Development Policy Objectives Research Articles

Sustainable Agriculture Development and Optimum Utilization of Natural Resources: Striking a Balance

There is a finite supply of natural resources, and unchecked exploitation may harm the ecosystem. The strategy for their sustainable use must be determined. The framework of sustainable development is used to define strategies of ongoing societal and state advancement that do not negatively impact the environment or the natural resources that will be needed for future human activities. A model that governs sustainable use takes into account the legal and strategic guidelines for the extraction of energy and natural resources. Ensuring the sustainable use of natural resources both nationally and internationally is the aim. Environmental protection and sustainable use of natural resources are closely intertwined. Additionally, a healthy environment's value and the degree to which the public is educated about its preservation are linked to the preservation of the working and living environments. All areas of human endeavour see improvements in quality of life as a result of faster technical development, but increased environmental deterioration is also a potential. Consequently, in order to achieve the objectives of the society's development policy, it is imperative to incorporate the appropriate standards that would support sustainable development. This review paper is a quick response to maintain the ecosystem's equilibrium and the surrounding area.

ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ОСНОВНЫХ ПРИНЦИПОВ ФИНАНСОВОГО ПРАВА

The basic principles of financial law are fundamental. They embody the essence and basic spirit of financial law and dominate this system. They are followed when regulating financial relations. The basic principles of financial law are not static. In different countries or at different historical stages, due to different levels of economic development and financial policy objectives, the basic principles of financial law are also different. The article is intended to summarize and analyze the fundamentals of the current financial legislation of our country from such angles: legislation, financial law, self-control.

Differences in sustainability outcomes between agritourism and non-agritourism farms based on robust empirical evidence from the Tyrol/Trentino mountain region

Agritourism is an increasingly popular form of rural tourism that involves agricultural activities and operations aimed at attracting visitors to a farm. We contribute to the literature by examining the sustainability differences between agritourism (ATFs) and non-agritourism farms (non-ATFs) in the Tyrol-South Tyrol-Trentino Euroregion and the impact of agritourism on traditional farming activities. The research questions are answered using collected farm survey data (n = 493) and propensity score techniques that allow to estimate treatment effects of agritourism adoption by controlling for selection biases. The results reveal that agritourism adoption has a positive impact on economic sustainability outcomes such as income increases, but negative impacts on production quantity and production value. As to social sustainability outcomes, we find negative effects of agritourism activity on family free time and interactions with the local community, but a positive impact on partner involvement in farm activities. Environmentally, some practices adopted by ATFs become more sustainable, such as a higher use of organic production, renewable energies and active waste management, but others do not. The results indicate that agritourism can offer sustainability advantages, but a differentiated assessment is necessary. Therefore, for policy decisions, it is crucial to understand the benefits and drawbacks of agritourism and align public support measures with overall rural development policy objectives while also considering agritourism promotion effects on food security and local-food production needs.

Developing a Qualitative Urban Green Spaces Index Applied to a Mediterranean City

As a primary goal, urban green spaces (UGSs) have been linked to several aspects of inhabitants’ wellbeing. Quality could be a way to intervene in the UGS–human health interaction. For that purpose, we developed an urban green space quality index (UGS QIndex) applied to a Mediterranean region, Sousse City. This index was based on a set of criteria, indicators, and elements chosen after bibliographical research related to UGS quality assessment tools and their contribution to the Sustainable Development Goals. Then, we evaluated the quality of the Sousse Ramparts Gardens using the UGS QIndex. In fact, this index includes 41 elements grouped into 23 indicators covering seven thematic criteria: environmental regulating capacity, functional amenities, aesthetic amenities, landscape features, integration in its surroundings, development policy objectives, and space issues. According to the UGS QIndex, Bab El Gharbi garden exceeds Bab El Finga garden in terms of its scenery, aesthetics, and functionality. This index could be used by city planners to improve their UGS’s capacity to satisfy the inhabitants’ requirements. Otherwise, it needs to be enhanced and tailored to various types of UGSs and then applied to other Mediterranean cities, as well as cities suffering from UGS degradation.

