency of various types and several technological concepts of facade washing devices. The conducted analyses and tests answered the most essential question of this stage: which, from the technical point of view of solving the problem of stabilizing the track of the washing machine, gives the highest guarantee of effective stabilization of this track in unfavorable wind conditions. The literature analysis showed several solutions to the problem of track stabilization of facade washing machines on the market, of which suction cups stabilize the machine device, a system not attached to the wall of the building, and fans or propellers have been commercialized. However, it pointed out that there are no universal solutions. Detailed analysis of solutions under many criteria led to finding the solution with the fewest defects at this stage of analysis and potentially the greatest chance of success. Thanks to the results of work and research on the effectiveness of technology, it was possible to implement a number of solutions leading to the improvement of work efficiency, safety, and the development of Industry 4.0.

Design and Build a Covid-19 Health Protocol Tool at a Doctor's Practice Based on the Internet of Things

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has been facing an outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). A person can catch the Corona virus when touching the nose, mouth or eyes after touching a surface that has been contaminated with the virus from a person who coughs or sneezes. To prevent contracting COVID-19, one way that can be done is to get used to washing hands with soap and running water, especially when in public places. Doctor Usman's practice is one of the medical practices in Kisaran City. The doctor's practice handles common diseases, the patients who come consist of various groups. During the current pandemic, the existing health protocols are strictly guarded in order to stop the spread of the existing virus. The protocol used is to always wear a mask, keep a distance and wash your hands before entering. Hand washing in practice is still using manual hand washing, namely with water filled in a paint barrel and given a faucet. The working system of the tool made is when the patient's hand is close to the water faucet, the ultrasonic sensor will detect the distance between the sensor and the hand. When the detected distance is less than the specified distance, the relay will be active to order the water out. The working system for soap and hand dryers is also the same as for water systems, namely detecting with an ultrasonic system. Then when the water sensor located in the water and soap container detects that the contents are empty, the sensor in it sends a notification to the officer or nurse who is in charge of the tool. With the automatic hand washing device, people don't need to touch the water faucet to wash their hands, thereby minimizing the possibility of transmitting the virus

Technical, environmental, and economic feasibility investigation of an innovative dry washing process for metal degreasing

Industrial washing is essential in manufacturing and many other technological fields. Nowadays, steam washing is the most common technique. However, it involves chemical solvents which are potentially noxious for the environment and difficult to be disposed of. Therefore, there is a growing demand for alternative washing techniques that would ensure low operating costs, extensive productivity, high efficiency, environmental sustainability, good compatibility with different materials, and safe operating conditions. A fluidized bed (FB) represents a promising alternative to satisfy market requirements. In this study, a prototype of FB machine for the degreasing of pressure vessels was designed, built, and compared to the current solvent washing machine. The scope of the work is to assess the technical, environmental, and economic feasibility of a FB device for industrial washing. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to detect the process parameters influencing the cleaning. The optimal process parameters were identified based on the experimental results. Life cycle assessment (LCA) and cost analysis were performed to evaluate environmental impacts, and operating costs. The results confirmed the validity of FB technology as an alternative to current washing techniques thanks to its higher cleanness, minor environmental impact and costs, and comparable productivity.

