Development Of Thyroid Disorders Research Articles

Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on the Development of Thyroid Disorders

Effects of a Vegetarian Diet on the Development of Thyroid Disorders

Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides, and Veillonella: emerging protectors against Graves' disease.

Graves' disease (GD) is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism, and its pathogenesis remains incompletely elucidated. Numerous studies have implicated the gut microbiota in the development of thyroid disorders. This study employs Mendelian randomization analysis to investigate the characteristics of gut microbiota in GD patients, aiming to offer novel insights into the etiology and treatment of Graves' disease. Two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was employed to assess the causal relationship between Graves' disease and the gut microbiota composition. Gut microbiota data were sourced from the international consortium MiBioGen, while Graves' disease data were obtained from FINNGEN. Eligible single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected as instrumental variables. Multiple analysis methods, including inverse variance-weighted (IVW), MR-Egger regression, weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-RAPS, were utilized. Sensitivity analyses were conducted employing MR-Egger intercept test, Cochran's Q test, and leave-one-out analysis as quality control measures. The Mendelian randomization study conducted in a European population revealed a decreased risk of Graves' disease associated with Bacteroidaceae (Odds ratio (OR) [95% confidence interval (CI)]: 0.89 [0.89 ~ 0.90], adjusted P value: <0.001), Bacteroides (OR: [95% CI]: 0.555 [0.437 ~ 0.706], adjusted P value: <0.001), and Veillonella (OR [95% CI]: 0.632 [0.492 ~ 0.811], adjusted P value: 0.016). No significant evidence of heterogeneity, or horizontal pleiotropy was detected. Furthermore, the preliminary MR analysis identified 13 bacterial species including Eubacterium brachy group and Family XIII AD3011 group, exhibiting significant associations with Graves' disease onset, suggesting potential causal effects. A causal relationship exists between gut microbiota and Graves' disease. Bacteroidaceae, Bacteroides, and Veillonella emerge as protective factors against Graves' disease development. Prospective probiotic supplementation may offer a novel avenue for adjunctive treatment in the management of Graves' disease in the future.

Association between Altered Thyroid Function and Prediabetes in Diet-Induced Prediabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats

There is a correlation between the existence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and the development of thyroid disorders. Prediabetes is a progressive state of moderate insulin resistance that often precedes the onset of T2DM. However, the association between prediabetes and thyroid function is unknown. This study assessed changes in markers of thyroid function in diet-induced prediabetes. Twelve male Sprague Dawley rats (n = 12) were randomly assigned into two groups. Rats in the non-prediabetic (NPD) group were fed a standard rat diet, while rats in the prediabetic (PD) were fed a high-fat high-carbohydrate diet for 20 weeks to induce prediabetes. Thereafter, fasting blood glucose levels were measured. Plasma samples were assessed for triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyroxine peroxidase (TPO) antibody, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations. The elevated blood glucose, HbA1c, and plasma insulin levels coincided with increased T3 and reduced T4 levels in the PD group when compared to the NPD group. There was also an increase in the concentration of TPO antibodies in the PD group. Additionally, there was a significant correlation between the thyroid hormone concentrations and HbA1c levels. In conclusion, these results indicated that there is a positive association between thyroid dysfunction and diet-induced prediabetes in rats.

The crossroad between autoimmune disorder, tissue remodeling and cancer of the thyroid: The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3).

Thyroid is at the crossroads of immune dysregulation, tissue remodeling and oncogenesis. Autoimmune disorders, nodular disease and cancer of the thyroid affect a large amount of general population, mainly women. We wondered if there could be a common factor behind three processes (immune dysregulation, tissue remodeling and oncogenesis) that frequently affect, sometimes coexisting, the thyroid gland. The long pentraxin 3 (PTX3) is an essential component of the humoral arm of the innate immune system acting as soluble pattern recognition molecule. The protein is found expressed in a variety of cell types during tissue injury and stress. In addition, PTX3 is produced by neutrophils during maturation in the bone-marrow and is stored in lactoferrin-granules. PTX3 is a regulator of the complement cascade and orchestrates tissue remodeling and repair. Preclinical data and studies in human tumors indicate that PTX3 can act both as an extrinsic oncosuppressor by modulating complement-dependent tumor-promoting inflammation, or as a tumor-promoter molecule, regulating cell invasion and proliferation and epithelial to mesenchymal transition, thus suggesting that this molecule may have different functions on carcinogenesis. The involvement of PTX3 in the regulation of immune responses, tissue remodeling and oncosuppressive processes led us to explore its potential role in the development of thyroid disorders. In this review, we aimed to highlight what is known, at the state of the art, regarding the connection between the long pentraxin 3 and the main thyroid diseases i.e., nodular thyroid disease, thyroid cancer and autoimmune thyroid disorders.

