Development Of Wheat Plants Research Articles

Features of the isolation of yeast from the root microbiome of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Aim. Development of approaches for isolating yeast symbionts from the rhizosphere of various varieties of winter wheat for their further taxonomic identification, as well as studying the influence of yeast species on the growth and development of wheat plants. Methods. Isolation and identification of yeast from the root microbiome of selected wheat varieties was carried out using microbiological and microscopic research methods. Results. As a result of the investigation, conditions were selected, isolation and primary identification of yeast from the root microbiome of winter wheat varieties in different growing periods was carried out. The following yeast species were identified: Saccharomyces serevisiae, Hanseniaspora uvarum, Papiliotrema terrestris, Pichia fementans, Candida subhashii, Torulaspora delbruecki and Candida sp. Conclusions. The difference in the species composition of yeast-symbionts in different periods of development of winter wheat varieties Lisova Pisnya, Pereyaslivka, Bohdana, Smuglyanka, Podolyanka, Kolonia, Reform and Rebel was noted. The obtained data emphasize the importance of studying the rhizosphere microbiome, in particular the functional role of yeast, for understanding the mechanisms of interaction between the plant and the soil, as well as for the development of effective agronomic strategies in the cultivation of wheat and other crops.

Streptomyces pratensis S10 Promotes Wheat Plant Growth and Induces Resistance in Wheat Seedlings against Fusarium graminearum.

Fusarium graminearum, a devastating fungal pathogen, causes great economic losses to crop yields worldwide. The present study investigated the potential of Streptomyces pratensis S10 to alleviate F. graminearum stress in wheat seedlings based on plant growth-promoting and resistance-inducing assays. The bioassays revealed that S10 exhibited multiple plant growth-promoting properties, including the production of siderophores, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase (ACC), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), phosphate solubilization, and nitrogen fixation. Meanwhile, the pot experiment demonstrated that S10 improved wheat plant development, substantially enhancing wheat height, weight, root activity, and chlorophyll content. Consistently, genome mining identified abundant genes associated with plant growth promotion. S10 induced resistance against F. graminearum in wheat seedlings. The disease incidence and disease index reduced by nearly 52% and 65% in S10 pretreated wheat seedlings, respectively, compared with those infected with F. graminearum only in the non-contact inoculation assay. Moreover, S10 enhanced callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation and induced the activities of CAT, SOD, POD, PAL, and PPO. Furthermore, the quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) results indicated that S10 pretreatment increased the expression of SA- (PR1.1, PR2, PR5, and PAL1) and JA/ET-related genes (PR3, PR4a, PR9, and PDF1.2) in wheat seedlings upon F. graminearum infection. In summary, S. pratensis S10 could be an integrated biological agent and biofertilizer in wheat seedling blight management and plant productivity enhancement.

6-BA Reduced Yield Loss under Waterlogging Stress by Regulating the Phenylpropanoid Pathway in Wheat.

Waterlogging stress causes substantial destruction to plant growth and production under climatic fluctuations globally. Plants hormones have been widely explored in numerous crops, displaying an imperative role in crop defense and growth mechanism. However, there is a paucity of research on the subject of plant hormones regulating waterlogging stress responses in wheat crop. In this study, we clarified the role of 6-BA in waterlogging stress through inducing phenylpropanoid biosynthesis in wheat. The application of 6-BA (6-benzyladenine) enhanced the growth and development of wheat plants under waterlogging stress, which was accompanied by reduced electrolyte leakage, high chlorophyll, and soluble sugar content. ROS scavenging was also enhanced by 6-BA, resulting in reduced MDA and H2O2 accumulation and amplified antioxidant enzyme activities. Additionally, under the effect of 6-BA, the acceleration of lignin content and accumulation in the cell walls of wheat tissues, along with the activation of PAL (phenylalanine ammonia lyase), TAL (tyrosine ammonia lyase), and 4CL (4-hydroxycinnamate CoA ligase) activities and the increase in the level of transcription of the TaPAL and Ta4CL genes, were observed under waterlogging stress. Also, 6-BA improved the root growth system under waterlogging stress conditions. Further qPCR analysis revealed increased auxin signaling (TaPR1) in 6-BA-treated plants under waterlogging stress that was consistent with the induction of endogenous IAA hormone content under waterlogging stress conditions. Here, 6-BA also reduced yield loss, as compared to control plants. Thus, the obtained data suggested that, under the application of 6-BA, phenylpropanoid metabolism (i.e., lignin) was stimulated, playing a significant role in reducing the negative effects of waterlogging stress on yield, as evinced by the improved plant growth parameters.