Application of sustainable power and laser washing device in garment design

Abstract With social progress, economic development, the rapid improvement of science, technology and productivity, and the profound change of social productivity, there has been a serious energy and environmental crisis all over the world. By using the candle burning effect of laser, the laser cleaning device can directly absorb the laser energy, vaporize and decompose the pollutants on the surface of clothing materials, so as to achieve the purpose of cleaning. Energy is an important material basis for human survival and development. Stable, reliable and safe energy supply system and efficient, economic and clean energy utilization are indispensable. The prediction of the development trend of solar power generation technology shows that the trend of optical fiber power generation is clear. The combination of sustainable power and laser water washing device is applied to the garment cleaning process. It analyzes that the garment materials are affected by the laser cleaning speed and laser cleaning power in the cleaning process, and adjusts the appropriate parameters to achieve effective cleaning. The application of sustainable power generated by photovoltaic power generation to the actual process of clothing can not only reduce the consumption of natural resources, environmental pollution and other problems, but also be applied to clothing and other manufacturing industries without restrictions. In the era of sustainable development, energy plays an important role in the coordinated development of economy, society and environment. When the carbon fiber surface is cleaned by laser, the relationship between cleaning spacing, cleaning speed, cleaning area and cleaning time is conducive to formulate a reasonable cleaning scheme. According to the experimental research, when the power P = 100 W, the carbon fiber surface is cleaned of particulate matter, and the laser-cleaned surface is in better condition than when it is treated at high temperatures.

Rancang Bangun Pencuci Tangan Berbasis Water Level Control di Pesantren Darul Muttaqin Kabupaten Sinjai

Washing hands using soap is one of the three main movements of an effective health protocol to mitigate the transmission of Covid-19 and other infectious diseases. To apply this protocol, Darul Muttaqin Islamic Boarding School as a partner of this activity lacks of physical infrastructure to support and encourage the habit of washing hands in the community. This program is directed at procuring hand washing equipment with a water level control and an integrated disposal system at the site. The form and stages of the program are formulated based on intensive discussions with the partners. The hand washing equipment has been produced in the design and the manufacturing stage. The design stages include the model design, the dimension determinations, and the budget plan calculation. While the manufacturing stages include the manufacture of the structure, installation of reservoirs and accessories, electrical installations, and installation of drainage and sewer lines. The dual-function hand washing device is an output product of this program which has been handed over to partners to be used as best as possible by the students.

Modeling desorption and adsorption kinetics of reactive red 195 in washing microenvironment

The faded-on stains of cotton clothes are a common daily phenomenon. The desorption and adsorption of reactive dyes are theoretically responsible for the faded-on stains on cotton clothes in the washing microenvironment, especially when the light color cotton fabrics ( LCFs) are washed together with the cotton fabrics dyed in highly saturated color ( CFSCs). However, the effects of washing parameters on the desorption and adsorption kinetics of reactive dyes and the mitigation of faded-on stains in the washing microenvironment through washing parameter optimization are poorly understood. This study thoroughly discusses the desorption and adsorption behaviors of reactive red 195 in the washing microenvironment from the inhibition of color transfer. Firstly, CFSCs and LCFs were prepared by using reactive red 195 and cotton fabrics. Secondly, the effects of washing parameters, washing temperature, washing liquor ratio, and washing solution pH, on the dye desorption and adsorption rate were studied with the simulated washing device ( SWD), followed by the response surface analysis of washing parameters. Thirdly, the modeling of desorption and adsorption kinetics and velocity were detailed. Finally, the model of dye desorption and adsorption was validated in a drum washing machine ( DWM). The results are helpful for the design of scientific washing procedures to curb the faded-on stains of cotton clothes effectively.

ATTITUDES TOWARD EFFECTIVE HAND WASHING AND A NEW LOW-COST HAND WASHING DEVICE TO REDUCE THE SPREAD OF COVID-19 CASES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTHEASTERN BANGLADESH

