Deviatoric Cauchy Stress Research Articles

The large strain snap-through effect in free torsion of highly elastic soft thin-walled tubes with exact closed-form solutions

It is found for the first time that, as the applied torque attains a critical value, a freely twisted highly elastic tube may jump from one to another state over large strain range. Unlike usual approximate buckling analyses of thin shell structures with Hooke’s law for small strain, such large strain snap-through effect needs to be studied with a large strain model that can accurately simulate nonlinear elastic behaviors of soft materials. As such, nonlinear coupling issues have to be treated both in large strain kinematics and in hyper-elastic constitutive formulation.It appears that exact results would be rare even for buckling analyses with small strain but large deflections. Here, the above coupling issues are treated with a novel and decoupled approach. To this end, explicit and decoupled forms of the dual potentials for hyper-elastic stress–strain and strain–stress relationships are constructed with well-designed invariants of the Hencky strain and the deviatoric Cauchy stress and, hence, multiple data sets from benchmark tests are accurately matched with these forms in a decoupled sense. It is then shown that the nonlinear coupling equations for large torsion of elastic thin tubes can be worked out to produce exact closed-form solutions for the average radius ratio, the axial length ratio and the thickness ratio as well as the applied torque. With these solutions, the large strain snap-through effect is disclosed with an explicit criterion. Furthermore, numerical examples are provided with comparison to test data and, in particular, the large torsion response features with the snap-through effect are discussed with reference to possible correlations to certain symptoms in vascular abnormalities of blood vessels, etc.

A non-linear complementary energy-based constitutive model for incompressible isotropic materials

Inverse non-linear stress–strain relations between the logarithmic Hencky strain tensor and the Cauchy stress tensor are derived for incompressible isotropic materials. The constitutive model is based on a new type of complementary energy potential that considered to be the function of the second and third invariants of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor in a power-law form. A proper scaling of the third deviatoric stress invariant allows separate fitting to uniaxial tension and equibiaxial tension (or uniaxial compression) data. The predictive capabilities of a four- and a six-parameter model are presented through a parameter fitting procedure using Treloar’s experimental data for rubber. The performance of the new constitutive model is also demonstrated by solving the inflation problem of a spherical shell.

Coupled large-strain mechanochemical theory for solid-state reaction with application to oxidation

Oxidation is still perceived as a significant challenge in various industrial applications, e.g., pressurized water reactors and gas-turbines. One of the hurdles in understanding oxidation is its coupled multi-physics nature, i.e., the coupling between mechanics, chemical reaction, change in the microstructure, and diffusion. Here, a general large-strain mechanochemical theory is developed to model the anisotropic reaction/compositional strain in the solid-state chemical reaction. This novel stress-relaxation is achieved by introducing a kinetic relationship between deviatoric reaction deformation rate and the deviatoric Cauchy stress. Also, a new chemical potential and the expression for the driving force for the chemical reaction, including the deviatoric stress, are derived. The new model shows that the deviatoric stress alters the chemical equilibrium constant and reaction rate through reaction-induced deviatoric stress. Finally, the developed mathematical framework is used to study the aluminum oxidation for model calibration and verification; results are in good agreement with existing experimental studies.

Coupled Large-Strain Mechanochemical Theory for Solid-State Reaction With Application to Oxidation

Oxidation is still perceived as a significant challenge in various industrial applications, e.g., pressurized water reactors and gas-turbines. One of the hurdles in understanding oxidation is its coupled multi-physics nature, i.e., the coupling between mechanics, chemical reaction, change in the microstructure, and diffusion. Here, a general large-strain mechano-chemical theory is developed to model the anisotropic reaction/compositional strain in the solid-state chemical reaction. The anisotropic strain leads to a unique stress relaxation mechanism, which is in agreement with existing experimental studies. This novel stress-relaxation is achieved by introducing a kinetic relationship between deviatoric compositional and reaction deformation rate and the deviatoric Cauchy stress. Also, a new chemical potential, including the deviatoric stress, is derived. The new model shows that mechanical stress alters the chemical equilibrium constant through reaction-induced deviatoric stress. Finally, the developed mathematical framework is used to study the aluminum's oxidation for model verification.

