Policy Development Research Articles

Late Life Homelessness: A Definition to Spark Action and Change.

Comprehensive definitions of social issues and populations can set the stage for the development of responsive policies and practices. Yet despite the rise of late- life homelessness, the phenomenon remains narrowly understood and ill-defined. This paper and the definition that ensued is based on the reconceptualization of interview data derived from a critical ethnography conducted in Montreal, Canada with older homeless persons (N=40) and service providers (N=20). Our analysis suggests that definitions of late life homelessness must include four intersecting components: 1) age, eligibility, and access to services ; 2) disadvantage over the life course and across time; 3) social and spatial processes of exclusion that necessitate aging in 'undesirable' places; and 4) unmet needs that result from policy inaction and non-response. The new definition derived from these structural and relational components captures how the service gaps and complex needs identified in earlier works are shaped by delivery systems and practices whose effect is compounded over time. It provides an empirically grounded and conceptually solid foundation for the development of better responses to address homelessness in late life.

Postharvest food loss reduction and agriculture policy framework in Tanzania: status and way forward

AbstractIn 2014, Tanzania became a signatory of the African Union Postharvest Loss Management Strategy (AU-PHLMS) under the Malabo Declaration, a policy framework of the African Union aimed at reducing the continent's postharvest food losses by 50 percent by 2025. Though Tanzania has several agriculture development policies, very little research exists on to what extent the postharvest food loss agenda is reflected and integrated into Tanzania's agriculture policy framework, making it difficult to assess Tanzania's commitment and progress made to realize these ambitious targets in 2025. Using a scoping review method, this study reviews agriculture-food security policies and programs enacted by the government of Tanzania from the 1990s to 2022. Findings reveal that despite high postharvest food losses, policies, and agriculture development programs in favor of increasing food production remain the central focus of the government, while interventions to eliminate food loss and waste have not been prioritized. Results also show that with nearly half of the food produced not reaching consumers, Tanzania's ambitions to be food secure may only be realized if policy measures to increase crop productivity go hand in hand with preventing postharvest food losses. The study calls for full policy integration of postharvest management programs and more investment in farmer-focused interventions to reduce food loss and waste in Tanzania.

Beyond tradition: charting a greener future for cassava starch industry using multi-criteria decision-making

Cassava, a staple food crop, is widely used for starch production, but its inconsistent supply, price volatility, and substantial waste generation pose challenges to the cassava industrial market's growth. This study aims to identify a sustainable biorefinery pathway by optimizing conventional cassava starch plants (business-as-usual, BAU) for economic and environmental benefits. Four scenarios were evaluated: animal feed from peel waste (Scenario 1), fungal protein from thippi waste (Scenario 2), fish feed from digested wastewater (Scenario 3), and conversion of all waste streams into animal feed, fish feed, and fungal protein (Scenario 4). Scenario 4 emerged as the best pathway using the multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) approach, with a performance score of 0.282. Despite the highest energy consumption (18.91 MWh), Scenario 4 was favored for producing four value-added products alongside starch, yielding the highest profit at USD 8.85 million. In contrast, profits for BAU, Scenario 1, Scenario 2, and Scenario 3 were 1.91, 2.30, 5.01, and USD 8.79 million, respectively. Waste valorization in Scenarios 1, 2, 3, and 4 resulted in CO2 avoidance of 36.5., 42.6., 21.7, and 57.45 t CO2eq., respectively. However, producing value-added products increased energy consumption by 13, 73, 7, and 74% compared to BAU (4.58 MWh). The global warming potential analysis showed negative values for scenarios 2 and 4, at -436 and -434 kg CO2eq./t root, respectively. This study highlights the potential of a biorefinery approach for sustainable cassava starch production, providing insights for future research and policy development.