Health policy approach to the treatment and prevention of pressure ulcers

A pressure sore (decubitus) is a wound that develops on the skin and subcutaneous tissue in places exposed to pressure. Primarily occurs in elderly, non-mobile individuals, the prevention and control of which requires not only medical and nursing participation, but it also financial expenditure. In our study, after a systematic document analysis, we present the relevant results of the decubitus survey conducted among state hospitals during Q2 of 2022, focusing on the organizational and management factors of decubitus prevention and care. The national survey was comprehensive in terms of the range of institutions relevant to decubitus care. After defining the selection criteria, we got a picture of 86 institutional practices for the base year of 2019. During the review and systematization of domestic and European Union professional policy documents, regulators and strategy documents, it can be established that pressure ulcer prevention and care can be adapted to several development policy objectives, and its incidence appears as a quality indicator of the health sector. Based on the results of our national decubitus survey, it can be said that domestic good practices operate in isolation, our reporting system is inhomogeneous, and the documentation is not uniform in our institutional system. 17 of the 86 institutions have new (2021-2022) documents regulating decubitus care at the institutional level, which in 17% of the institutions are dated 2010 or earlier. The scope of revision of the regulatory documents is set at 10% of the institutions. 61 of the examined institutions (71%) operate decubitus teams, 55 institutions (64%) use prophylactic bandages. There is a lack of professional monitoring measures and quality indicators, institutional-level expenditure analyses, controlling-type feedback, which would form the basis of costing and cost-effectiveness analyses. In addition to our proposals for several organizational and managerial measures, we advocate the renewal of the relevant professional directive and the introduction of a uniform institutional reporting system as well. Orv Hetil. 2023; 164(21): 821-830.

The policy trajectory of green building development in China: A sequential and network analysis

AbstractPolicies play an extremely important role in promoting the development of green building (GB). Despite multiple policies have been issued to promote the GB development, the low market share of GB in China indicates that the policy system is unsatisfactory. However, few studies have concentrated on the policy trajectory of GB development. This study aims to fill this gap using network‐based analysis to explore the policy trajectory of GB development from the perspective of policy agency, objective, and instrument. 129 national GB development policies were collected, and the trajectory of policy agency, objective, and instrument were analyzed. The main results are as follows: (1) cross‐functional‐ and cross‐hierarchical‐level coordination between policy‐issuing agencies tends to increase. The cooperation among policy agencies represents a strong core‐periphery structure feature; (2) the policy objectives are related to multiple dimensions of GB development, and the focuses of GB development policy objectives are dynamically changed but show continuity to some degree; (3) the adoption of policy instruments is structurally unbalanced, and the mismatch between policy instruments and policy objective should be addressed urgently. Corresponding policy recommendations are provided from policy agencies, objectives and instruments. This research provides a novel perspective on policy analysis, which offers useful information on policy making for GB development.

Agricultural policy development in Moldova over one decade: recent estimates and an outlook towards EU accession

Public support for the agricultural sector of Moldova represents an essential priority of the bodies entitled to the development and implementation of public policies in the field of agriculture. Given the accelerated attempts to join the European Union, an alignment of the Moldovan agricultural policy to the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and broader EU green infrastructure with Green Deal and Farm to Fork, are receiving an increasing attention. In order to support the policy makers and the experts with input for the EU legal approximation and future EU accession negotiations, this article presents recent estimates of public support for the agricultural sector of the Moldova using the OECD methodology. More specifically, the Producer Support Estimate (PSE) results are presented for eleven products covering the period 2007-2018. Despite increasing budgetary support of agricultural producers from the Government of Moldova, PSE for most commodities is negative. Given the relatively low relevance of trade interventions, the calculated price differentials hint at non-policy-related barriers to price transmission between the border and the farm gate. Potential reasons are discussed, and policy recommendations are developed. Furthermore, the structure of public policies for agriculture and rural areas, approximated by the General Services Support Estimate (GSSE), are presented. The comparison with the current CAP reveals that the structure of instruments differs substantially. Funding for the current Moldovan agricultural policy is heavily concentrated on investment support and the inspection and control system. Although the CAP might be further reformed until Moldova joins the EU, environmental and rural development policy objectives will remain paramount within the EU, and the relevant ministries should start to develop suitable joint strategies.