A Thermodynamically Consistent Formulation for Dynamic Response of Thermoviscoelastic Plate/Shell Based on Classical Continuum Mechanics (CCM)

This paper presents a thermodynamically consistent and kinematic assumption free formulation for dynamics of thermoviscoelastic plates/shells based on the conservation and balance laws of classical continuum mechanics (CCM) in which dissipation mechanism has been incorporated through ordered rate constitutive theory for deviatoric stress tensor. In this paper, we consider small deformation, small strain. The conservation and balance laws of CCM in [Formula: see text] in Lagrangian description using Cauchy stress tensor ([Formula: see text]) and linearized Green strain tensor ([Formula: see text]) constitute the mathematical model. The constitutive theory for the deviatoric Cauchy stress ([Formula: see text]) is derived using conjugate pairs in entropy inequality in conjunction with representation theorem. The argument tensors of [Formula: see text] are [Formula: see text] and rates of [Formula: see text] up to order [Formula: see text]. This yields a constitutive theory with dissipation mechanism based on rates of strain up to order [Formula: see text]. Constitutive theory for heat vector is also derived using the conjugate pairs in the entropy inequality and representation theorem. Finite element method is used to obtain solutions of the initial value problems descried by the balance of linear momenta (BLM), energy equation and the constitutive theories. The shell element geometry is described by the middle surface and the nodal vectors at the middle surface defining bottom and top surfaces of the element. The local approximation for the displacement field is [Formula: see text] - version hierarchical in the plane of the element as well as in the transverse direction. A space-time decoupled finite element formulation using Galerkin Method with Weak Form (GM/WF) in space is constructed for BLM as well as energy equation, both resulting in ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in time. The ordinary differential equations (ODEs) in time resulting from the finite element formulation of BLM are used to study: (i) natural undamped modes of vibration (ii) the transient dynamic response using the ODEs in time recast in modal basis: (a) using Rayleigh damping (b) using the ordered rate damping proposed in this paper. Time response is calculated using modal damping based on Rayleigh damping as well as using the proposed ordered rate damping mechanism. Model problem studies are presented to demonstrate: (1) accuracy of the natural frequencies obtained from the present formulation for thin and thick plates/shells (in which shear deformation is significant) and the results are compared with the currently used plate formulations (2) accuracy of damped transient response using proposed damping mechanism is compared with time response using Rayleigh damping (3) it is shown that Rayleigh damping has no physical basis and leads to spurious stationary states. The proposed damping yields accurate stationary states that are in exact agreement with the solution of corresponding BVP. A single formulation presented in this paper remains valid and accurate for very thin as well as very thick plates/shells and correctly simulates 3D state of deformation regardless of plate/shell thickness and is free of shear locking problems as well as need for shear corrections. When obtaining the time response, solution for an increment of time alternates between the solution of BLM followed by the solution of the energy equation. Details are presented in the paper.

Giesekus Constitutive Model for Thermoviscoelastic Fluids based on Ordered Rate Constitutive Theories

This paper presents derivation of Giesekus constitutive model in Eulerian description based on ordered rate constitutive theories for thermoviscoelastic fluids for compressible and incompressible cases in contra-, co-variant and Jaumann bases. The ordered rate constitutive theories for thermoviscoelastic fluids of orders (m, n) consider convected time derivative of order m of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor in a chosen basis (i.e. co-, contra-variant or Jaumann) as dependent variable in the development of constitutive theories for the stress tensor. Its argument tensors consist of density, temperature, convected time derivatives of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor of up to order m-1 and convected time derivative of up to order n of the conjugate strain tensor. In addition, constitutive theory for the heat vector compatible with the constitutive theory for the deviatoric stress tensor is also presented in co-, contra-variant and Jaumann bases. It is shown that the Giesekus constitutive model is a subset of the rate constitutive theory of orders m = n = 1. It is also shown that the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor (contra-, co-variant or Jaumann basis) naturally results as dependent variable in the constitutive theory, and that currently used Giesekus constitutive model in deviatoric polymer Cauchy stress tensor is not derivable based on axioms and principles of the constitutive theory in continuum mechanics. Numerical studies are presented for fully developed flow between parallel plates for a dense polymeric liquid using the Giesekus constitutive model derived in this paper as well as currently used model.