Background: During the Covid-19 pandemic, the risk is high for people to contact the virus. The risk multiplies at crowded places. To combat the problem in a country like Bangladesh, where hygienic practices are poor, we manufactured a user-friendly hand washing device. The public use of this device will ensure a hygienic lifestyle for people. Methods: Manufactured in Bangladesh’s Cumilla and unveiled on August 15, 2020, this “Foot Press Hand washing Device” is a system requiring only a foot pressing to operate. It was designed based on the hydraulic pressure of the air pump having two operational aspects- soap ejection and water outlet. An online cross-sectional survey on 450 individuals in three cities and a face-to-face survey in a Bangladesh village were conducted to assess users’ satisfaction. Results: A total of 73.1% and 70.1% respondents in two surveys used a hand washing device in the past six months, 71.8% and 73.8% prioritized 20-second hand washing, 37.6% and 68.7% voiced importance of health hygiene against Covid-19. A total of 71.0% and 78.1% found the device unique while 71.2% and 74.7% believed it useful against Covid-19, 68.0% and 73.3% believed it suitable for rural people, 71.8% and 73.6% believed that it could be placed in a crowded place, 44.4% and 65.1% found it user-friendly for rural people. Conclusions: The device helps restrict virus transmission by washing hands with soap water in public places. This low-cost device can be produced using locally available materials. Future studies are needed to assess its effectiveness to prevent Covid-19 and hygiene-related infections.

Study of a new device for washing and concentrating cryopreserved hematopoietic stem cells and mononuclear cells: a single center experience

Background aimsCryopreserved cellular products, as parts of hematopoietic progenitor cell (HPC) transplants, mononuclear cell reinjections for donor lymphocyte infusion or extracorporeal photopheresis, can be washed before being reinjected into the patient or infused directly, depending on local practices. The aim of washing is to reduce the incidence and severity of adverse reactions (ARs) due to the dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) used as a cryoprotective agent and other factors, such as dead cell debris. At the authors’ cell therapy laboratory (CTL) in Poitiers, France, as in 76% of Etablissement Français du Sang (EFS) CTLs, all cryopreserved products undergo thawing in a water bath followed by washing with the COBE 2991. As this device will soon cease to be available, an alternative process needs to be assessed. MethodsThe authors compared two closed systems: the authors’ semi-automatic system using the traditional centrifugation method (COBE 2991) and an automated device using spinning membrane filtration (Lovo). A total of 72 HPC bags available for research were used. The authors first performed a paired comparison, processing one or two HPC bags washed by each device. A second study was carried out to compare two different washing solutions generally used by EFS CTLs along with variable storage conditions. Finally, the authors studied the efficiency of the Lovo with three or four thawed bags. The main parameters studied were viable CD34+ cell recovery and viability, CD3+ cell recovery, stability up to 6 h after washing, DMSO elimination and center feasibility. ResultsThe Lovo device showed better CD34+ cell recovery compared with the COBE 2991 while maintaining CD34+ viability and stability over 6 h. Moreover, Lovo efficiency seemed to be independent of the number of thawed bags processed and washing solution used in the authors’ study. CD3+ cell recovery met the authors’ internal specifications (cell recovery >50%), with similar results seen when processing with either the COBE 2991 or Lovo. Additionally, on average, 97% of DMSO was removed after washing with Lovo, minimizing the risk of ARs. The storage conditions post-processing indicated preferred storage conditions of 7 ± 3°C. Finally, if processing time seemed shorter using COBE 2991 for one bag washed, the Lovo device required only one staff member regardless of the number of HPC bags processed. ConclusionsThe Lovo device seems to provide an opportunity to standardize HPC processing, ensuring patient safety, with, on average, 97% of DMSO removed, while improving recovery of cells of interest and maintaining viability over time in case of delayed transplant. The Lovo device consequently seems to be a serious alternative to the COBE 2991.

RANCANG BANGUN AUTOMATIC HAND WASHING STATION DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN MIKROKONTROLLLER ARDUINO UNO R3