A Literature Review on SARS-CoV-2 and Other Viruses in Thyroid Disorders: Environmental Triggers or No-Guilty Bystanders?

A growing number of findings indicate a relationship between COVID-19 infection and thyroid dysfunction. This association is also strengthened by knowledge on the potential of viral infections to trigger thyroid disorders, although the exact underlying pathogenetic process remains to be elucidated. This review aimed to describe the available data regarding the possible role of infectious agents, and in particular of SARS-CoV-2, in the development of thyroid disorders, summarizing the proposed mechanisms and levels of evidence (epidemiological, serological or direct presence of the viruses in the thyroid gland) by which the infection could be responsible for thyroid abnormalities/diseases. Novel data on the association and mechanisms involved between SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and thyroid diseases are also discussed. While demonstrating a clear causal link is challenging, numerous clues at molecular and cellular levels and the large amount of epidemiological data suggest the existence of this relationship. Further studies should be taken to further investigate the true nature and strength of this association, to help in planning future preventive and therapeutic strategies for more personal and targeted care with attention to the underlying causes of thyroid dysfunction.

Prevalence of Thyroid Disorders in and around Nalgonda District, Telangana, India: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Among the endocrine disorders, thyroid disorders are the most common. Long term and excessive intake of fluoride plays a significant role in the development of thyroid disorders. Nalgonda is one of the highly drought-prone districts in Southern India and its groundwater has 10 to 15 parts per million (ppm) of fluoride in contrast to a maximum permitted level of just 1.5 ppm. The entire Nalgonda division is under the threat of fluorosis due to high concentration of fluoride in the drinking water. Aim: To assess the prevalence of thyroid disorders in and around areas of Nalgonda district, Telangana, India. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Nalgonda, Telangana, India, from December 2021 to May 2022. Total 391 subjects attending Outpatient Department (OPD) of General Medicine, Nalgonda were included in the study. Samples were analysed for thyroid function tests (total T3,T4, thyroid stimulating hormone) by chemiluminiscence immuno assay method in an Abbott architect ci4100 automated analyser. Statistical analysis was done by using Microsoft Excel spreadsheets and results were expressed as prevalence percentages, mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Results: In the present study, the mean age was 39.5±20.506 years. Out of the total participants, 273 (69.8%) subjects were found to be euthyroid and 118 (30.2%) had thyroid disorders. Among 30.2% subjects with thyroid disorders, 32 (8.2%) were hypothyroid, 19 (4.9%) were hyperthyroid, 54 (13.8%) were having subclinical hypothyroidism, 13 (3.3%) were having subclinical hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of thyroid disorders was higher in females compared with males, with the ratio of 3:1 and females contributing to major disease burden. Conclusion: According to this study, prevalence of thyroid disorders was 30.2% with more disease burden in females. Subclinical hypothyroidism contributes to the major disease burden.

Influence of selenium deficiency on the development of thyroid disorders - a literature review

Introduction and purpose: Selenium is essential for the proper course of many physiological and biochemical processes in the human body. It plays a large role in ensuring proper immunoendocrine function. The organ with the greatest amount of selenium per gram of tissue is the thyroid gland. This element builds enzymes involved in antioxidant processes - peroxidase, as well as deiodinases involved in the metabolism of thyroid hormones. There are scientific reports showing a beneficial effect of selenium supplementation in autoimmune diseases of the thyroid gland. The aim of this study is to summarize the current knowledge on the relationship between selenium deficiency and the development of thyroid dysfunction. Description of the state of knowledge: There is a correlation between selenium deficiency and the functioning of the thyroid gland. It has been shown that selenium levels are often lowered in patients with autoimmune thyroiditis. Research shows that selenium supplementation may lower TPOAb and TgAb antibody levels in patients with Hashimoto's disease. In patients with Graves' orbitopathy, administration of selenium resulted in delayed progression of orbitopathy and less disease severity. There are reports that supplementation with this element may also increase the effectiveness of antithyroid drugs in patients with Graves-Basedow disease. There was also an association between selenium deficiency and the development of goiter and thyroid nodules. Conclusions: Selenium plays an important role in the proper functioning of the thyroid gland. Although the specific role of selenium in the pathogenesis of thyroid disease is still under investigation, there are numerous reports saying that its deficiency may affect it. More research is needed on the relationship between selenium concentration and the regulation of thyroid function, because introducing it into the treatment regimen of thyroid disorders may give hope for better therapeutic effects.