Dyplomacja naukowa jako kategoria dyplomacji wpływu – przypadek Francji

In the last decade, science diplomacy, one of the subcategories of diplomacy of influence, has recently gained unprecedented attention as a subject of both an academic inquiry and political discourse. States adapting to these changes create science diplomacy legal and institutional frameworks which combine the priorities of foreign and science and technology policy. But still, there are only a few advanced countries in this respect. One of them is France, which began building the institutional and strategic foundations of science diplomacy in the middle of the 20th century, and can now provide a source of good practice for states at the beginning of this path. The article presents the conceptual basis of diplomacy of influence and organisational model of French science diplomacy, an example of diplomacy of influence based on the potential and attractiveness of science. Analysing particular dimensions of the model, we point to conditions, such as the concept of foreign policy, assumptions of scientific policy or the structure of the state’s science and technology sector, which influence the specificity of French science diplomacy. We argue that the distinctive features of the French model of science diplomacy are its strong link to foreign and development policy objectives, its treatment of science as an essential instrument of foreign policy and diplomacy of influence, but also its emphasis on supporting the internationalisation of science and increasing France’s participation in international scientific undertakings.

Economic Opportunities of Qingdao Winery as a New Ecotourism Destination

The consumer psychology of consumers is constantly changing. Under the abundant material life, the emotional and personalized needs of consumers for products are highly valued. Winery tourism is a new ecotourism project. Its high-end and fashionable characteristics do not only meet consumers’ demand for personalized tourism, but also their pursuit for high-quality and fashionable leisure ways; thus, it has broad development prospects. At present, Qingdao winery tourism has begun to take shape, but in it faces problems in its development, especially in terms of resource integration and brand development. Therefore, taking the development of Qingdao winery tourism as an example, this paper puts forward several development countermeasures and policy objectives as well as provides a scientific analysis basis for the development of Qingdao winery tourism.

Geographical Indications and Public Good Relationships: Evidence and Policy Implications

SummaryIn the European context, geographical indications (GIs) are tools that contribute to the achievement of rural development policy objectives. In this article, we propose that GI value chains produce positive environmental, social and economic benefits, defined as Public Goods (PGs), resulting from the rules defined in the Code of Specifications (CoS). This article reports the main results of the Strength2food H2020 project, designed to assessing the impact of GIs (through their CoSs) on agri‐food system sustainability. Specifically, this report highlights that GI CoSs may generate PGs through the rules codified in CoSs presented as good practices in the production of PGs for other GI systems. Some final recommendations are proposed from the analysis of those good practices which contribute to the generation of PGs and, consequently, to the improvement of a sustainable rural development process. Case studies analysed show that generation of PGs requires both an internal and external intervention. The former intervention implies governance strategies for GI territorial systems and value chains that can improve the production of PGs. The latter intervention entails consumers and other stakeholder communication strategies to raise awareness regarding PG generation. These interventions will ultimately increase the social value of GIs.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the main Zanzibar tourism sector policy systems, activities and areas