Rate constitutive theories for ordered thermoviscoelastic fluids: polymers

This paper presents development of rate constitutive theories for compressible as well as in incompressible ordered thermoviscoelastic fluids, i.e., polymeric fluids in Eulerian description. The polymeric fluids in this paper are considered as ordered thermoviscoelastic fluids in which the stress rate of a desired order, i.e., the convected time derivative of a desired order ‘m’ of the chosen deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor, and the heat vector are functions of density, temperature, temperature gradient, convected time derivatives of the chosen strain tensor up to any desired order ‘n’ and the convected time derivative of up to orders ‘m−1’ of the chosen deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor. The development of the constitutive theories is presented in contravariant and covariant bases, as well as using Jaumann rates. The polymeric fluids described by these constitutive theories will be referred to as ordered thermoviscoelastic fluids due to the fact that the constitutive theories are dependent on the orders ‘m’ and ‘n’ of the convected time derivatives of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and conjugate strain tensors. The highest orders of the convected time derivative of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and strain tensors define the orders of the polymeric fluid. The admissibility requirement necessitates that the constitutive theories for the stress tensor and heat vector satisfy conservation laws, hence, in addition to conservation of mass, balance of momenta, and conservation of energy, the second law of thermodynamics, i.e., Clausius–Duhem inequality must also be satisfied by the constitutive theories or be used in their derivations. If we decompose the total Cauchy stress tensor into equilibrium and deviatoric components, then Clausius–Duhem inequality and Helmholtz free-energy density can be used to determine the equilibrium stress in terms of thermodynamic pressure for compressible fluids and in terms of mechanical pressure for incompressible fluids, but the second law of thermodynamics provides no mechanism for deriving the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor. In the development of the constitutive theories in Eulerian description, the covariant and contravariant convected coordinate systems and Jaumann measures are natural choices. Furthermore, the mathematical models for fluids require Eulerian description in which material point displacements are not measurable. This precludes the use of displacement gradients, i.e., strain measures, in the development of the constitutive theories. It is shown that compatible conjugate pairs of convected time derivatives of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and strain measures in co-, contravariant and Jaumann bases in conjunction with the theory of generators and invariants provide a general mathematical framework for the development of constitutive theories for ordered thermofluids in Eulerian description. This framework has a foundation based on the basic principles and axioms of continuum mechanics, but the resulting constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor must satisfy the condition of positive work expanded, a requirement resulting from the entropy inequality. The paper presents a general theory of constitutive equations for ordered thermoviscoelastic fluids which is then specialized to obtain commonly used constitutive equations for Maxwell, Giesekus and Oldroyd-B constitutive models in contra- and covariant bases and using Jaumann rates.

Rate constitutive theories for ordered thermofluids

The paper considers developments of constitutive theories in Eulerian description for compressible as well as incompressible ordered homogeneous and isotropic thermofluids in which the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and the heat vector are functions of density, temperature, temperature gradient, and the convected time derivatives of the strain tensors of up to a desired order. The fluids described by these constitutive theories are called ordered thermofluids due to the fact that the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and heat vector are dependent on the convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to a desired order, the highest order of the convected time derivative of the strain tensor in the argument tensors defines the ‘order of the fluid’. The admissibility requirement necessitates that the constitutive theories for the stress tensor and heat vector satisfy conservation laws, hence, in addition to conservation of mass, balance of momenta, and conservation of energy, the second law of thermodynamics, that is, Clausius–Duhem inequality must also be satisfied by the constitutive theories or be used in their derivations. If we decompose the total Cauchy stress tensor into equilibrium and deviatoric components, then Clausius–Duhem inequality and Helmholtz free energy density can be used to determine the equilibrium stress in terms of thermodynamic pressure for compressible fluids and in terms of mechanical pressure for incompressible fluids, but the second law of thermodynamics provides no mechanism for deriving the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor. In the development of the constitutive theories in Eulerian description, the covariant and contravariant convected coordinate systems, and Jaumann measures are natural choices. Furthermore, the mathematical models for fluids require Eulerian description in which material point displacements are not measurable. This precludes the use of displacement gradients, that is, strain measures, in the development of the constitutive theories. It is shown that compatible conjugate pairs of convected time derivatives of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and strain measures in co-, contravariant, and Jaumann bases in conjunction with the theory of generators and invariants provide a general mathematical framework for the development of constitutive theories for ordered thermofluids in Eulerian description. This framework has a foundation based on the basic principles and axioms of continuum mechanics but the resulting constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor must satisfy the condition of positive work expanded, a requirement resulting from the entropy inequality. The paper presents a general theory of constitutive equations for ordered thermofluids which is then specialized, assuming first-order thermofluids, to obtain the commonly used constitutive theories for compressible and incompressible generalized Newtonian and Newtonian fluids. It is demonstrated that the constitutive theories for ordered thermofluids of all orders are indeed rate constitutive theories. We have intentionally used the term ‘thermofluids’ as opposed to ‘thermoviscous fluids’ due to the fact that the constitutive theories presented here describe a broader group of fluids than Newtonian and generalized Newtonian fluids that are commonly referred as thermoviscous fluids.