Washbasin needs to be provided in a place that is generally visited by people. It is necessary to design an automatic hand washing machine to reduce direct contact. This study aims to design and manufacture a simple automatic hand washing device, using a microcontroller and equipped with sensors to regulate the faucets and also regulate the release of the soap dish. This research has 3 stages. The first stage of planning includes the selection of actuators, sensors, and microcontrollers. Second, the manufacture of tools in the form of mechanical manufacture, electrical circuits, and programming. The final stage is testing, responding to tools that will function properly, and monitoring those that still need to be developed. Based on the research, the Automatic Hand Washing Station design tool uses a frame in the form of steel angles with holes SA75 3.75 x 3.75 with binders in the form of Hex Bolt and Nut M10, Arduino Uno R3 Microcontroller, Relay Module, Buck Converter, 2 Infrared Sensors, 5 LEDs, the actuators used are Single pump DC 12V 4.5A, servo motor 9.4 kgf.cm, reservoir with a capacity of 19 liters, and Power Adapter 12V 5A. The electronic system affects the performance of the actuator which results in the less functioning of the actuator itself. This connected obstacle is caused by the condition of the jumper cables that accumulate and also the less than the optimal output power. The programming system uses the Arduino IDE and can run well in the simulation tool process.

EVALUASI PROGRAM PENDAMPINGAN PEMBUATAN PERANGKAT CUCI TANGAN OTOMATIS DALAM UPAYA MITIGASI COVID-19 DI SULAWESI TENGGARA

The number of positive cases of COVID-19 has continued to increase since it was announced by the Government in early March 2020. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the provision of hygiene and sanitation facilities is one of the most important means of mitigating the outbreak of COVID-19 and other infectious diseases. This study aims to evaluate the socialization of assistance in making automatic handwashing devices online to communities in Southeast Sulawesi as an effort to mitigate COVID-19. The socialization was carried out by collaborating with the Southeast Sulawesi COVID-19 SATGAS Secretariat as a display location for a prototype automatic hand washing device. Meanwhile, assistance is carried out through the implementation of webinars via Zoom and the publication of video tutorials on social media in the form of YouTube and other media. The performance evaluation of the mentoring program is carried out in two forms, namely searches on online media and through online feedback presented after the webinar. Based on the response from online media and the feedback, the public responded positively to this and some of them were interested in making similar hand washing devices.

Knowledge, attitudes and perceptions related to COVID-19 among Beninese military

The aim of this study was to assess the level of knowledge guiding attitudes, and to highlight the perceptions of Beninese military personnel towards COVID-19. This is a cross-sectional study conducted from May 18 to June 16, 2020 in the garrison of Cotonou through the administration of an anonymous questionnaire to 836 participants. To assess the level of knowledge, major and minor criterion were defined. The level of attitude was assessed in relation to specific questions on the use of the hand washing device; the frequency of hand washing and the wearing of a mask. Above 50%, the level of general knowledge was considered good. Statistics were analyzed by Stata 15.1. The mean age was 34.49 years. The sex ratio was 08.1. Officers were the most represented (55.27%). Soldiers from the 1st Motorized Intervention Battalion participated most in this study. It was found that 12.61% had a good level of knowledge and about 95% reported having a satisfactory attitude towards the coronavirus. Majority of participants (87.62%) declared that the pandemic had a negative impact on their lives. The level of knowledge of military personnel about the coronavirus is considered low. Initiatives based on appropriate information sources should be developed to strengthen their attitudes for better impact. Key words: Knowledge, attitudes, perception, coronavirus, military personnel, Benin.

Penerapan Alat Cuci Tangan Otomatis untuk Masyarakat Kelurahan Bukit Merapin Kota Pangkalpinang

Since the beginning of 2020, the world has faced an outbreak of the Corona Virus Disease (COVID-19). Corona virus can be transmitted when someone touches nose, mouth or eyes after touching a surface that has been contaminated with the virus from a person who coughs or sneezes. To prevent contracting COVID-19, one way that can be done is to get used to washing hands with soap and running water, especially when in public places. With the automatic hand washing equipment, people do not need to touch the water tap to wash their hands, thus minimizing the possibility of spreading the virus. The hand washing device is made consisting of a water tap that can flow water automatically when an ultrasonic sensor captures hand movements around the mouth of the faucet and a water reservoir that can be filled automatically based on the reading of the water level by the ultrasonic sensor. This automatic hand washing tool has been used in sub-district office and mosque in Bukit Merapin sub-district, Pangkalpinang.