ASSOCIATION OF SERUM AUTO-ANTIBODIES AND THYROID FUNCTION TEST IN PATIENTS WITH NON-NEOPLASTIC THYROID DISEASES IN SHENDI LOCALITY, SUDAN

Background: Thyroid disorders are the most second endocrine problem after diabetes mellitus in society. Environmental, immunological, and genetic factors lead to the development of thyroid disorders. Objectives: The study intended to evaluate the role of thyroid antibodies and hormones in the diagnosis of thyroid diseases, as well as the prevalence of thyroid antibodies in patients having thyroid disorders living in Shendi locality. Study design: The current research was prospective, case - control, hospital-based study carried out from 2013-2017, in El-Mek Nimir Uiversity Hospital in Shendi town- Northern Sudan.-. River Nile State. Two hundred and eighty-three (283) participants selected randomly as study population, of whom Hundred and eleven (111) patients with hypothyroidism; Seventy-two (72) patients with hyperthyroidism; Hundred (100) healthy normal subjects as control group. Participants were recruited from outpatient clinics in El-Mek Nimir Uiversity Hospital in Shendi Thyroid hormones profile (TSH, T4, T3, fT3, and fT4) and Thyroid antibodies (Anti-thyroid peroxidase and antithyroglobulin) were measured. Results: The study revealed that (60.7%) had hypothyroidism, (39.3%) had hyperthyroidism, (91.9%) of hypothyroidism were female, and only (8.1%) were male, while (84.7%) of hyperthyroidism were female while male represented only (15.3%) of them. The current study revealed that 107 of the case group (58.5%) were positive when evaluated for thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPO Ab), with level more than (40.0 IU/ml). 72 (64.9%) of them were hypothyroidism, whereas a 35 (48.6%) of them were hyperthyroidism. As regard Thyroglobulin antibodies (Tg Ab), 73 (39.9%) of the case studied were positive, 51 (69.9%) of them were hypothyroidism, and 22 (30.1%) of them were hyperthyroidism. The study also revealed statistically significant positive correlation between the presence of TPO Ab and the values of fT3

Abstract 112: Post-COVID vaccination ASIA syndrome (autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome induced by adjuvants) and thyroid dysfunction

Background: ASIA syndrome is an entity that incorporates diverse autoimmune conditions after exposure to various adjuvants in vaccines. There is limited literature available regarding development of thyroid disorders after covid 19 vaccination.Aims and Objectives: Retrospective case series of patients diagnosed with thyroid disease within 2 months of covid-19 vaccination. History, examination, relationship with covid infection and vaccination, onset of symptoms, thyroid function tests, TRAb, Anti-TPO, ESR, CRP, Tc99-thyroid scan were recorded for each of the patient.Results: We observed 9 subjects (females 5, males 4; age range 22-63 yrs) with thyrotoxicosis. The onset of symptoms after vaccination ranged from 2 days to 60 days. Six subjects had Graves’ disease (GD) while 3 had subacute thyroiditis (SAT). Two subjects had acute onset of thyroid associated opthalmopathy; one patient needed glucocorticoids (GC). All subjects with GD were treated with antithyroid drugs while subjects with SAT were treated with NSAIDS; none required GC.Conclusions: SAT and GD may develop as a manifestation of ASIA syndrome after covid 19 vaccine. Long-term multicentric observational studies are needed to establish the natural history of ASIA syndrome following covid vaccination.

Infliximab therapy could decrease the risk of the development of thyroid disorders in pediatric patients with Crohn’s Disease

Infliximab therapy could decrease the risk of the development of thyroid disorders in pediatric patients with Crohn’s Disease

Comparison of Biochemical and Oxidative Stress Parameters in Hypo and Hyperthyroid Rat Models