Rate constitutive theory for ordered thermoelastic solids

When the mathematical models for the deforming solids are constructed using the Eulerian description, the material particle displacements and hence the strain measures are not known. In such cases the constitutive theory must utilize convected time derivatives of the strain measures. The entropy inequality provides a mechanism for determining constitutive equations for the equilibrium stress with the additional requirement that the work expanded due to the deviatoric part of the Cauchy stress tensor be positive, but provides no mechanism for establishing the constitutive theory for it. In the development of the constitutive theory in the Eulerian description for thermoelastic solids, one must consider a coordinate system in the current configuration in which the deformed material lines can be identified. Thus the covariant, contravariant and Jaumann convected coordinate systems are natural choices for the development of the constitutive theory. The compatible conjugate pairs of convected time derivatives of the stress and strain measures in these bases in conjunction with the theory of generators and invariants provide a general mathematical framework for the development of the constitutive theory for thermoelastic solids. This framework has a foundation based on the basic principles and axioms of continuum mechanics but the resulting constitutive theory must satisfy the conditions resulting from the entropy inequality to ensure thermodynamic equilibrium of the deforming matter. This paper presents development of rate constitutive theories for compressible as well as incompressible, homogeneous, isotropic solids. The density, temperature, and temperature gradient in the current configuration and the convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to any desired order in the chosen basis are considered as the argument tensors of the first convected time derivative of the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and heat vector. The thermoelastic solids described by these constitutive theories are termed ordered thermoelastic solids due to the fact that the constitutive theories for the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and heat vector are dependent on the convected time derivatives of the strain tensor up to any desired order, the highest order defining the order of the solid.

Further Developments of Physically Based Invariants for Nonlinear Elastic Orthotropic Solids

Recently, Rubin and Jabareen (J. Elast. 90:1–18, 2008) introduced six physically based invariants for nonlinear elastic orthotropic solids which are measures of distortions that cause deviatoric Cauchy stress. Three of these invariants include three dependent functions that characterize the distortion in a hydrostatic state of stress. In particular, these invariants can be used without the need to place additional restrictions on the strain energy function to model the distortion in a hydrostatic state of stress. The objective of this research note is to modify the definitions of the remaining three invariants. These new invariants have clear physical interpretations that can be measured in experiments.

Nonlocal gradient-dependent modeling of plasticity with anisotropic hardening

This work addresses the formulation of the thermodynamics of nonlocal plasticity using the gradient theory. The formulation is based on the nonlocality energy residual introduced by Eringen and Edelen (1972). Gradients are introduced for those variables associated with isotropic and kinematic hardening. The formulation applies to small strain gradient plasticity and makes use of the evanescent memory model for kinematic hardening. This is accomplished using the kinematic flux evolution as developed by Zbib and Aifantis (1988). Therefore, the present theory is a four nonlocal parameter-based theory that accounts for the influence of large variations in the plastic strain, accumulated plastic strain, accumulated plastic strain gradients, and the micromechanical evolution of the kinematic flux. Using the principle of virtual power and the laws of thermodynamics, thermodynamically-consistent equations are derived for the nonlocal plasticity yield criterion and associated flow rule. The presence of higher-order gradients in the plastic strain is shown to enhance a corresponding history variable which arises from the accumulation of the plastic strain gradients. Furthermore, anisotropy is introduced by plastic strain gradients in the form of kinematic hardening. Plastic strain gradients can be attributed to the net Burgers vector, while gradients in the accumulation of plastic strain are responsible for the introduction of isotropic hardening. The equilibrium between internal Cauchy stress and the microstresses conjugate to the higher-order gradients frames the yield criterion, which is obtained from the principle of virtual power. Microscopic boundary conditions, associated with plastic flow, are introduced to supplement the macroscopic boundary conditions of classical plasticity. The nonlocal formulation developed here preserves the classical assumption of local plasticity, wherein plastic flow direction is governed by the deviatoric Cauchy stress. The theory is applied to the problems of thin films on both soft and hard substrates. Numerical solutions are presented for bi-axial tension and simple shear loading of thin films on substrates.