Comprehensive assessment of the water environment carrying capacity based on machine learning

Human activities and climate change are constantly threatening water environment systems. To alleviate pressure on the water environment and meet the requirements for sustainable societal development, it has become important to study the water environment carrying capacity (WECC). As science and technology have advanced, the use of artificial intelligence has penetrated various disciplines, and the application of machine learning has achieved many good results in the environmental sciences; however, little attention has been given to the WECC. To this end, a WECC assessment model was developed based on a variety of machine learning algorithms, to provide a novel approach and better understanding of the WECC. In this study, 13 natural and anthropogenic factors related to the water environment system in Liaoning Province (China) were selected, and the study period ranged from 2015 to 2019. Four basic machine learning algorithms, namely, random forest (RF), support vector machine (SVM), multilayer perceptron (MLP) and k-nearest neighbour (KNN), were used for batch modelling, and stacking was carried out based on the output results. A comparison and screening of the models revealed that RF and the stacking model had the best model prediction performances. Because RF was relatively simple and convenient, a comprehensive assessment of the regional WECC based on this algorithm was carried out. The results showed that most of the control units with an overloaded WECC are located in the central and northern regions of Liaoning Province, and the control units of overloading can be well identified and the trend of regional WECC status can be observed. To improve model transparency, we also performed an explanatory analysis based on the shapley additive explanations (SHAP). The results showed that precipitation, soil texture, sewage treatment plant, wind speed, and temperature were the most important factors influencing the water environment system. Precipitation is the most influential factor, and with increasing rainfall, the WECC first improves and then gradually deteriorates. For the anthropogenic factors, the WECC generally improves first and then worsens as these factors increase. These research results can be used to provide a powerful and practical new methodology for the comprehensive assessment of the WECC and provide a basis for the development of water environment policies and regulatory implementation in the region.

Social needs and problems of forced migrants from Ukraine on the way to social adaptation and integration in the host society (example of Germany)

The article provides a review of existing theoretical approaches to the study of adaptation and integration of migrants, identifying key factors that either facilitate or complicate these processes in host societies. The authors highlight markers of adaptability and integration, emphasizing the importance of utilizing foreign experience for the development of more effective migration policies. Adaptation is a process in which migrants change their habits, behaviour, and values to function most effectively in a new social and cultural context. The authors believe that the level of migrant adaptability can be determined by the level of their needs satisfaction. Integration, alongside adaptation, implies inclusion into a new society with opportunities to realize personal potential in areas such as work, education, civic activities, establishing communication, and comfortable coexistence with the local population. This entails not only the adaptation of migrants to a new society but also mutual efforts from the host community to create conditions under which migrants can fully realize their potential while preserving their cultural peculiarities. Based on primary and secondary sociological data, the social needs and problems of migrants from Ukraine (using Germany as an example) are analysed. The profile of migrants, reasons for leaving Ukraine, and choosing Germany as the host country (based on the «push-pull» theory) are identified. Lack of language knowledge and local laws, bureaucracy, access of children to preschool institutions and their schooling, unfavourable psychological state and uncertainty about the future, recognition of acquired education, working in positions with lower qualifications, difficulties in forming new social connections - these are the main obstacles that migrants from Ukraine face in Germany on their way to adaptation and integration.

Optimizing cropping patterns and resource allocation for sustainable agricultural development: A case study of Ilam province, Iran

Establishing connections between ecosystems and agricultural mechanization can help address erroneous decision-making in agricultural management and prevent further harm to ecosystems. It is essential for authorities and decision-makers in the agricultural sector to understand ecosystem dynamics and influencing factors to develop appropriate policies for sustainable development. This study focuses on identifying optimal conditions for determining crop patterns and input allocation in Ilam province's agricultural practices, considering technical and energy parameters. Cultivating one hectare of wheat and barley in the region requires an average energy consumption of 1.79 GJ from various sources, with an estimated energy output of 38.04 GJ ha-1 for these crops. The research involved farmers cultivating wheat, barley, fodder maize, and canola in the southern region of Ilam province, covering cities like Abdanan, Dareshahr, and Dehloran. The study suggests adjustments to cropping patterns, including reducing wheat cultivation and increasing irrigated fodder maize cultivation under optimal conditions. It also recommends exploring rainfed cultivation or enhancing the yield of rainfed wheat to offset the reduced wheat cultivation. The goal planning model indicates a shift towards sustainability, with changes in cropping patterns focusing on wheat, barley, fodder maize, and canola crops, including expanding the cultivation areas of irrigated wheat, barley, and fodder maize. Efforts aim to enhance the productivity of irrigated crops to promote sustainability and improve agricultural practices in the province for long-term sustainability goals.