Utilizing machine learning and vegetation indices for spring wheat yield forecasting

The results of research on the development and assessment of the accuracy of predictive models of spring wheat yield based on the use of remote sensing data and machine learning methods are presented. Yield data of spring wheat variety Novosibirskaya 31 obtained in a field experiment in the central forest-steppe of the Novosibirsk region in 2019–2022 were used in this work. Both qualitative predictors (the level of agrotechnologies intensification) and quantitative predictors (atmospheric precipitation in critical phases of wheat plant development and indicators of vegetation indices characterizing the condition of crops) were taken into account when creating the models. The use of various methods of intellectual data analysis, as well as the combination of parametric and non-parametric approaches in the study provided a sufficiently high accuracy of spring wheat yield forecasting. The methods used to predict spring wheat yield included linear regression, nonlinear Regression Splines based model, decision tree (CART), Random Forest, Adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost) and Gradient boosting. It was found that the models based on random forest, gradient and adaptive boosting algorithms were characterized by the highest predictive capabilities of crop yield depending on the emerging conditions of vegetation and controlling influence (R2 = 0.74–0.80). The development of predictive yield models using remote sensing and machine learning represent a certain scientific novelty and practical significance for effective management of crop productivity in changing soil-climatic and economic conditions. Predictive modeling is faced with multilevel environmental uncertainty and high variability of the resulting indicators on a particular land plot. In this regard, the multilevel approach may represent a promising solution for effective forecasting of spring wheat yield.

Alleviation of cadmium and drought stress in wheat by improving growth and chlorophyll contents amended with GA3 enriched deashed biochar

Drought and cadmium (Cd) stress are both major issues that significantly affect the growth and development of wheat plants. Both drought stress and Cd toxicity disrupt physiological processes i.e., nutrient uptake, cell expansion, and enzymatic reactions resulting in poor crop growth. To overcome these issues, the use of activated carbon and gibberellic acid (GA3) are considered valuable amendments. However, the current study aimed to add value using GA3-enriched biochar (GA3-BC). That’s why, a lab experiment was conducted on wheat to assess the effectiveness of GA3-BC against Cd and drought stress. For GA3 enrichment in biochar, 10 µg GA3/g biochar was mixed. There were 3 levels of GA3-BC i.e., 0, 0.6 (GA3-BC1), and 0.9% (GA3-BC). All levels were applied in 3 replicates under no stress (0Cd + no drought), drought stress (DS), and 6 mg Cd/ kg soil (6Cd). Results showed that GA3-BC2 caused a significant improvement in shoot length (44.99%), root length (99.73%), seedling length (60.13%) and shoot fresh weight (63.59%) over control at 6Cd + drought stress. A significant improvement in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll while a decrease in electrolyte leakage and regulation of antioxidants i.e., lipid peroxidation, SOD, CAT, APx, GR, GPx, GST, and DPHH also signified the effectiveness of GA3-BC2 compared to control at 6Cd + drought stress. In conclusion, GA3-BC2 is an efficacious amendment for simultaneously alleviating drought and Cd stress in wheat. More investigations are recommended at the field level on different cereal crops cultivated in different soil textures to declare GA3-BC2 as the best treatment for mitigation of drought stress and Cd toxicity.

