Categories Of Deviance Research Articles

Analisis Perilaku Lesbian dalam Perspektif BK Islami

Adolescent same-sex attraction has led to negative behaviors and challenges among adolescents, particularly in Bulu Village. The emergence of lesbianism in this community indicates a departure from societal norms regarding sexuality, causing intimidation and issues within the local populace. This study concentrates on integrating Islamic values and counseling into the attitudes of LGBT groups, particularly junior and senior high school students. Using a qualitative approach, the research took place in Bulu Village over four months during the 2021/2022 academic year. Primary data came from interviews and observations, while secondary data were derived from documentation. The findings reveal that respondents' deviant sexual orientation falls into the moderately deviant category. They experience attraction to the same sex and even engage in romantic relationships. An Islamic perspective aims to guide these individuals in changing their attitudes, assisting those struggling with sexual orientation and lesbian viewpoints. Challenges faced by respondents include managing daily life and avoiding deviant behavior. Strategies include acknowledging wrongdoing, seeking repentance, avoiding negative influences, and maintaining positivity.

DEPRIVATION OF REPRODUCTIVE RIGHT OF SEX OFFENDERS: SOCIAL OPINION AND LEGISLATIVE REGULATION

The aim: The purpose of this article is to illustrate the social demand for the need to discriminate against perpetrators of sexual crimes by depriving them of reproductive rights. Materials and methods: The authors of the research used the legislation of various world countries, scientific papers, caselaw, the provisions of international legal acts, in particular, the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The authors of the research used a complex set of general and special methods of cognition such as dialectical, comparative, analytical, generalization method, statistical and sociological method (questionnaire method). Results: The survey conducted by the authors highlights the attitude of physicians and law enforcement officials (100 people) to the sterilization of criminals as a measure necessary to prevent the commission of sexual crimes both by such persons and by others who are prone to committing such crimes but will refrain from their commission due to the fear of sterilization. The questionnaire shows the gap between awareness and recognition of natural human rights such as the right to reproduce and the desire to deprive a certain deviant category of people of this right for their safety. Conclusion: Based on the conducted analysis, the authors have formulated that there is currently a great social demand for radical measures to prevent the commission of sexual crimes by sterilizing those who committed such crimes. At the same time, the legislation of some countries also embodies such a desire of society in the relevant norms and provides the use of sterilization of criminals for special and general prevention of crimes against sexual freedom and inviolability. The research also demonstrates the erroneousness of this approach and proves the inadmissibility and medical inexpediency of depriving perpetrators of sexual crimes of their reproductive rights.

Facts of cripness to the Brazilian: dialogues with Avatar, the film

The influence of queer theory on the humanities is also reflected in disability studies, contributing to the emergence of crip theory. While the main axiom of queer theory postulates that contemporary society is governed by hetero-cis-normativity, crip theory is supported by the socially constructed postulate of compulsory able-bodiedness that is not very sensitive to the body's diversity. The translation of the term crip into the category of crippled in Portuguese (i.e. aleijado) is a way of giving the same sense of the word in English, indicating an area reserved for people with disabilities. Considering that gay and lesbian studies initially focused their investigations on the question of homosexuality being a "natural" or "unnatural" behavior, remaining within a binary logic, queer theory expands the investigative focus by encompassing any kind of sexual practice or identity that circumscribes normative or deviant categories. From this perspective, disabled bodies are also queer. The objective of this work is to discuss the analytical and intersectional potential of a queer/crip epistemology in the constitution of disability experience from the "global south", based on autoethnographic accounts and analysis of the Avatar movie.

The 'Money for Nothing' Problem in Economics: The Specific Case of Virtual Intimate Exchanges.

