Development Of Typical Symptoms Research Articles

Острая задняя отслойка стекловидного тела

The detachment of the posterior hyaloid membrane (posterior vitreous detachment /PVD/) means the separation of the posterior vitreous cortex from the internal limiting membrane of the retina and the optic disc. Traditionally, PVD is considered as a physiological process associated with the involutional changes of the vitreous body. In most cases, the early stages of acute PVD are asymptomatic. Patients do not seek for medical care until an acute condition occurs along with the development of typical symptoms. It happens when the posterior hyaloid membrane completely separates from the retina and the optic disc, or when complications of this process develop, such as hemorrhages in the vitreous and retina, retinal breaks/tears and detachment, and macular lesions. Taking into consideration the spontaneous PVD onset and the risk of various complications, it is necessary to conduct a thorough research of the etiology and pathogenesis of this process, identify potential predisposing and triggering factors, and to define tactics of patient management, timely detection and treatment of complications. It is important to assess the informational value of special instrumental methods of patient examination, such as B-scan ultrasound imaging and optical coherence tomography. These methods open new perspectives for verifying the diagnostic accuracy, revealing complications, visualizing residual vitreoretinal adhesions, and offering tactics for further patient management. Keywords: acute posterior vitreous detachment, posterior hyaloid membrane, peripheral retinal breaks/tears, rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, vitreomacular traction syndrome, B-scan ultrasonography, optical coherence tomography. For citation: Volodin P.L., Belyanina S.I. Аcute posterior vitreous detachment. Russian Journal of Clinical Ophthalmology. 2022;22(4):247– 253 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2311-7729-2022-22-4-247-253.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome: diagnostic and therapeutic methods.

Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a medical emergency, rare in the general population, but very common among alcoholic individuals, which can lead to severe complications when unrecognized or late treated. It represents a clinical condition which can evolve in few hours or days following an abrupt cessation or reduction of alcohol intake and is characterized by hyperactivity of the autonomic nervous system resulting in the development of typical symptoms. According to DSM-5 criteria, the alcohol withdrawal syndrome is defined as such: if patients present at least two of typical signs and symptoms. The Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment of Alcohol Scale, revised version (CIWA-Ar), is the tool for assessing the severity of AWS. The support to patient with AWS includes pharmacological intervention as well as general support, restoration of biochemical imbalances and specific therapy. Regarding the pharmacological treatment, benzodiazepines represent the gold standard, in particular long-acting benzodiazepines, administered with a gradual reduction up to cessation.

THE INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF LUPINE YELLOW

The paper provides the analyses of the wide spread infectious diseases of the lupine yellow. The particularities of the diseases (noninfectious and infectious, caused by viruses, fungi and bacteria) were defined. The patogenesis at plants infection with Bean yellow mosaic virus is followed by the development of typical symptoms which considerablydifferfromsymptomscausedbyotherdiseases.Thatenables the differential diagnostics of this disease and the efficient record of virus infections spreading on the area under lupine crops at phytosanitary surveys, as well as at studying of the influence of different factors on the growth and development of plants infected with the virus.

Function of Host and Fungal Metabolites in Resistance Response of Banana and Plantain in the Black Sigatoka Disease Pathosystem (Musaspp. –Mycosphaerella fijiensis)

The host–pathogen interactions ofMusaspp. andMycosphaerella fijiensiswere investigated in order to determine the function of secondary metabolites within the pathosystem of the Black Sigatoka disease. The pentaketide metabolites flaviolin, 2‐hydroxyjuglone, juglone and 2,4,8‐trihydroxytetralone (2,4,8‐THT) of the pathogen were identified. The concentration of 2,4,8‐THT was significantly increased by application of the synthetic compound tricyclazole and by natural activators extracted from the intercellular space of leaf tissue of resistantMusacultivars. When inoculated host plants were treated with tricyclazole, extensive necrosis of both susceptible and resistantMusacultivar leaves were observed. Plant defence mechanisms of resistantMusacultivars were first detected as an activation of phenylalanine–ammonia lyase and the subsequent accumulation of post‐infectional substances which blocked fungal growth. These results indicated the bivalent importance of 2,4,8‐THT for host‐specific reactions, depending on its concentration at different stages of pathogenesis. Early activation of fungal 2,4,8‐THT metabolism by resistantMusacultivars caused necrotic micro‐lesions and elicitation of post‐infectional defence reactions leading to incompatibility between pathogen and host plant; growth of the fungus on susceptible cultivars caused necrotizing doses of 2,4,8‐THT only after the establishment of a compatible interaction and development of typical symptoms at late stages of pathogenesis.

Ultrasonography of the glenohumeral joints--a helpful instrument in differentiation in elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica.

In a prospective study, the glenohumeral joints of 51 patients (aged 60 or above) were examined, using ultrasonography. Twenty-two patients were suffering from characteristic polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) symptoms. In contrast, 29 other patients initially had similar complaints, but were diagnosed as having elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA, rheumatoid factor negative) upon development of typical symptoms. Ultrasound examination revealed glenohumeral joint inflammation in 40.9% (9/22) of the patients with PMR and 65.5% (19/29) of the patients with EORA. A discrete symmetrical biceps tendon sheath effusion was found in only three patients and unilateral in six patients with PMR. In contrast, 12 patients with EORA presented a massive effusion of the biceps tendon sheath, in some cases combined with a bilateral subdeltoid bursitis, and an intraarticular (i.a.) effusion/synovitis. To summarize our results: an i.a. effusion/synovitis, subdeltoid bursitis and biceps tendon sheath effusion were more frequent in patients with EORA, with a predominate symmetry and signs for massive inflammation. The typical ultrasonographic result in patients with PMR was a unilateral inflammation of the glenohumeral joint with predominate discrete biceps tendon sheath effusion and, in comparison with the EORA group, with signs of a low grade inflammation. We conclude that the results of our prospective study might be helpful in the differentiation of PMR and a rheumatoid factor negative subgroup of EORA at the first time of manifestation where clinical overlaps can be observed. However, ultrasonography of the glenohumeral joints might be a good and helpful instrument of differentiation in both diseases.

Elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis and polymyalgia rheumatica: ultrasonographic study of the glenohumeral joints.

The glenohumeral joints of 32 patients (aged 60 or above) were examined using ultrasonography. Thirteen patients were suffering from characteristic polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) symptoms. In contrast 19 other patients initially had similar complaints, but were diagnosed as having elderly onset rheumatoid arthritis (EORA) upon development of typical symptoms. Ultrasound examination revealed glenohumeral joint inflammation in 61% (8 out of 13) of the patients with PMR and 63.2% (12 out of 19) of the patients with EORA. These findings suggest that a subgroup of patients with PMR and EORA suffers from shoulder joint inflammation and this synovitis/bursitis/intraarticular effusion might play an important role in the understanding of their symptoms. We conclude that overlapping forms of PMR and a predominate rheumatoid factor negative subgroup of EORA might exist and should be further characterized.

Red-back spider bites to Perth children, 1979-1988.

The aim of this study was to describe the pattern of illness caused by red-back spider bites to children in Perth, Western Australia, over a 10 year period, and to compare it with that in adults. The case-notes of 241 (89%) of the 271 children admitted to Princess Margaret Hospital and Fremantle Hospital with suspected red-back spider bite from 1979 to 1988 were available for analysis. A definite bite was defined as a definite bite by a positively identified red-back spider, positive identification of a red-back spider with no definite bite but the later development of typical symptoms or no definite history of red-back spider bite but strong clinical evidence and complete recovery after administration of antivenom. Systemic envenomation was accepted if there were symptoms of vomiting, generalized pain or sweating, or abdominal pain. Sixty-five per cent of children were definitely bitten. As found in previous adult and mixed studies, there was a peak incidence in the warmer months with a male preponderance (68%); 81% of bites were to the extremities and 83% of bites occurred in the daytime. The syndrome produced in children was usually similar to that seen in adults. Twenty-one per cent of children received antivenom, a rate comparable to previous studies in older age groups; however, no child received more than one ampoule. Compared with data extracted from a previously published study at Fremantle Hospital, in which 37% of adults treated with antivenom received more than one ampoule, these findings suggest that contrary to current opinion children may not be at an increased risk of morbidity from latrodectism.

Observations on the ascogenous stage of Septoria tritici in Texas

Ascospores of Mycosphaerella graminicola , the sexual stage of Septoria tritici , were observed in a wheat field in Northcentral Texas during the fall of 1989 and winter of 1990. This was the first time the ascogenous stage was found in the State. Ascospores germinated on agar by hyphae that subsequently produced conidia similar to the conidia derived from pycnidiospores. Wheat seedling inoculations with ascospores, and conidia derived from ascospores, resulted in the development of typical symptoms and signs of septoria tritici blotch. Disease development on detached leaves initiated by ascospores required a longer incubation period and produced fewer pycnidia than disease initiated by conidia. We discuss some of the implications of these findings on epidemiological studies of septoria tritici blotch in Texas.

Three graft-transmissible diseases and a variegation disorder of small fruit in New Zealand

Abstract The presence in New Zealand of the reversion disease of black currants was demonstrated by the development of typical symptoms in susceptible cultivars after graft inoculation. Reversion appears to be responsible for the serious crop losses occurring in Otago and Southland regions. It is not restricted to those areas, but occurs at a low incidence in Canterbury and Nelson regions. Spread has occurred through the use of infected cuttings during propagation, and probably also by the gall mite vector. Red currant vein banding disease was detected in several red currant cultivars by graft inoculation to red currant seedlings, and to the indicator B1385/81, but is of low incidence. The disease boysenberry decline, possibly caused by a mycoplasma-like organism, occurs in the northern half of the North Island. During the 1980s it appeared to be spreading rapidly until the removal of most infected plantings greatly reduced its incidence. The boysenberry leatbopper is a possible vector, but in controlled ...

ULTRAVIOLET IRRADIATION OF HUMAN PLASMA TO CONTROL HOMOLOGOUS SERUM JAUNDICE

Numerous publications 1 have established that human blood, plasma or serum may harbor the agent of infectious hepatitis. This agent, believed to be a virus, has been the cause of hepatitis in recipients of human blood and plasma. 2 Because of the prolonged incubation period—two to six months—the relationship between administration of blood or plasma and the subsequent development of hepatitis is frequently overlooked. It is easy to exclude blood donors with a history of jaundice or hepatitis and to discard blood specimens showing hyperbilirubinemia. Unfortunately, however, many persons may be unknowingly infected, for many cases of hepatitis occur without the development of typical symptoms and signs and thus pass undiagnosed. Furthermore, the virus may be present in the blood stream of the infected person for weeks before and after the acute episode of hepatitis. It is clear that administration of human blood or plasma carries with it a potential