From case study to general principle: An analysis of the development mechanism and policy optimization of mangrove carbon sinks

From case study to general principle: An analysis of the development mechanism and policy optimization of mangrove carbon sinks

Urban land use simulation and carbon-related driving factors analysis based on RF-CA in Shanghai, China

As global climate change intensifies, climate protection is important for the sustainable development of human society. In the process of urbanization and industrialization, carbon dioxide emissions are an important factor contributing to global warming. Therefore, modelling projections of future urban land use under low-carbon scenarios are essential for sustainability policy development. Few studies have focused on the impact of carbon emissions on urban land use change in Shanghai, as current research has primarily concentrated on developing methods for urban land use modelling. This paper utilizes a cellular automata (CA) simulation model based on the Random Forest (RF) algorithm to select various spatial variables of carbon emissions as the driving factors that affect urban land use changes. These variables include traffic location factors, economic development factors, electricity consumption, and population density. In this study, remote sensing imagery of urban nighttime lighting is also used to construct a simulation model of land use types in Shanghai. The model is then used to analyze the contribution of carbon emission constraints to urban land use changes. Actual historical land use data from 2013 and 2019 are used for validation, and the prediction model is used to predict land use outcomes under different low-carbon scenarios in 2025. The model is validated by simulating multiple intra-city land use maps for 2019 (kappa = 0.88, OA=92.71 %). The method of out-of-bag error from the random forest is used to evaluate the significance of carbon emission constraints. Using the validated model, the constraints in the CA model are changed to predict the land use simulation results of Shanghai in 2025 under different low-carbon scenarios. In terms of significance, factors such as distance to power plants, distance to major roads, real GDP, and population density can all have a significant impact on changes in urban land use. By selecting the low-carbon scenario with the most appropriate thresholds for each driver, it is possible to obtain the land use simulation results of Shanghai in 2025 under the optimal low-carbon scenario, while ensuring the high accuracy of the RF-CA model and simultaneously reducing the impact of factors on the city’s overall carbon emissions. This paper provides a scientific base for urban planners and scholars to thoughtfully design urban land use while cutting down on carbon emissions. Furthermore, it can aid government agencies in establishing associated planning approaches.

Factors Affecting Health Service Utilization for Chronic Conditions: A Bibliometric Review of Primary Health Care

ABSTRACT Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as heart disease, diabetes and cancer are significant global health challenges, particularly in developing countries. Understanding healthcare utilization for NCDs is critical to improving healthcare outcomes and patient quality of life. This study aims to analyze trends and identify research gaps in healthcare utilization for NCDs through bibliometric analysis. With this approach, this study seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of research developments in this field and identify areas that require further attention. This study used bibliometric analysis with the Publish or Perish app and a Google Scholar search using the keywords "factors," "influences," "health service utilization," "non-communicable diseases," and "basic health services." From the search results, the top 50 journals from 2017 to 2024 were selected for analysis. The data were classified by year of publication, journal type, number of citations, and researcher country, and analyzed using VOSviewer to identify research patterns and gaps. The analysis showed that research was concentrated in highly ranked journals and developed countries, with key terms such as "non-communicable disease," "factor," "use," and "health." This research identifies gaps in implementation policies, innovative approaches, and healthcare utilization factors that are not yet fully understood. Understanding research trends and gaps can guide future research and policy development efforts to improve the effectiveness of interventions and policies in the management of NCDs globally. Keywords: Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), Health Service Utilization, Primary Health Care, Health Influencing Factors

Implementation of religious and cultural tourism development policies in Penyengat island

The tourism development program on Pengenyat Island, Tanjungpinang City has been running with the aim of increasing public awareness about the importance of culture and religion. The aim of this research is to analyze the policy implementation model using Meter & Horn (1975) theory. This research method uses a descriptive-qualitative approach by studying related documents and conducting interviews with relevant informants. Data analysis uses triangulation techniques which are analyzed in depth. The research results show that the tourism development program on Penyengat Island has made a positive contribution to tourism development. Model in the Implementation Process of Meter & Horn (1975) Development Policy for Tourism Development on Penyengat Island on Policy Standards and Targets requires continuous evaluation and improvement, then resources are carried out such as training and increasing insight into both human resources and natural resources. The characteristics of the Implementing Organization have the potential to increase cooperation with the government and other related parties. Next, Inter-Organizational Communication is related to institutional capacity in decisions on Development Programs so that the importance of community participation in monitoring, then the Disposition or Attitude of the Implementer and the Implementing Activities that have been carried out must pay attention to the importance of the government playing an active role by paying attention in the early stages of the plan, providing guidance and education to the community . Finally, socio-economic and political environmental conditions need to pay attention to the customs and cultural awareness of local communities that must be maintained in the policy implementation process. The conclusion of this research is that local governments need to increase public awareness about the importance of culture and religion through Tourism Development programs that are in accordance with local culture and traditions.