This work seeks to broaden the issue of the economic analysis of both sexual exchange, in general, and virtual exchange using digital transfers in particular. Economic work on sexual exchanges has tended to be bogged down in fixation with the price paid usually in standard econometric analyses of the determinants of rates paid in street, or escort, prostitution. Even papers in the journal. Feminist Economics follow this narrow template. The new phenomenon of rinsing (such as men giving gifts to women who they have only followed on line – i.e. not sex performers on web cams etc.) and the more deviant category of long distance financial domination are puzzling forms of economic transaction. Taken literally these are closer to altruism than trades in terms of normal economic models. However, altruism is not a suitable category to encompass the trade taking place for a number of reasons. Conceptualizing the rinsing market as economic activity seems to require more attention to the role of fantasizing as a form of leisure consumption than has hitherto been the case. This may apply more widely to digital activity outside of sexual markets (e.g. imaginary communities, trade in the only virtual and role playing games).

Sex, Drugs, and Deception: Deviance in the Hair Salon Industry

ABSTRACTThe unique organizational structure of the hair salon industry fosters an environment in which multiple factors, including varying levels of status, opportunity, and motivation, can create or constrain possibilities for deviant behavior. Using data from participant observation, personal interviews, and systematic introspection, four categories of deviance emerge: theft, hyper-sexualized interactions, drug/alcohol use, and questionable/illegal business practices. This study uses a classification of workplace crime, occupational deviance, and occupational crime to illustrate how the typology applies to salon deviance and how the structural location within the industry predicts the types of deviance that occur in each salon organizational structure.

Perceptions of the African Women's Championships: female footballers as anomalies

The African Women's Championships (AWC) was a less publicized football tournament that followed shortly after the 2010 FIFA Men's World Cup in South Africa. On the basis of 169 questionnaires collected in two South African locations, the AWC is used as a focal point to understand the impact of media and increased exposure to women's football on perceptions of women playing football. Themes that arose from the research are described using Mary Douglas' understanding of anomaly. ‘Natural’ descriptions prohibit them from sharing common playing grounds with men, while lesbian labels ostracize them further by placing them in a sexually deviant category. Positive responses were also found with acceptable labelling as foreign, rejection of the social equivalence of sport and sexuality, and a shift to create new categories of acceptability. Even within these acceptances, the ideological shift did not move far from the masculine hegemony surrounding sports as comparisons were constantly made to men as the ultimate successful athlete.

Fear makes you stronger: Responding to feared animal targets in visual search

To investigate whether fear affects the strength with which responses are made, 12 animal-fearful individuals (five snake fearful and seven spider fearful) were instructed to decide as quickly as possible whether an animal target from a deviant category was present in a 3 × 4 item (animal) search array. The animal categories were snakes, spiders, and cats. Response force was measured, in newtons. The results showed that the strength of the response was greater when the feared animal served as the target than when it served as the distractors. This finding was corroborated by evoked heart rate changes to the stimuli. Our findings strengthen the argument that focused attention on a single, feared animal can lead to increases in manual force.

Female Effigies and Performances of Desire: A Consideration of Identity Performance in Lars and the Real Girl.

The female sex doll allows for the projection of uninhibited sexual fantasy and is animated through that fantasy in the mind of her partner. In this way, she can be seen to function as a performative effigy of desire, maintaining heteronormative male sexuality by reflecting a patriarchal ideal of female physicality and objectification while simultaneously demanding a responsive performance of heterosexual masculinity. In the film Lars and the Real Girl, the relationship between the female sex doll and her male partner is shifted into the public sphere, and Lars projects a social, rather than sexual, identity onto Bianca, the sex doll object of his desire. The social identity constructed by Lars reflects his desire for a non-sexual, community-oriented, and ultimately subservient female partner, and the widespread acceptance of this model of femininity by the community is evidenced through the performative interactions that occur between Bianca and those around her. Because the sex doll exists in a potentially deviant category of sexual interaction, the community’s refusal to treat her as an object, but rather as a living subject, reflects the power of performance in the construction and maintenance of social identity. The very fact of Bianca’s object status allows her to take on complex sexual and social fantasy-roles, all of which prove to be problematic, but which ultimately allow for the maintenance of male sexual and social authority.