Effects of soil potassium availability and absorption, perlite, and nitrogen levels on wheat plant development and yield

This study was conducted in the Al Majd area in Al Muthanna Governorate (Away from the city center, about 5 km to the north) to study the effect of perlite and nitrogen levels on potassium availability and absorption in soil, growth and yield of the wheat plant, during the agricultural season 2022-2021—a factorial field experiment, according to a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The experiment included two factors. The first factor is the addition of perlite with three levels (0, 1.5 and 3)% symbolized by B0, B1 and B2, respectively, while the second factor is nitrogen at five levels (0, 50, 100, 150 and 200) kg N ha-1 has the symbol N0, N1, N2, N3 and N4 respectively. The land was divided into plots, including 45 experimental units in three blocks, the area of the experimental unit (2 × 2) m2. The experimental unit included 8 lines with a length of 2 m. The distance between one line and another was 20 cm, leaving a distance of 75 cm between one replicate and another. The seeds of wheat (Bohooth 22 cultivar) were sown on 11/11/2021. The results indicated the significant effect of adding perlite at a level of 3% by volume to the soil in increasing the ready potassium in the soil when adding the first and second batches of nitrogen and harvesting, the addition of perlite at a level of 3% by volume of the soil affected the growth characteristics of the plant, including the biological yield, grain yield, potassium concentration in the plant, and the absorbed amount of potassium in the plant, nitrogen fertilizer to the soil at a level of (150 and 200) kg N ha-1 had a significant effect on the increase of ready potassium in the soil in the first and second batch of adding fertilizer. Keywords: Perlite, nitrogen, potassium availability and absorption, soil, growth, yield, wheat plant.

Optimizing agronomic practices for hard winter wheat production in the Great Plains with respect to seeding rate, row spacing, and variety

AbstractWinter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield in dryland areas is optimized by the improvement of genetics in combination with ideal production practices. Different combinations of seeding rate and row spacing can influence the development of wheat plants, impacting wheat yield and its components. To determine the influence of these practices, yield components, water use efficiency (WUE), biomass, and subsequent grain yield were evaluated in an experiment conducted at the High Plains Agricultural Laboratory, Sidney, NE, from 2019 until 2022, using a split‐plot randomized complete block design with four replications. Treatments consisted of four different row spacings (19, 25, 31, and 51 cm), three seeding rates (1.05, 2.1, and 3.1 million seeds ha−1), and two high performing winter wheat varieties—‘Ruth’ and ‘Robidoux’. Row spacing showed differences in wheat yield (p < 0.0001) across all years, with a significant effect of seeding rate only in 1 year and an interaction effect of the three factors in 2022 alone. Higher wheat yield was achieved with the two narrower row spacings (19 and 25 cm) compared to the wider row spacings of 38 and 51 cm. The treatment combining the 19 cm row spacing and either 2.1 or 3.1 million seed ha−1 seeding rate had the greatest yields in most years. Narrower row spacings had improved WUE in drier years as compared to wider row spacings.

Characterization of thioredoxin gene TaTrxh9 associated with heading-time regulation in wheat

Thioredoxins (Trxs) are thiol-disulfide oxidoreductase proteins that play important roles in a spectrum of processes linking redox regulation and signaling in plants. However, little is known about Trxs and their biological functions in wheat, one of the most important food crops worldwide. This study reports the identification and functional characterization of an h-type Trx gene, TaTrxh9, in wheat. Three homoeologs of TaTrxh9 were identified and the sequences in the coding region were highly consistent among the homoeologs. Protein characterization showed that a conserved Trx_family domain, as well as a typical active site with a dithiol signature (WCGPC), was included in TaTrxh9. Structural modeling demonstrated that TaTrxh9 could fold into a canonical thioredoxin structure consisting of five-stranded antiparallel beta sheets sandwiched between four alpha helices. The insulin disulfide reduction assay demonstrated that TaTrxh9 was catalytically active in vitro. TaTrxh9 overexpression in the Arabidopsis mutant trxh9 complemented the abnormal growth phenotypes of the mutant, suggesting is functionality in vivo. The transcription level of TaTrxh9 was higher in leaf tissues and it was differentially expressed during the development of wheat plants. Interestingly, barley stripe mosaic virus-mediated suppression of TaTrxh9 shortened the seedling-heading period of wheat. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas9 mediated gene knockout confirmed that the TaTrxh9 mutation resulted in early heading of wheat. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that Trxh is associated with heading-time regulation, which lays a foundation for further exploring the biological function of TaTrxh9 and provides new ideas for molecular breeding focusing on early heading in wheat.