Evaluation of the existing conditions of lasiana beach tourism destinations and ecosystems, Kupang City

This research aims to determine the existing conditions of the destination and ecosystem of Laisiana beach tourism and evaluate the performance and importance of these existing conditions. This research falls under the action research design with data acquisition techniques using interview, observation, and documentation techniques. Determining the research population is through non-probability sampling with a convenience sampling approach and key actors sampling. The number of research samples is 75 people. Variable measurement is done on a Likert scale. The data types consist of primary and secondary data. Data analysis is done using a quantitative approach, namely interval technique and IPA analysis. The research results indicate that there is still a gap between the existing conditions of the destination and the tourism ecosystem towards satisfaction. The evaluation results show that the existing conditions of tourist destinations have not been a focus while the expectations of tourists are very high. Unlike the existing tourism conditions, most attributes such as community acceptance, tourist locations, tourist products, investments, development policies, and supporting tourism industries are expectations of tourists to be improved but are not a priority, while aspects that are not of concern to tourists receive excessive attention such as tourist targets, supporting facilities, tourism trends, product value, marketing, and tourism resources.

The Role of Financial Oversight in Enhancing the Efficiency of Public Spending in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

This study aimed to determine the extent of the impact of financial control on the efficiency of public spending in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia to regulate corruption, reduce waste of public funds, enhance transparency, and assess the effectiveness of current financial control legislation and agencies, and the procedures included therein, to understand their responsiveness, efficiency, and their impact on diversifying income sources, reducing unemployment rates, and their effect on economic growth through the analysis and study of international and local reports and indicators regarding financial control. Additionally, this study reviews the most distinguished international experiences in financial control and how to benefit from them to enhance the efficiency of control over the implementation of the general budget in the Kingdom. This study adopts the descriptive-analytical approach to reveal the effectiveness of current financial control over the public budget in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and its impact on the efficiency of spending, relying on three important indicators that represent the growth rate, unemployment rate, and diversification of income sources, through the review and analysis of international and local reports and indicators during the period covered by the Open Budget Index in the Kingdom, starting from 2008 to 2023. The study revealed the necessity of financially and administratively independent financial control agencies, granting them the necessary powers to carry out their tasks, making all administrative levels accountable, with the need for continuous updating of financial control legislation and laws in the Kingdom, activating what has recently been introduced of systems, working on integrating control agencies, in addition to the importance of exercising preventive control before preparing the budget to avoid budget deficit crises and preserve public funds. The researcher believes, through what has been discussed, that this study provides a valuable contribution to the development of financial control policies in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

Strategies for Land Economic Development in South Delhi District

This research paper examines the land economic development strategies in South Delhi, focusing on their impact on the socio-economic and spatial dynamics of the region. South Delhi, a diverse and economically vibrant district within the National Capital Region of India, presents a unique case study to explore how tailored land use policies and economic planning can foster sustainable growth. Using a mixed-method approach, this study integrates qualitative analysis of policy documents, stakeholder interviews, and quantitative assessment of economic indicators to analyze land use changes, economic transformations, and policy effectiveness from 2011 to 2021. The analysis spans both macro and micro levels, investigating transformations in key areas like Mehrauli, Lado Sarai, and Aya Nagar. Findings highlight significant shifts in land use from agricultural to residential and commercial purposes, driven by rapid urbanization, infrastructure development, and policy reforms. While certain strategies have effectively promoted economic growth, challenges such as environmental degradation, congestion, uneven policy enforcement, and socio- economic disparities persist. The study underscores the need for sustainable land use planning, improved infrastructure, stakeholder collaboration, and adaptive governance frameworks to balance economic growth with social equity and environmental sustainability The research offers comprehensive insights and practical recommendations for policymakers, urban planners, and stakeholders to optimize land economic development strategies in South Delhi, with implications for similar urban contexts globally. The study advocates for a holistic approach that integrates sustainable development, community engagement, and resilient policy frameworks to create livable and prosperous urban environments. Index Terms— Land Economic Development Strategies,South Delhi, Socio-Economic Dynamics ,Spatial Dynamics, Land Use Policies ,Economic Planning ,Sustainable Growth ,Mixed-Method Approach, Policy Documents, Stakeholder Interviews, Economic Indicators, Land Use Changes, Urbanization, Infrastructure Development ,Policy Reforms Environmental Degradation, Socio- Economic Disparities ,Sustainable Land Use Planning, Stakeholder Collaboration, Adaptive Governance, Urban Environments.

QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM POLICY IN EDUCATION: A COMPARATIVE STUDY BETWEEN INDONESIA AND FINLAND

This study aims to compare quality assurance policies in education between Indonesia and Finland, offering valuable insights for future policy development as the Indonesian education system undergoes transformation. The methodology used involved qualitative case studies that examined government documents, journals, reports, and online news to compare the quality assurance policies in a tabular format. This research focused solely on comparing the scope of quality assurance policies, without examining their implementation. The results revealed some similarities between Indonesia and Finland, particularly regarding teacher qualifications and the curriculum. However, there were significant differences between the two countries. For instance, Finland strongly emphasizes early childhood education to prepare students as lifelong learners. In contrast, Indonesia has traditionally focused more on basic and secondary education, though it is beginning to recognize the importance of early childhood education. Hence, Indonesia could learn from Finland by strengthening its early childhood education, making teachers’ appointments more competitive, and decentralizing the supervision of education quality from the central government to local authorities.

Plastic induced urinary tract disease and dysfunction: a scoping review.

In 2019 the World Health Organisation published a report which concluded microplastics in drinking water did not present a threat to human health. Since this time a plethora of research has emerged demonstrating the presence of plastic in various organ systems and their deleterious pathophysiological effects. A scoping review was undertaken in line with recommendations from the Johanna Briggs Institute. Five databases (PubMed, SCOPUS, CINAHL, Web of Science and EMBASE) were systematically searched in addition to a further grey literature search. Eighteen articles were identified, six of which investigated and characterised the presence of microplastics and nanoplastics (MNPs) in the human urinary tract. Microplastics were found to be present in kidney, urine and bladder cancer samples. Twelve articles investigated the effect of MNPs on human cell lines associated with the human urinary tract. These articles suggest MNPs have a cytotoxic effect, increase inflammation, decrease cell viability and alter mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) signalling pathways. Given the reported presence MNPs in human tissues and organs, these plastics may have potential health implications in bladder disease and dysfunction. As a result, institutions such as the World Health Organisation need to urgently re-evaluate their position on the threat of microplastics to public health. This scoping review highlights the rapidly emerging threat of microplastic contamination within the human urinary tract, challenging the World Health Organisation's assertion that microplastics pose no risk to public health. The documented cytotoxic effects of microplastics, alongside their ability to induce inflammation, reduce cell viability and disrupt signalling pathways, raise significant public health concerns relating to bladder cancer, chronic kidney disease, chronic urinary tract infections and incontinence. As a result, this study emphasises the pressing need for further research and policy development to address the challenges surrounding microplastic contamination.

Driving human development through ecological impact for emerging economies: the role of trade openness.

The present study attempts to examine the link between trade openness and sustainable human development (SHD) in 19 emerging economies. The study used the data for the period from 1996 to 2019. The study employed fixed-effect regression with Driscoll-Kraay standard error techniques robust to cross-section dependence. The study found the favorable impact of trade openness on sustainable development through sustainable human development. Trade openness affects sustainable human growth in many ways. It is a critical component that should not be ignored in sustainable development policies. Moreover, foreign direct investment, economic growth, and renewable energy consumption positively impact the sustainable human development. In contrast, innovations and institutional quality have an adverse impact on SHD. The study also provides policy suggestions for the emerging economies that will promote all the dimensions of sustainable development: economic, social, and environmental.