Physically Based Invariants for Nonlinear Elastic Orthotropic Solids

Hydrostatic loading causes an isotropic elastic solid to be in a state of pure dilatation with no distortion relative to its unstressed reference configuration. Similarly, hydrostatic loading causes a general orthotropic solid to be distorted relative to its unstressed reference configuration. This paper introduces physically based invariants for orthotropic nonlinear elastic solids which are measures of distortions that cause deviatoric Cauchy stress. Specifically, these invariants allow for the modeling of the distortion in a hydrostatic state of stress independently of the form of the strain energy function. Consequently, use of these invariants may lead to simpler forms of the strain energy function which adequately model specific orthotropic solids.

Nonlocal Gradient-Dependent Thermodynamics for Modeling Scale-Dependent Plasticity

This article is concerned with formulating the thermodynamics of nonlocal gradient-dependent plasticity based on the nonlocality energy residual introduced by Eringen and Edelen (1972). A thermodynamic based theory for small strain gradient plasticity is developed by introducing gradients for variables associated with kinematic and isotropic hardening. This theory is a three-nonlocal-parameter theory that takes into consideration large variations in the plastic strain, large variations in the accumulated plastic strain, and accumulation of plastic strain gradients. It is shown that the presence of higher-order gradients in the plastic strain enforces the presence of a corresponding history variable brought by the accumulation of the plastic strain gradients. Gradients in the plastic strain introduce anisotropy in the form of kinematic hardening and are attributed to the net Burgers vector, whereas gradients in the accumulation of the plastic strain introduce isotropic hardening attributed to the additional storage of geometrically necessary dislocations. The equilibrium, or so-called microforce balance, between the internal Cauchy stress and the microstresses that are conjugates to the higher-order gradients turns out to be the yield criterion, which can be simply retrieved from the principle of virtual power. The classical macroscopic boundary conditions are supplemented by nonclassical microscopic boundary conditions associated with plastic flow. The developed nonlocal theory preserves the classical assumption of the local plasticity theory such that the plastic flow direction is governed by the deviatoric Cauchy stress. However, it is also argued here that plastic flow direction is the same as if it is governed by the nonlocal microstress. This is not in line with Gurtin (2003), who argued that the plastic flow direction is governed by a microstress and not the deviatoric Cauchy stress. Some generalities and the utility of this theory are discussed, and comparisons with other gradient theories are given. Applications of the proposed theory for size effects in thin films are presented.

Application of corotational rates of the logarithmic strain in constitutive modeling of hardening materials at finite deformations

In this paper a finite deformation constitutive model for rigid plastic hardening materials based on the logarithmic strain tensor is introduced. The flow rule of this constitutive model relates the corotational rate of the logarithmic strain tensor to the difference of the deviatoric Cauchy stress and the back stress tensors. The evolution equation for the kinematic hardening of this model relates the corotational rate of the back stress tensor to the corotational rate of the logarithmic strain tensor. Using Jaumann, Green–Naghdi, Eulerian and logarithmic corotational rates in the proposed constitutive model, stress–strain responses and subsequent yield surfaces are determined for rigid plastic kinematic and isotropic hardening materials in the simple shear problem at finite deformations.