Effect of Subdoses of Ultraviolet B Radiation on the Productivity of Spring Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Long-term field studies of the effect of presowing seed treatment of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) with XeCl-excilamp UVB radiation on sowing qualities of seeds and plant productivity have been carried out. The features of morphogenesis at various stages of growth and development of wheat plants have been determined. A subdose of exposure has been identified that increases the crop yield. The studies prove the prospects of introducing UVB treatment into the pool of modern agricultural technologies.

A BRIEF REVIEW ON THE INFLUENCE OF FLAG LEAF ON CEREALS PRODUCTION

Production in cereal crops is due to some complex physiological and biochemical processes, but is essentially associated with the process of carbohydrate accumulation in the grain filling phase which in turn is attributed to leaf functionalities. A critical stage in the development of wheat plants is the emergence of the final leaf called the flag leaf. At this point the emphasis of management needs to shift to its protection as the flag leaf is critical for attaining high grain yields. Unlike other leaves in the reproductive phase, flag leaves are the main organ for photosynthesis, providing the main assimilated source for plant growth and spike development and also for sensing environmental conditions conducive to adaptation. This short review aims to analyse some of the most important results from the specialized literature regarding the influence of the flag leaf on cereal production. The main documentation platforms were Google Scholar and Web of Science. The importance of the flag leaf in generating yield in grains is without dispute. Protecting the flag leaf is critical to attaining high yields. The vigil starts as soon as growers are able to recognize when the flag begins to emerge.

Влияние метеорологических условий на формирование хозяйственно-полезных признаков яровой пшеницы в условиях ЦРНЗ

This article presents the results of the study of the meteorological effect of vegetation on the formation of economic traits of spring wheat in 2021–2022. Fifteen varieties, developed in the different ecological conditions, were selected as study material, among them Zlata was used as a standard. The research work was carried out at the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy (evaluation of field trials during vegetation, analysis of yield and its structure) and at the Department of Remote Hybridization of the N.V. Tsitsin’s Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Science (laboratory evaluation of grain quality). The crops studied were grown at the Field Experiment Station of the Russian State Agrarian University – Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy. The soil types were sod-podzolic, sandy loam, loamy, structureless. The plot size is 1 m2, three replications, randomized arrangement. Methods of field evaluation according to the methodology of the State Variety Testing as well as generally accepted laboratory evaluations were used. The meteorological conditions during the summer growing season varied greatly in terms of the sum of active temperatures and humidity conditions. The first half of the growing season in 2021 was favorable for wheat plant development. The period from flowering to the grain maturity was characterized by severe drought. In 2022, growing conditions were generally favorable. Simbirtsit (481 g/m2), Obskaya 2 (484 g/m2), Tobol’skaya (512 g/m2), Margarita (603 g/m2), Favorit (505 g/m2), Granni (484 g/m2) were the most productive varieties. The meteorological conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region in 2021–2022 had an insignificant effect on the yields of most spring wheat varieties due to compensating mechanisms. Only the varieties Margarita, Uchitel’ and Iren’ were found to respond to the additional moisture. The varieties Saratovskaya 74, Simbirtsit, Tyumenskaya 29, Obskaya 2, and Tobol’skaya are characterized by high resistance to local strains of brown rust under natural infection conditions (7 points). The varieties Favorit and Simbirtsit are immune to powdery mildew (9 points). The varieties Simbirtsit, Obskaya 2, Tobol’skaya, Margarita, Favorit and Trizo are highly resistant to septoriosis (7 points). They can be used as source material for breeding spring wheat varieties. The meteorological effect is tracked for tillering productivity, number and weight of grains per ear, weight of 1000 grains and vitreousness. Drought during the grain formation and filling phase reduced the values of all indicators. Grain unit is the most stable indicator of grain physical properties. The earliest ripening varieties are Zlata and Iren’ (the duration of vegetation is 79–81 and 76–79, respectively). The latest ripening varieties are Tobol’skaya, Favorit and Trizo (8, 10 and 16 days after the standard, respectively). High grain content per ear was observed in the varieties Agata, Margarita, Uchitel’, Favorit, Granni (33–39pcs) in the conditions of the Central Non-Chernozem region. The indicator of grain weight per ear can be used as a morphological marker for selection of high-yielding genotypes of spring wheat in the Central Non-Chernozem region.