CALIPH HARUN AL RASHID'S POLICY ON ARABIC LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT DURING THE ABBASID PERIOD

This research aims to find out and examine the role of Caliph Harun Al Rashid in the development of Arabic during the Abbasid Dynasty. The questions to be answered through this research are (1) How was the role of Caliph Harun Al-Rashid in the government during the Abbasid Dynasty, and (3) How was the development of Arabic language during the period of Caliph Harun Al-Rashid? To answer these questions, the research used a literature approach. The research method used with the type of literary research, the primary data source is a book entitled Harun Al-Rashid Amir The Caliphs and the Greatest King in the World and the Glory of the Caliph Harun Ar-Rashid The Progress of World Civilization in the Golden Age of Islam. While the secondary data sources are other books that are relevant to the object of the author's discussion. The data processing method used is the content analysis method. The findings of the results of this study indicate that (1) Caliph Harun Al Rashid's policies in Arabic Language Development policies carried out by Caliph Harun ar-Rashid related to the development of Arabic in his time include making Arabic the official language of the State, the movement of translating manuscripts and Greek books, establishing Baitul Hikmah, Purification of Arabic, Kuttab and the establishment of literary institutions (2) The development of Arabic during the time of Caliph Harun Al Rashid was very rapid, which was marked by the development of literature, grammar, and the emergence of Arabic scholars

A Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature at the Earth surface since 1850 from the DCENT dataset.

Accurate historical records of Earth's surface temperatures are central to climate research and policy development. Widely-used estimates based on instrumental measurements from land and sea are, however, not fully consistent at either global or regional scales. To address these challenges, we develop the Dynamically Consistent ENsemble of Temperature (DCENT), a 200-member ensemble of monthly surface temperature anomalies relative to the 1982-2014 climatology. Each DCENT member starts from 1850 and has a 5° × 5° resolution. DCENT leverages several updated or recently-developed approaches of data homogenization and bias adjustments: an optimized pairwise homogenization algorithm for identifying breakpoints in land surface air temperature records, a physics-informed inter-comparison method to adjust systematic offsets in sea-surface temperatures recorded by ships, and a coupled energy balance model to homogenize continental and marine records. Each approach was published individually, and this paper describes a combined approach and its application in developing a gridded analysis. A notable difference of DCENT relative to existing temperature estimates is a cooler baseline for 1850-1900 that implies greater historical warming.

A history of restorative justice in Scotland: The evolving nature of an innovation in criminal justice policy and practice

AbstractHigh‐level political support for restorative justice in Scotland is at its strongest for many years, and yet its availability is lower now than in the mid‐2000s. To explore the reasons behind this paradox, we undertook an oral history project focused on the origins and development of restorative justice in Scotland. Based on 15 interviews with professionals, we tracked how the nature, objectives and scale of restorative justice has evolved in Scotland over time. Our analysis shows how the meaning and purpose of justice initiatives can shift, providing insight into policy development and broader debates about the role of justice responses.

Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berhitung Permulaan Anak Usia Dini Melalui Media Pohon Angka Di RA Miftahul Falah

AI SARIPAH. Improving the Numeracy Skills of Early Childhood Beginners Through Number Tree Media for class A RA Miftahul Falah Cikajang students, Garut Regency (2024). Thesis.Jakarta: Panca Sakti Bekasi College of Teacher Training and Education. 2024. This research aims to improve the ability to count, one of the aspects that must be developed in early childhood, children aged 4-5 years in the A RA Mifthul Falah group, Cikajang District, Garut Regency. To obtain the data, a numeracy learning outcomes instrument was used in the form of data which was analyzed starting from the pre-cycle, cycle one and cycle two to be compared with percentage descriptive techniques. The research method used is classroom action research (PTK) by applying the Kemmis and Mc Taggart model. The subjects in this research were 10 students at RA Miftahul Falah Cikajang Garut. Data collection was carried out by observation, interviews, checklists. Meanwhile, the data analysis technique uses descriptive analysis. The results of the implementation of cycle I and cycle II in simple exfloration activities using number tree media are presented through several research cycles. Based on the results of the observation phase of learning practices in cycles I and II, recorded in the reflection sheet after learning, it shows that there has been an increase in children's numeracy development through providing stimulation in counting activities using number trees as media. The percentage increase in cycle I was 65.2% and further increased in cycle II to 86.8%, so it can be concluded that this research can increase the ability to calculate using number trees in group A at RA Miftahul Falah. The results of this research provide important meaning for the development of educational policies, especially those related to improving the quality of student learning outcomes.