Background: Thyroid functional disorders are relatively common in the general population. Different factors play a role in the development of thyroid disorders. These factors can be associated with the deterioration of the oxidation state of the body and the induction of oxidative stress. Thyroid hormones play an important role in the oxidation state. Objectives: Regarding the role of oxidative stress in different pathologies and the development of various complications, including thyroid disorders, we aimed to compare the biochemical and oxidative stress parameters in hypo and hyperthyroid rat models. Methods: Twenty-one male Wistar rats were assigned into three groups of control, hypothyroid, and hyperthyroid. Hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism were inducted with PTU (propylthiouracil) and LTX (levothyroxine), respectively. After five weeks of induction, serum biochemical factors and oxidative stress parameters, such as TAC (total antioxidant capacity), MDA (Malondialdehyde), and the thiol group, were measured in these groups. Results: The means of TAC, MDA and UA (uric acid) in the hyperthyroid group were significantly higher than those in the hypothyroid group (P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.01, P &lt; 0.05) but the mean of thiol in the hypothyroid group was significantly higher than that of the hyperthyroid group (P &lt; 0.01). Also, the mean of TAC level in the hypothyroid group was significantly lower than the control group (P &lt; 0.05) and the mean of thiol group in the hypothyroid group was significantly higher than the control group (P &lt; 0.05), but there was no other significant difference between the groups compared to the control group. Among the biochemical parameters, the mean LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) in the hyperthyroid group also showed a significant difference in comparison to the hypothyroid group (P &lt; 0.05), but there was no significant difference between the groups in the mean of the other biochemical parameters. Conclusions: According to the results of this study, hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are associated with a disturbance in the oxidation state of the body, and the use of antioxidants can help improve these diseases, especially in hyperthyroidism, due to enhanced metabolism and production of more free radicals.

1, 25-dihydroxyvitamin D3, a potential role player in the development of thyroid disorders in schizophrenics.

Objective:The present study was designed to assess the role of vitamin-D, in the development of autoimmune thyroid dysfunction in newly diagnosed schizophrenics.Methods:For the present study 100 patients and 100 controls were screened out and studied for their thyroid antibodies, GSH, homocysteine, NOS and vitamin D levels by appropriate protocols to assess the underlying mechanism involved in the schizophrenics susceptible to autoimmune thyroid diseases.Results:The results of the present study depicted that in schizophrenics, levels of cytokines like IL-6 (7.98±0.67 pg/ml), TNF-α, (40.76±6.98 pg/ml), homocysteine (16.98±1.09 µmol/L), Tg-Ab (30.93±3.87 IU/L), TPO-Ab (10.33±1.78 IU/L) and TSHr-Ab (3.76±0.055 IU/L) increased whereas, those of Vit-D (12.76±0.99 pmol/L), NOS (5.99±0.87 IU/L), GSH (4.48±.965 µg/dl) and NO (16.87±3.98 ng/ml) were decreased in the patients as compared to healthy control subjects.Conclusion:Vitamin-D in schizophrenia is involved in augmentation of hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation, oxidative stress and thyroid antibodies, thereby playing a significant role not only in induction of schizophrenic symptoms but may also result in autoimmune thyroid diseases. Thus, earlier detection and rectification of its levels are helpful to limit the miseries of schizophrenia.

Thyroid autoimmune disorders in patients with acromegaly.

Disorders of the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis are common in patients with acromegaly and thyroid enlargement is present in the majority of them. The exact prevalence of goiter in patients with acromegaly remains uncertain and the presence of thyroid autoimmunity has not been extensively evaluated so far. We retrospectively evaluated thyroid biochemical and morphological findings in 116 acromegalic patients who attended our hospital. Serum TSH, total thyroxine levels and anti-thyroid peroxidase (ATPO) antibodies were measured by standard ultrasensitive techniques in all the patients. Thyroid ultrasound was performed in 75 out of them. The antibody control group was composed by healthy Argentinean individuals who attended the blood bank of our hospital in whom ATPO antibodies were measured. Twenty-nine out of the 116 acromegalic patients (25%) showed elevated titers of thyroid antibodies (79% were women and 21% men). The control group had a 10% prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity. The prevalence of goiter by ultrasound was 36%, being more common in females (41%) than in males (28%). Thirty-five percent of patients who presented thyroid nodules and 44% of patients with ultrasound diagnosed goiters had positive thyroid autoimmunity. There was no significant correlation between the presence of nodules and IGF-1 levels, duration of disease or age. We found a high prevalence of thyroid autoimmunity in our patients with acromegaly as compared to the normal population. Thyroid autoimmunity seems to be an additional mechanism for the development of thyroid disorders in acromegaly.

Can pegylated interferon α 2a cause development of thyroid disorders in patients with chronic hepatitis B?

Introduction: Hepatitis B virus infection is treated with pegylated (Peg) IFNα and nucleos(t)ide analogues. The disadvantages of PegIFNα include thyroid disorders. In this single-center study, the type, incidence and consequences of thyroid dysfunction in patients receiving PegIFNα due to chronic hepatitis B (CHB) were analyzed.Patients and methods: The analysis included 106 patients (80 males) with CHB, aged 20 – 58 years, treated with PegIFNα-2a at a dose of 180 μg/week subcutaneously for 48 weeks. The levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid antibodies (TAbs) that is anti-thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb) and thyroglobulin antibodies were measured in all patients at baseline. Furthermore, TSH was measured every 3 months during treatment and for 12 months after completion of treatment. If the TSH level was abnormal, free thyroxine 4 levels and TAbs were measured.Results: All patients started the therapy with normal TSH and TAb levels. In 99 patients, TSH levels remained normal throughout the therapy. Thyroid disorder occurred in seven patients (6.6%), six of whom developed hypothyroidism and one who developed hyperthyroidism. Thyroid dysfunction was diagnosed in six women and one man. TAbs (only TPOAbs) were found in two patients (1.88%).Conclusions: Thyroid disorder is a rare, though possible not transient, complication of IFN therapy in CHB patients.