EDUCATION POLICY, THE NORWEGIAN UNITARY SCHOOL AND THE SOCIAL CONSTRUCTION OF DISABILITY

Traditionally, the Norwegian modernization process has been presented as a success story that focuses on how social movements and democratized political institutions in the 19th and 20th centuries laid the foundations for a society and culture with an emphasis on social equality. The paper offers an alternative analysis of this process, based not on the issue of material equality and inequality, but on the concepts of normality and deviance. A comparison of the development of the Norwegian national education policy since the middle of the 19th century with the Danish and Swedish experiences involves the exclusion of the dissimilar as a distinct feature of the Norwegian policy. ‘Disability’ was constructed as a category of deviance by public policies and administrative and professional practice. The professions – particularly teachers and doctors – were important actors who offered alternative conceptions of normality and disability. However, the constructions that they selected were those that were in closest dialogue with the particular challenges confronted by the Norwegian modernisation process: first the liberal, then the social democratic construction. Because the national conditions confronting the Scandinavian modernization processes differed from each other, so did the related constructions of disability.

Visual search with biological threat stimuli: Accuracy, reaction times, and heart rate changes.

Twenty-four participants were given a visual search task of deciding whether all the pictures in 3 x 3 search arrays contained a target picture from a deviant category, and heart rate was measured. The categories were snakes, spiders, flowers, and mushrooms. Shorter reaction times (RTs) were observed for fear-relevant (snake and spider) targets rather than for fear-irrelevant/neutral (flower and mushroom) targets. This difference was most pronounced for the participants presented with a gray-scale version of the search arrays. The 1st interbeat interval (IBI), after the search array onset, showed an effect of the target, whereas the 2nd IBI also showed an effect of the distractors. The results suggest that controlled processing of the task operates together with automatic processing.

A new typology of deviance: integrating normative and reactivist definitions of deviance

The concept of positive deviance is marginalized in deviance literature by the focus on negative deviance and the absence of comprehensive conceptions of deviance. Current conceptions of positive deviance simply parallel definitions of negative deviance, namely normative and reactivist conceptions. Normative definitions posit positive deviance as behaviors and attributes that exceed normative expectations (e.g., overconformity), such as overachieving students. Reactivist definitions view positive deviance as positively evaluated behaviors and attributes, such as athletic talent. We propose a new typology, which cross-classifies reactivist and normative definitions of deviance and more precisely distinguishes positive deviance, along with three other categories of deviance. Negative deviance, the traditional focus of the sociology of deviance, refers to behaviors that involve underconformity or nonconformity to norms and negative evaluations. Rate-busting refers to overconformity that is negatively evaluated. Deviance admiration refers to underconformity that is positively evaluated. Positive deviance refers to overconformity that is positively evaluated. This typology compensates for deficiencies in the separate conceptions of deviance by highlighting their contradictions (e.g., reactivists fail to consider rate-busting; normative theorists ignore deviance admiration). Current and historical examples in each category illustrate the utility of the new typology. The typology also accommodates the contextual nature of deviance, accentuates the role of power in defining deviance, and suggests the value of general theories of behavior as opposed to specific theories of ''deviant behavior.''

Owls and larks, knotters and simplifiers: the origins of modern political science

Extensive empirical work shows conclusively that the great majority of political scientists in the western world are owl-simplifier or lark-knotter types. The deviant categories of owl-knotters and lark-simplifiers are populated almost entirely by post-modern discourse analysts and rational-choice theorists who have either discursively misconstructed themselves or irrationally analysed the choices of their own life-game. Both discourse analysis and rational-choice are, therefore, products of mistaken identity. If specialists in these fields were to reconceptualise themselves as owl-simplifiers or lark-knotters we would all be saved a lot of trouble. Alternative explanations based upon neo-postdistanciationalist and post-neodistanciationalist theory are considered, and dismissed as lacking any credibility.