STUDY OF BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY COLLOIDAL SOLUTIONS OF IRON SYNTHESIZED ON THE BASIS OF AQUEOUS CUFF EXTRACT

Background. Anthropogenic impact on agricultural areas leads to pollution of environmental objects, as well as to an increase in the resistance of pathogens to modern means of protection. One of the ways to solve these problems is the development of new drugs based on colloidal solutions of metals synthesized by the “green synthesis” method using aqueous extracts of medicinal plants from central Russia. The biological activity of metal nanoparticles obtained using plant extracts is currently being actively studied in relation to various biological objects. It is advisable to study the effect of iron colloids obtained with the help of an aqueous extract of the common mantle on the growth and development of wheat plants, as well as on phytopathogen fungi, the causative agents of the main diseases of agricultural plants.
 Purpose. To study the biological activity of iron colloids synthesized on the basis of aqueous extracts of the common cuff. To establish the effect of iron nanoparticles on the growth and development of wheat plants, and to study the fungicidal effect of colloids on pathogenic fungi.
 Materials and methods. Iron colloids were obtained from plant extracts of various dilutions and iron salt solution.
 The content of sugars, tannins and dyes, photosynthetic pigments, vegetable protein, flavonoids and ascorbic acid was determined in the composition of the common cuff.
 The influence of iron colloids on the growth and development of agricultural plants was studied by analyzing the seed germination energy and biometric parameters of wheat germs treated with initial extracts and synthesized colloids.
 The fungicidal activity of common mantle extracts and iron colloids synthesized on their basis was studied in vitro on the following fungi – phytopathogens: F. moniliforme and F. oxysporum, V. inaequalis, R. solani, B. sorokiniana, P. ostreatus and A. alternata.
 Results. Growth-stimulating activity is exhibited by aqueous extracts of the common cuff of an average degree of dilution and iron colloids synthesized on their basis. Only extracts of the common cuff have fungistatic properties in relation to the fungus B. sorokiniana.
 Conclusion. Biological activity is shown by extracts of medium dilution and colloids synthesized on their basis. In further research on this topic, it is advisable to study the effect of various variations in salt and extract concentrations on the manifestation of fungicidal and growth-stimulating activity.

Morphology and Nitrogen Uptake and Distribution of Wheat Plants as Influenced by Applying Remedial Urea Prior to or Post Low-Temperature Stress at Seedling Stage

Wheat production is dramatically influenced by temperature. Low-temperature stress that frequently occurs seriously hampers the growth and development of wheat seedlings. In order to alleviate the damage of low temperature to wheat plant growth, remedial nitrogen was applied prior to or post low-temperature stress at seedling stage using controlled-temperature incubators to explore the difference in wheat morphology and nitrogen absorption and utilization efficiency. Nitrogen amendment significantly increased the leaf area, seedling height, tiller number and dry matter weight of wheat plants as compared with the treatment without nitrogen amendment under temperature stress. Remedial nitrogen applied prior to low-temperature stress (N-LT) was more conducive to increase the above parameters than that applied post low-temperature stress (LT-N). In addition, N-LT enhanced the ability of roots to absorb remedial 15N urea, promoted the growth and development of wheat plants under low-temperature stress, resulting in higher leaf SPAD readings, more new tillers, as well as increased dry weight of roots and above-ground organs. This study suggested that remedial nitrogen should be applied prior to low-temperature stress because it is more effective in restoring the growth of wheat plants under low-temperature stress.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in wheat grown in copper contaminated soil