The Zanzibar tourism sector has been one of the most affected by the global COVID-19 pandemic. The restrictions on mobility and closures of companies in the global economy, either totally or partially in the 2020-2022 period, have had a significant negative effect on the tourism sector performance. The paper examines the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the main tourism sector systems, areas and activities in Zanzibar. The paper uses a policy model articulating effects of COVID-19 on socio-economic human developments as cascading across economic entities, sectors and activities. This policy research employed several independent but complementary research methods, approaches and collected primary data and information using stakeholder’s consultations and in-depth interviews with key informants. The paper finds that half of the consulted stakeholders had the view that the COVID-19 had high negative effects on the performances of the Zanzibar tourism sector activities and areas. A quarter, considered that COVID-19 had moderate effects and another quarter, considered that COVID-19 had low effects on the performances of the tourism sector activities and areas. The safety and security, foreign exchange earnings, the accommodation sector, and income/revenues were perceived as mostly negatively affected the tourism industry and its counterpart sector areas. The effects of COVID-19 pandemic were less and insignificant in some few tourism activities and areas such as the tourism infrastructure sector, the environment tourism sector and the domestic tourism in Zanzibar. The paper recommends that Zanzibar continue envisioning being one of the top tourism destinations of the Indian Ocean, offering an up market and high quality product across the board. The current tourism sustainable development policy objectives aim at controlling and improving safety and security, optimal foreign exchange earnings systems; modern tourism accommodation systems and efficient income/revenue flows from the tourism sector and industry. The tourism sector is a vital socio-economic development factor; empowering the people of Zanzibar to successfully own, manage and operate their life and thus simultaneously develop, plan, own, manage and promote national economic systems, activities and areas.

Are tenants willing to pay for energy efficiency? Evidence from a small-scale spatial analysis in Germany

To address climate change, the decarbonisation of Germany’s existing building stock urgently needs to be prioritised. However, the rate and depth of refurbishment has lagged behind official targets for years. This is a particular problem in the rental sector, where the costs and benefits of energy efficiency measures tend to be unevenly distributed between landlords and tenants (the so-called ‘landlord-tenant dilemma’). Within the context of the current policy landscape, investments in energy efficiency consequently make most sense for landlords if the upfront costs can be refinanced via increased rental income or reduced vacant periods. This paper seeks to investigate the validity of this statement at city level by using a large dataset from one of Germany’s main internet property platforms to examine how the willingness of tenants to pay for energy efficiency varies across residential locations in the city of Wuppertal.The small-scale spatial analysis highlights the existence of a price premium for energy efficiency in the rental market for apartments; however, this premium is generally small (especially in comparison to other property enhancements, especially visible improvements) or even non-existent in some residential areas. Consequently, investing in energy efficiency is rarely an attractive option for landlords. Therefore, strong policy action, aligned with social and urban development policy objectives, is necessary to establish an effective incentive structure in the market and make investing in energy efficiency more attractive for both landlords and tenants.

Industrialization and skill acquisition in an evolutionary model of coordination failures

AbstractThis paper presents an evolutionary model of coordination problems in economic development that examines technology adoption jointly with skill acquisition. The model allows for multiple channels of interdependence across firms and for employment creation to be determined by technological and institutional factors. We show that industrial policies are key to ensuring the effectiveness of educational policies, and that robust employment creation is key to ensuring the effectiveness of both industrial and educational policies. These results speak to recent concerns about insufficient employment creation in high‐productivity activities and suggest the need to include employment promotion as an objective of development policy.

Analysis of farms characteristics related to innovation needs: a proposal for supporting the public decision-making process

Innovation is considered as one of the key drivers for a competitive and sustainable agriculture and the European Commission highlights the importance of tailoring innovation support to farmers’ needs, especially in European Rural Development Policy (reg EU 1305/2013). The scientific literature offers a wide panorama of tools and methods for the analysis of innovation in agriculture but the lack of data on the state of innovation in the farms hampers such studies. A possibility to partially overcome this limit is the use of data collected by the Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN). The aim of this study is to propose a method to deduce farms’ innovation needs, related to the macro objectives of European Rural Development Policy, using the economic and financial results of the Italian FADN survey. A list of farm management indicators has been identified connected with the innovation demand. Then, using FADN accounting data, indicators have been calculated for homogeneous groups of farms in terms of territory, economic size, and productive sector. In this way, critical farm issues related to innovation needs have been highlighted Finally, as an example of application, measures of the Rural Development Programs (RDP) have been proposed for each farm critical issue. This method can facilitate policy makers and Agricultural Knowledge and Innovation System (AKIS) organizations in identifying some targeted interventions, thanks to a deep analysis of rural contexts and farm systems. The current FADN does not provide specific information concerning the implementation of innovation by farms; for this purpose, new and suitable variables should be added to the annual survey.