Labeled People's Resistance to Internally Accepting a Deviant Category

Labeled People's Resistance to Internally Accepting a Deviant Category

Random Acts of Kindness: A Teaching Tool for Positive Deviance

Instilling in students a sociological imagination while introducing them to the study of deviant behaviors, which many of them have never encountered, is a difficult task. Students inevitably seem to get caught up in the weirdness of certain deviant subcultures with which they are unfamiliar. In addition, they arrive with established notions of deviance, which the popular media and political rhetoric create and maintain. Our challenge in teaching the sociology of deviant behavior is to help students understand why there are behaviors considered deviant, and why it is important to understand these behaviors from a sociological point of view. In other words, one goal of the Sociology of Deviant Behavior course is to banish ethnocentric points of view regarding deviant categories of individuals and groups through the development of a clearer understanding of how deviance is created and defined.

Sibling Incest, Madness, and the ?Jews?

JHLOW DOES one organize the categories that we call deviance? To examine the nosology of the deviant in modern (post-Enlightenment) culture one is constrained to use categories of analysis that arise in the spheres of law, medicine, and the social sciences. That is, the history of deviance in popular and high culture comes to be the reworking of scientific categories of difference that overlay the fantasies of difference, often more complex and more far-reaching than the models themselves. Incest is just such a category of deviance in modern culture. One of the most interesting phenomena in the intense, public debate over the past decade about child abuse and incest is the virtual absence of sibling incest as a topic of concern.1 Ian Hacking has explored the history and philosophy of memory/false memory and the literature on child abuse in the context of the modern

Divisive Dichotomies and Mother-Headed Families: The Power of Naming

The power of naming is capturing the interest of social work practitioners, particularly those who seek to provide gender- and ethnic-sensitive interventions. Dividing families into categories such as intact or broken pejoratively labels mother-headed families, which actually reflect the maternal commitment and strength of women managing on their own (Abramovitz, 1991). Most one-parent families are headed by women, and a disproportionate number are headed by women of color (Van Den Bergh & Cooper, 1986). So divisive dichotomies place women and people of color in positions that legitimize their disempowered social status (Van Den Bergh & Cooper, 1986). The way practitioners refer to and categorize both individuals and families affects problem definitions, interventions, and the helping process in general. A nonintact seeking professional help with a problematic parent-child interaction risks being confronted by a practitioner who attributes family problems to inadequate structure rather than to the normative developmental phases of childhood and family life cycles. Mothers who raise children alone often internalize low expectations about their ability to head families and subsequently develop worried well syndromes. That is, they may attribute all family conflicts to their inability to parent their children alone. The negative impact of pejorative naming has reached full cycle when problems associated with the life cycle of the family, such as adolescent individuation, are attributed by the mother herself to her inability to parent her children in a one-parent home. Placing families in a deviant category is but one of the artificial dichotomies that have negative consequences for mother-headed families. Such dualistic thinking results in other cleavages of women's experiences that, in the interest of the well-being of women and their families, are best perceived in an integrative fashion. The traditional polarity between work and leisure, for example, does not fit the life experiences of women who face multiple challenges associated with the interface of wage labor and child rearing. Employment and family responsibilities are inseparable components of women's lives. Affordable child care, for example, is requisite to mothers being able to participate in the labor market and to provide for their families. Interface of Wage Labor and Child Rearing When wage labor and child rearing are artificially separated as two distinct areas for social policies and programs, comprehensive services that could enable women to perform both roles are overlooked. Guaranteed child support awards (for child rearing) and work training (for employment) are essential to raise impoverished mothers and their children above the poverty level (National Center for Children in Poverty, 1992). Because a majority of fathers do not pay the full amount of child support determined by the courts, the government provides subsidies to mothers and collects payments from fathers. In the United States, 50 percent of all single mother-headed families live below the poverty level, compared with 8 percent of single father-headed families (Gordon, 1990). In addition, mother-headed families are fully one-third of the homeless population (Bassuk, 1991). Gender differences in family poverty rates need to be assessed in terms of persistent gaps in earnings; women still earn only 74 percent of male annual wages (U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1990). Disparities in earnings are even more pronounced for black and Latino mothers. Nearly one-third of black single mothers who worked for pay in 1987 were below the poverty level, whereas 17 percent of white single mothers in the labor market were poor (Gordon, 1990). Discrimination in hiring based on race and ethnicity also hinders mothers receiving child support payments, because men of color earn disproportionally lower wages compared with their white counterparts. The solution to family poverty is not simply employment, but employment that pays at least $6 to $7 per hour to raise the family out of poverty (Bane, Ellwood, Jargowsky, & Wilson, 1989). …