At high soil concentrations, copper (Cu) is toxic to plant development. Symbiosis carried out between microorganisms and plant species are alternatives to minimize plant toxicity in copper contaminated soil. The present study aimed to select species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for the development of wheat plants in copper contaminated soil. The experimental design was completely randomized in a 4 × 6 factorial arrangement, with four sources of inocula: three species of arbuscular mycorrhizae (Acaulospora colombiana, Gigaspora Margarita and Rhizophagus clarus) and one without inoculum (control), and six doses of copper in the soil (0, 80, 160, 240, 320, and 400 mg kg-1), with seven replications. Plant height, root length, root volume, root dry mass, specific surface area, average root diameter, root, shoot and grain Cu content and mycorrhizal colonization rate were evaluated. Root dry mass and mycorrhizal colonization were negatively affected by high Cu doses in the soil. The mycorrhizal isolates Acaulospora Colombiana and Gigaspora Margarita provide greater wheat height, root length and specific surface area and lower Cu content. Mycorrhizal colonization with the fungi Acaulospora Colombiana, Gigaspora Margarita and Rhizophagus clarus results in lower copper content in wheat shoots and grains.

ТHE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTAL SALT LEVELS ON AUTUMN WHEAT GROWTH

Soil salinity i.e. the presence of a solution of salts in the soil solution above the alternative level for plants, leads to a decrease in productivity, which has a negative impact on the growth and development of wheat plants. Complex environmental conditions lead to a decrease in product quality, which is important for the economy, while reducing the yield of wheat. Improving the salinity resistance of wheat remains one of the most pressing issues today. The most effective environmentally friendly way to increase the resistance of plants to salinity is to create varieties that are resistant to these extreme conditions and to accelerate their introduction into production.

Arbuscular mycorrhiza: isolation, characterization and evaluation of plant growth promoting properties

In the present study, potent Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungal (AMF) spores were isolated by wet sieving and decanting method from the soil samples. The International Culture Collection of (Vesicular) Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (INVAM) worksheet was used for the characterization of the isolated spores. Finally, for evaluation of PGP activities, Petri plate assay followed by pot assay was used. Three AMF spores were characterized as Glomus fasciculatum, Scutellospora spp. and Acaulospora appendicular, out of which Glomus fasciculatum was used for evaluation of its effect on growth and development of wheat plant. In pot assay under normal condition, plants inoculated with AMF in non-sterile and sterile soil showed significant increase in root (14.07cm, 15.85cm) and shoot (18.72cm, 24.2cm) length respectively compared with control plant. In normal condition, highest contents of chlorophyll a (57.12mg/gm), b (20.14mg/gm) and total chlorophyll (78.45mg/gm) were observed in sterile soil inoculated with seed. Study also showed that AMF has notable effect on micro and macro nutrient content of the pot soil. In normal condition AMF inoculated non-sterile and sterile soil showed increase in N (148.72kg/ha and 150.54kg/ha) and K (145.95kg/ha and 149.78kg/ha) while decrease in P (34.01kg/ha and31.17kg/ha) was observed as compared with control and under saline soil condition, non-sterile and sterile soil also show increase in N (147.54kg/ha and 149.54kg/ha) and K (141.78kg/ha and 150.38kg/ha) while decrease in P (34.07kg/ha and 33.02kg/ha) was observed as compared with control.

Polylactide Fiber Materials and their Application in Agriculture

Nonwoven fibers from biodegradable polymers such as polylactide and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate were obtained by electrospinning. The fiber morphology was studied by optical microscopy. The fiber materials were used like the substrates for the plant growing. The sowing qualities of the "Athena"winter wheat (triticumaestivum L.) and biometric indicators of the plants were determined. The biometric indicators of wheat plants grown on polymer substrates are higher compared with the GOST technique. Eco-friendly fiber materials are promising for the agricultural application. Polylactide and poly-3-hydroxybutyrate undergo a hydrolysis process. They are destroyed to form nutrients for the growth and development of wheat plants.

