Strategic Research Development Research Articles

Climate change and aquaculture: considering biological response and resources

AEI Aquaculture Environment Interactions Contact the journal Facebook Twitter RSS Mailing List Subscribe to our mailing list via Mailchimp HomeLatest VolumeAbout the JournalEditorsTheme Sections AEI 11:569-602 (2019) - DOI: https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00332 REVIEW Climate change and aquaculture: considering biological response and resources Gregor K. Reid1,2,*, Helen J. Gurney-Smith1,3, David J. Marcogliese1,4, Duncan Knowler5, Tillmann Benfey6, Amber F. Garber7, Ian Forster8, Thierry Chopin2,9, Kathy Brewer-Dalton10, Richard D. Moccia11, Mark Flaherty12, Caitlin T. Smith13, Sena De Silva14 1St. Andrews Biological Station, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, St. Andrews, NB E5B 0E4, Canada 2Canadian Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture Network (CIMTAN), University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada 3Department of Biology, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada 4Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Montreal, QC K1A 0H3, Canada 5School of Resource and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada 6Department of Biology, University of New Brunswick, Fredericton, NB E3B 5A3, Canada 7Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada 8Pacific Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, West Vancouver, BC V7V1N6, Canada 9Department of Biological Sciences, University of New Brunswick, Saint John, NB E2L 4L5, Canada 10New Brunswick Department of Agriculture, Aquaculture and Fisheries, Fredericton, NB E3B 5H1, Canada 11Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada 12Department of Geography, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada 13Port of Prince Rupert, BC V8J 1A2, Canada 14School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Warrnambool, VIC 3280, Australia *Corresponding author: gregor.reid@dfo-mpo.gc.ca ABSTRACT: The heavy reliance of most global aquaculture on the ambient environment suggests inherent vulnerability to climate change effects. This review explores the potential effects of climate change stressors on aquaculture biology and resources needed to support decision-making for vulnerability assessment, planned adaptation, and strategic research development. Climate change-mediated physiochemical outcomes important to aquaculture include extreme weather, precipitation and surge-based flooding, water stress, ocean acidification, sea-level rise, saltwater intrusion, and changes to temperature, salinity, and dissolved oxygen. Culture practices, environment, and region affect stressor exposure, and biological response between species or populations are not universal. Response to a climate change stressor will be a function of where changes occur relative to optimal ranges and tolerance limits of an organism’s life stage and physiological processes; the average magnitude of the stressor over the production cycle; stressor rate of change; variation, frequency, duration, and magnitude of extremes; epigenetic expression, genetic strain, and variation within and between populations; health and nutrition; and simultaneous stressor occurrence. The effects of simultaneous stressors will frequently interact, but may not be fully additive or synergistic. Disease is a major aquaculture limiter, and climate change is expected to further affect plant and animal health through the host and/or infectious agents. Climate change may introduce further complexity to the aquaculture-wild fishery relationship, with over two-thirds of animal aquaculture production dependent on external feed inputs. Higher production costs could be an economic outcome of climate change for many aquaculture sectors. Some aquaculture practices may inadvertently reduce resiliency to climate change, such as a reduction of coastal vegetation, coastal ground-water pumping, and reduction of population variability in pursuit of consistent production traits. Information from the largest aquaculture producers such as China and the top 3 global culture species is still sparse in the literature. This potentially limits thorough understanding of climate change effects on some regional aquaculture sectors. KEY WORDS: Nutrition · Algae · Genetics · Fish health · Acclimation · Economics · Ocean acidification · Extreme weather Full text in pdf format PreviousNextCite this article as: Reid GK, Gurney-Smith HJ, Marcogliese DJ, Knowler D and others (2019) Climate change and aquaculture: considering biological response and resources. Aquacult Environ Interact 11:569-602. https://doi.org/10.3354/aei00332 Export citation RSS - Facebook - Tweet - linkedIn Cited by Published in AEI Vol. 11. Online publication date: November 28, 2019 Print ISSN: 1869-215X; Online ISSN: 1869-7534 Copyright © 2019 Inter-Research.

Determining the availability and accessibility of online learning tools for ophthalmic nurses in developing and emerging economy regions of the world

As online education and resources continue to grow at a rapid rate for nurses in developed nations, the knowledge gap between developed and developing nation nurses continues to grow. Computer technology, while accessible and easy to use within developed countries, is new and unchartered territory for many others around the world, and issues such as bandwidth access, cost, local language content, translation and computer literacy, and computer skills remain key elements that need to be addressed before nurses in developing regions of the world can effectively benefit from such technology, otherwise they will be subject to an ever increasing digital divide. This paper will discuss the issues facing many developing nation ophthalmic nurses as they seek current evidence-based practice, evidence-based tools and training, connection with the wider nursing community, and an enhanced ability to apply new knowledge to their own practice advancement and patient care. This paper was compiled during a strategic research development phase for ORBIS Internationals' Cyber-Sight ( www.cyber-sight.org ) online learning tool for nurses. To date, Cyber-Sight has predominantly provided telemedicine and education support to international ophthalmologists around the world. The goal to develop a similar nursing page required initial research to determine the accessibility and availability of this internet resource, as it appeared far more difficult due to the language and affordable-access variances between doctors and nurses. Additionally, this task was considered uncharted waters in ophthalmic online nurse training within developing, emerging economy and war-torn areas of the world. Therefore, as part of a preliminary strategy, ORBIS decided that analysis of the online ophthalmic nursing community was necessary prior to commencing development of their on-line nurse training tools on Cyber-Sight. This paper presents the accumulation of investigations undertaken in order to develop a potential ophthalmic nursing programme for online nurse trainee groups in developing and emerging economy nations.

Reflections on CIA Analysis: Is it Finished?

Despite the CIA's improved analytical tradecraft and increased resources, the future of its analytic mission remains in doubt. Post-9/11 improvements have been coupled with a continued focus on current intelligence priorities that minimize attention to the development of strategic research and deeper knowledge. Simply increasing the number of analysts has not produced deeper expertise. The CIA's traditional recruitment and training methods, as well as its rewards and promotion system, encourage analysts to avoid concentrating on any single area of regional or functional expertise in favor of moving around the agency to build a successful career. A continued reliance on risk-avoidance security practices also restricts analysts' contact with non-government and foreign experts who often have needed political and cultural knowledge of intelligence topics. To rectify these inadequacies, the CIA's analytic directorate needs to develop incentives for analysts who wish to develop more strategic analysis and remove the security barriers to closer collaboration with experts outside the US government. Developing cross-agency analytic collaboration would also maximize expertise and would benefit from intelligence community-wide training programs similar to what the US military does at its senior service colleges.