Explicit dual stress-strain and strain-stress relations of incompressible isotropic hyperelastic solids via deviatoric Hencky strain and Cauchy stress

It is demonstrated that of all finite strain measures there is one and only one able to realize fully uncoupled separation of the volumetric and the isochoric deformation in a natural, additive manner. This unique measure is Hencky’s logarithmic strain, and its remarkable property is utilized to establish dual stress-strain and strain-stress relations for isotropic, incompressible hyperelastic solids. It is indicated that the deviatoric Hencky strain and the deviatoric Cauchy stress are derivable straightforwardly from two dual elastic potentials with respect to each other. Further, the three basic invariants of Hencky’s strain naturally reduce to two in the case of incompressibility, and these two invariants may be used to express the isotropic elastic potential. This results in simple, explicit dual representations for the foregoing dual stress-strain and strain-stress relations. In particular, it is shown that the Cauchy-Green deformation tensor can be explicitly derived from a complementary potential as function of the basic invariants of the deviatoric Cauchy stress, which automatically satisfies the hyperelasticity condition, the isotropy condition, and the incompressibility condition.

A unified treatment of strain gradient plasticity

A theoretical framework is presented that has potential to cover a large range of strain gradient plasticity effects in isotropic materials. Both incremental plasticity and viscoplasticity models are presented. Many of the alternative models that have been presented in the literature are included as special cases. Based on the expression for plastic dissipation, it is in accordance with Gurtin (J. Mech. Phys. Solids 48 (2000) 989; Int. J. Plast. 19 (2003) 47) argued that the plastic flow direction is governed by a microstress q ij and not the deviatoric Cauchy stress σ ij ′ that has been assumed by many others. The structure of the governing equations is of second order in the displacements and the plastic strains which makes it comparatively easy to implement in a finite element programme. In addition, a framework for the formulation of consistent boundary conditions is presented. It is shown that there is a close connection between surface energy of an interface and boundary conditions in terms of plastic strains and moment stresses. This should make it possible to study boundary layer effects at the interface between grains or phases. Consistent boundary conditions for an expanding elastic–plastic boundary are as well formulated. As examples, biaxial tension of a thin film on a thick substrate, torsion of a thin wire and a spherical void under remote hydrostatic tension are investigated.

Torsion of a Viscoelastic Cylinder

Finite torsional deformations of an incompressible viscoelastic circular cylinder are studied with its material modeled by two constitutive relations. One of these is a linear relation between the determinate part of the second Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor and the time history of the Green-St. Venant strain tensor, and the other a linear relation between the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and the left Cauchy-Green tensor, its inverse, and the time history of the relative Green-St. Venant strain tensor. It is shown that the response predicted by the latter constitutive relation is in better agreement with the test data, and this constitutive relation is used to compute energy dissipated during torsional oscillations of the cylinder. [S0021-8936(00)00502-X]

A plasticity-damage theory for large deformation of solids—I. Theoretical formulation

A coupled theory of continuum damage mechanics and finite strain plasticity (with small elastic strains) is formulated in the Eulerian reference system. The yield function used is of the von Mises type and incorporates both isotropic and kinematic hardening. An explicit matrix representation is derived for the damage effect tensor for a general state of deformation and damage. Although the theory is applicable to anisotropic damage, the matrix representation is restricted to isotropy. A linear transformation is shown to exist between the effective deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and the total Cauchy stress tensor. It is also shown that a linear transformation between the deviatoric Cauchy stress tensor and its effective counterpart is not possible as this will lead to plastic incompressibility in damaged materials. In addition, an effective elasto-plastic stiffness tensor is derived that includes the effects of damage. The proposed model is applied to void growth through the use of Gurson's yield function. It is also shown how a modified Gurson function can be related to the proposed model. Some interesting results are obtained in this case.

The significance of pure measures of distortion in nonlinear elasticity with reference to the Poynting problem

The objective of this paper is to show the significance of expressing the strain energy function in terms of a scalar pure measure of dilatation and a tensor pure measure of distortion, which were essentially introduced by Flory [1]. It is shown that convenient representations for the strain energies of dilatation and distortion, and the pressure and deviatoric Cauchy stress may be recorded in terms of these deformation measures. After specializing to the case of an isotropic material, specific constitutive equations are proposed and the Poynting problem is considered. It is shown that the Poynting effect (extension of a bar in torsion) is significantly influenced by coupling between dilatational and distortional strain energies, which is caused by the dependence of the shear modulus on dilatation.