“Child perpetrators of sexual abuse”: The emergence of a problematic deviant category

This article critically examines the emergence in the professional literature of a new category of criminal deviant: the very young juvenile “sexual offender” (“child perpetrator”). It is argued that current research and writings on “child perpetrators” 1) fail to adhere to established tenets of scientific inquiry; 2) attempt to pathologize species‐typical behaviors; and 3) reflect symbolic opposition to widespread sexual license perceived to have resulted from the “sex positive” interpretive changes regarding sexuality that occurred during the late 1960s and early 1970s. Interactionist methods are applied in tracing three decades of interpretive changes regarding sexual behavior as reflected in the content of professional and popular sexological literature from the mid 1960s to the present. It is concluded that the writings on “child perpetrators” constitute an anomalous but predictable development in the field when considered against the background of recent trends in sexual discourse, professional ideo...

The social construction of noncompliance: a study of health care and social service providers in everyday practice

AbstractThis study investigates the social construction of noncompliance by clinicians, social workers, and alcohol counsellors in a multiservice health care and social service agency. Based upon data from in‐depth interviews and long term observations, it is suggested that noncompliance, like other categories of deviance, is socially constructed and subjectively denned and interpreted. Staff members of this agency subjectively defined noncompliance as the extent to which clients' behaviours deviated from expectations of appropriate, proper and reasonable client behaviour. In addition, staff members interpreted the meanings of clients' noncompliance by subjectively assessing the intent underlying their clients' noncompliant acts. Their assessments, in turn, served to structure their subsequent interactions with clients and provided the rational and moral bases for constructing the strategies they used to manage clients' noncompliant behaviours and bring about compliance.

Differential Item Functioning on the SAT‐M Braille Edition

This study attempted to pinpoint the causes of differential item difficulty for blind students taking the braille edition of the Scholastic Aptitude Test's Mathematical section (SAT‐M). The study method involved reviewing the literature to identify factors that might cause differential item functioning for these examinees, forming item categories based on these factors, identifying categories that functioned differentially, and assessing the functioning o f the items comprising deviant categories to determine if the differential effect was pervasive. Results showed an association between selected item categories and differential functioning, particularly for items that included figures in the stimulus, items for which spatial estimation was helpful in eliminating at least two of the options, and items that presented figures that were small or medium in size. The precise meaning of this association was unclear, however, because some items from the suspected categories functioned normally, factors other than the hypothesized ones might have caused the observed aberrant item behavior, and the differential difficulty might reflect real population differences in relevant content knowledge

CLUSTERS AS THE UNIT OF ANALYSIS IN DIFFERENTIAL ITEM FUNCTIONING

ABSTRACTThis study developed, applied, and evaluated a theory‐based method of detecting the underlying causes of differential difficulty. The method was intended to improve on traditional approaches that too often produce uninterpretable results. Key elements of the method were the analysis of item clusters and the incorporation of theoretical predictions about cluster performance. The method was applied in two subgroups taking SAT‐M and involved (1) reviewing literature syntheses to identify factors that might cause differential item functioning, (2) forming item categories based on those factors, (3) identifying categories that functioned differentially, (4) assessing the functioning of the items composing deviant categories, and (5) relating item and category functioning. Results were compared to a traditional item‐level analysis. In both subgroups, the cluster and traditional methods agreed on the overall extent of differential functioning (substantial in the first group, virtually absent in the second). Additionally, the pattern of differential functioning detected was interpretable. At the same time, several important limitations were apparent. The method would seem to be applied most productively when a small number of hypotheses can be derived from a reasonably strong research base, overlap among cluster structures can be avoided, and results can be supplemented with experimental studies or protocol analyses.