The effect of a new protective-stimulating complex on the growth and development of spring wheat of the Ester variety under environmental stress

In the research, the influence of protective-stimulating complexes on the growth and development of spring wheat plants of the Ester variety when grown in various water supply conditions was studied. The effect of protective-stimulating complexes of various compositions on the dynamics of biomass accumulation and assimilation surface of spring wheat plants under conditions of optimal water supply, drought and short-term waterlogging was studied. The negative effect of stressful conditions on wheat plants has been shown. A sharp change in the processes of accumulation of plant mass and photosynthetic surface of wheat plants was revealed. Under the conditions of exposure to waterlogging in the control variant, three stages of plant development can be noted: the accumulation of biomass before the onset of the stressor, positive dynamics during the stressor period and negative dynamics during the repair period. The use of protective and stimulating complexes of various compositions had a positive effect on the growth and development of wheat plants during the growing season. In the variants with the use of protective and stimulating complex (PSC) 1 and protective and stimulating complex 2, the following main stages can be noted: during the period of the stressor, there was a decrease in the area of the assimilation surface in the amount of about 20% of the initial state, however, during the repair period, the plants regained their original size and continued to grow, increasing the surface area by 50% and 70%, respectively. As a result, the increase in the area of the assimilation surface in plants of the variant with the use of protective and stimulating complex 1 was 40%, and in plants of the variant with the use of protective and stimulating complex 2 was 65%.

The Landscape of Autophagy-Related (ATG) Genes and Functional Characterization of TaVAMP727 to Autophagy in Wheat

Autophagy is an indispensable biological process and plays crucial roles in plant growth and plant responses to both biotic and abiotic stresses. This study systematically identified autophagy-related proteins (ATGs) in wheat and its diploid and tetraploid progenitors and investigated their genomic organization, structure characteristics, expression patterns, genetic variation, and regulation network. We identified a total of 77, 51, 29, and 30 ATGs in wheat, wild emmer, T. urartu and A. tauschii, respectively, and grouped them into 19 subfamilies. We found that these autophagy-related genes (ATGs) suffered various degrees of selection during the wheat’s domestication and breeding processes. The genetic variations in the promoter region of Ta2A_ATG8a were associated with differences in seed size, which might be artificially selected for during the domestication process of tetraploid wheat. Overexpression of TaVAMP727 improved the cold, drought, and salt stresses resistance of the transgenic Arabidopsis and wheat. It also promoted wheat heading by regulating the expression of most ATGs. Our findings demonstrate how ATGs regulate wheat plant development and improve abiotic stress resistance. The results presented here provide the basis for wheat breeding programs for selecting varieties of higher yield which are capable of growing in colder, drier, and saltier areas.

Development of wheat plants coinoculated with rhizobium strains

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of diaztrophic bacteria coinoculation in wheat cultivars grown in Cerrado Oxisol. A randomized block design was used, with a 13 x 3 factorial scheme and four replicates. The treatments consisted of inoculation with Azospirillum brasilense (strains AbV5 and AbV6 strains combined) and coinoculation with Bradyrhizobium japonicum (strains SEMIA 5079 and SEMIA 5080 combined, and strain BR3267), as well as Rhizobium tropici (strains MT08 and MT15) and R. leguminosarum (strain MT16) combined or in isolation, tested in wheat cultivars BRS 394, BRS 264 and BRS 254. The variables analyzed were grain nitrogen concentration and accumulation and crude protein content, 100-grain weight and total grain mass. The treatment containing the commercial cowpea inoculant showed a higher total grain mass (5.8766 g). Interaction was observed for grain nitrogen concentration, particularly for A. brasilense + MT 15 (R. tropici) and MT 15 in wheat cultivar BRS 264. Coinoculation with diazotrophic bacteria isolated from leguminous plants shows potential for use in wheat cultivars.