Thyroid Autoimmunity and Function in Type 1 Diabetic Children and Adolescents in Armenia

The literature and research clearly supports an increased incidence of autoimmune thyroid disorders (mostly autoimmune thyroiditis) in type 1 diabetics as well as increased incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in autoimmune thyroid disease. The objective of current epidemiological screening study is to investigate thyroid autoimmunity and function in a large cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 DM in Armenia. Moreover, this screening study is done to determine the incidence of thyroid autoimmunity and hypothyroidism (including sub clinical hypothyroidism) and to give its structural analysis. The findings of current study illustrate 30.5% of hypothyroidism, including subclinical hypothyroidism, in type 1 diabetic children and adolescents. What is more important, 24.8% of type 1 diabetic children and adolescents have thyroid autoimmunity – positive antithyroid peroxidase autoantibodies (Anti-TPO), 44% from which were found to be significantly high. Any sex predominance was not found in AIT and thyroid autoimmunity in general. In type 1 diabetics with associated thyroid autoimmunity autoantibody positivity precedes thyroid ultrasound changes and predisposes to the development of further hypothyroidism without any sex predominance. The number of cases of hypothyroidism is quite high in the group of diabetics with DM duration of 5 years. It is recommended that diabetics who have no TSH elevation and thyroid ultrasound changes, but who have increased Anti-TPO, should be formed as a group of high risk for further development of thyroid disorders, although TSH elevation showed having no influence on the compensation of diabetes. We fully recommend the patients to test the TSH and anti-TPO levels once a year, particularly after puberty and with DM duration over 5 years.

Systemic iodine absorption associated with the use of preoperative ophthalmic antiseptics containing iodine

Background: Polyvinylpyrrolidone-Iodine (PVP-I) is routinely used as preoperative antiseptic during ophthalmic surgery. Iodine absorption from iodine-containing antiseptics can lead to the development of thyroid disorders. Therefore, a quantitative measurement of iodine absorption from these antiseptics was performed in patients undergoing elective cataract surgery.Methods: This study enrolled 241 patients to evaluate systemic iodine absorption after exposure to conjunctival and/or periorbital 1.25% and 10% PVP-I compared to an iodine-free antiseptic.Results: All patients who received the 10% PVP-I regardless of the application site showed a 1.2–1.5-fold increase in urinary iodine excretion after 24 h (p = 0.01). In 17 out of 110 (15.5%) patients in whom 10% PVP-I was used, the critical threshold of urinary iodine excretion as defined by WHO (>300 µg/L) was exceeded. In contrast, no significant ioduria was observed with the use of 1.25% PVP-I except in patients after 48 h (p = 0.01) and with a concurrent conjunctival and periorbital application. The proportion of the excreted iodine in urine ranged from 0.24% to 1.77%. No correlation was found between the total applied concentration of iodine and the amount excreted in urine.Conclusion: Based on our findings, we believe that the use of 10% PVP-I as preoperative ophthalmic antiseptic should undergo further clinical evaluation in regard to its impact on thyroid function. Conjunctival or periorbital application of 1.25% PVP-I does not result in significant ioduria.

Thyroglobulin gene is associated with premature ovarian failure

Variants of the thyroglobulin gene were significantly associated with premature ovarian failure in a Korean population. Three single nucleotide polymorphisms and one haplotype were found to be associated with a significant increase in the risk for premature ovarian failure.

Amiodarone: The dilemma of hyperthyroxinaemia and the treatment of thyrotoxicosis

The use of amiodarone, a drug which is prescribed increasingly as an anti-anginal and anti-arrhythmic agent, necessitates a high index of suspicion for the development of thyroid disorders, especially thyrotoxicosis. Two cases, which illustrate the diagnostic dilemma of hyperthyroxinaemia and the poor response to antithyroid medication, are described. During amiodarone therapy, the clinical features of thyrotoxicosis may be masked or atypical, and the choice of therapy is complicated by a delayed response to thioamide drugs and possible contraindication for beta-blocking agents which necessitates the use of glucocorticoid drugs in some patients.