Podejście zespolone: włączający, inteligentny i ekologiczny rozwój miast

The subject literature provides knowledge about various contemporary concepts of urban development, emphasizing a variety of goals and priorities of this process. Although sustainability should be a key objective of development policy, the methods of achieving it seem to be diverse. As a result, there are many theories describing development processes on a local scale, but there are no scientific attempts to summarise them or to comprehensively evaluate them. In the presented article such an attempt was initiated – the evolution of the concept of sustainable development in the context of transformation of the role of man in socio-economic and political processes from homo-oeconomicus to homo cooperativus was outlined and the assumptions of contemporary concepts of urban development (smart city, eco city and compact city) were identified and evaluated in terms of their cohesion and implementation of sustainable development principles. On this basis, a conceptual framework for an inclusive urban development model was defined, considering their key values in a synergic way.

The impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in low-and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map.

The impacts of agroforestry on agricultural productivity, ecosystem services, and human well-being in low-and middle-income countries: An evidence and gap map.

Ministers and distributive politics: political influences in the regional allocation of public investment in Greece

ABSTRACT This paper examines the role of the political and private interests of individual politicians in the geographical allocation of public investment, focusing on the case of Greece. The analysis extends over four decades, from the restoration of democracy in 1974 to the onset of the 2008 Great Recession. The results indicate that powerful politicians – such as the Ministers of Economy and Development, Public Works and Agriculture – regardless of their political orientation, favoured their home constituencies with disproportionally higher shares of public investment. Tactical spending in favour of the electoral constituencies of the most powerful politicians created significant distortions in regional development policy objectives and, as a consequence, challenged the effectiveness of public policy. This observation calls for a more transparent, fair and accountable allocation of public investment across space and goes beyond the specifics of the Greek case study.

POLICY FOR DEVELOPING EXCELLENCE RESEARCH GROUP IN VIETNAM NATIONAL UNIVERSITY, HANOI: REALITY AND SOLUTIONS

With the goal of objective and systematic evaluation of excellence research group development policy at VNU, in order to help policymakers of VNU can consult and develop scientific and technology development strategy. In this article, we focus on reviewing policies of excellence research group development in VNU, on the basis of analyzing and evaluating three overall groups of policies, including (1) Group of investment policies, human resource development; (2) Policy group to improve the environment and research conditions; (3) Policy group for cooperation and development. For each policy group, we will consider the content, the results achieved, assess the impact of the policy to point out the strengths and limitations to make recommendations for complete solutions

Primary Health Care Matters.

Primary Health Care Matters.

Chinese Controlled Foreign Company Rules in the Post-BEPS Era: New Developments

In this article, the authors argue that key concepts, such as “reasonable business needs”, in China’s controlled foreign company (CFC) rules have not been defined clearly. Consequently, disputes are easily triggered. In response, China promulgated its Implementing Measures for Special Tax Adjustment (Discussion Draft) in 2015, which followed the recommendations of the OECD’s BEPS Action 3 Final Report and provided more specific guidance. However, the Discussion Draft did not clarify how to determine “reasonable business needs”, how to strike a balance between maintaining international competitiveness of Chinese enterprises and protection of China’s tax base, or how to deal with losses suffered by CFCs. The authors suggest that, when China revises its CFC rules, it does not blindly follow the BEPS recommendations nor indiscriminately pursue stricter rules. Rather, it would be preferable to strike a balance between tax base protection and competitiveness in line with China’s economic development strategy and policy objectives.