Development Of Spodoptera Frugiperda Research Articles

The development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on 8 major crops in Japan and its oviposition preference for maize and soybean.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith), is a polyphagous pest native to the Americas. It first invaded Japan in July 2019, and the most damaged crop in this region to date has been maize. To determine pest control strategies, the range of crops potentially damaged by S. frugiperda in Japan should be identified. In this study, the effects of 8 major crops in Japan-forage maize Zea mays subsp. mays, sugarcane Saccharum officinarum, forage and edible rice Oryza sativa subsp. japonica, soybean Glycine max, eggplant Solanum melongena, green bell pepper Capsicum annuum var. grossum, sweet potato Ipomoea batatas, and taro Colocasia esculenta-on the development of S. frugiperda were analyzed by feeding leaves of domestic cultivars during larval stage. Spodoptera frugiperda developed from hatching to adulthood and laid eggs in all 7 treatments, except for taro. However, among them, only soybean showed comparable developmental suitability to maize. Therefore, its oviposition preference for maize and soybean was examined using further nonchoice and choice tests. In the nonchoice test, the number of egg masses oviposited for 3 days on soybean plants was significantly less than that on test containers, while that on maize was comparable to that on containers. These findings can explain partly why major damage has been limited to maize in Japan.

The development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on several varieties of maize

Abstract. Nelly N, Hamid H, Lina EC, Yunisman, Yaherwandi, Putri YD. 2023. The development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on Several varieties of maize. Biodiversitas 24: 523-530. Fall armyworm (FAW) or Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is an invasive pest in Indonesia that cause damage to maize (Zea mays). Farmers for animal feed mainly cultivate several varieties of maize in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to test the resistance of maize varieties to fall armyworms planted by farmers. Therefore, this research aims to determine the resistance of several observed maize varieties based on their effects on the developmental time of S. frugiperda. The study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and five replications. The treatments for larvae feed consisted of five maize varieties: Sukmaraga, NK-212, Pioneer 21, Bonanza F1, and Secada F1. The development length from egg to adult and life parameters in the second generation were observed. Results of the study showed that the larval and pupal stages of S. frugiperda in the Sukmaraga variety had a longer development duration than the other four varieties, with the larval stage at 20.38 days and pupae at 11.26 days. In addition, the lowest pupae weight was found in the Sukmaraga variety. The maize varieties affect the length of the larval stage and the weight of the pupae and eggs produced. Based on these results, it can be concluded that Sukmaraga is a variety causing a more prolonged larval stage and lower pupae weight than other varieties. Furthermore, the eggs produced by the second-generation female S. frugiperda adult are fewer than in different varieties.

Effects of lufenuron treatments on the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Lufenuron is an effective benzoylurea insecticide that inhibits the synthesis of chitin and regulates the growth of insects. However, little is known about the effects of lufenuron treatment on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith). In this study, we assessed the toxicity of lufenuron on S. frugiperda and evaluated the effects of lufenuron treatment on the growth and development of S. frugiperda. The results showed that lufenuron exhibits high insecticidal activity against S. frugiperda, with the LC50 value of 0.99 mg L−1. Lufenuron treatments can significantly prolong the larval developmental duration and reduce the rates of pupation and emergence. To further explore the underlying mechanism of this observation, the expression profiles of the chitin synthase gene (SfCHS) and chitinase gene (SfCHT), two key enzyme genes involved in the molting of S. frugiperda, were determined after exposure to lufenuron for 96 h. The results of qRT-PCR demonstrated that lufenuron treatments can significantly reduce the expression of SfCHT, while the expression of SfCHS remained relatively stable. Furthermore, we found that lufenuron strongly interacted with chitinase (SfCHT) (−10.8 kcal/mol) and chitin synthase (SfCHS) (R1: −9.7 kcal/mol; R2: −10.2 kcal/mol). Our results indicated that lufenuron has significant effects on the development of S. frugiperda that might be attributed to the differential expression of SfCHT and SfCHS.

Itol A May Affect the Growth and Development of Spodoptera frugiperda through Hijacking JHBP and Impeding JH Transport.

Isoryanodane and ryanodane diterpenes have a carbon skeleton correlation in structures, and their natural product-oxidized diterpenes show antifeedant and insecticidal activities against Hemiptera and Lepidoptera. While ryanodine mainly acts on the ryanodine receptor (RyR), isoryanodane does not. In this study, we demonstrated that itol A, an isoryanodane diterpenoid, could significantly downregulate the expression level of juvenile hormone-binding protein (JHBP), which plays a vital role in JH transport. RNAi bioassay indicated that silencing the Spodoptera frugipreda JHBP (SfJHBP) gene decreased itol A activity, which confirmed the developmental phenotypic observation. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) further confirmed that itol A affected JHBP's expression abundance. Although JHBP is not proven as the direct or only target of itol A, we confirmed that itol A's action effect depends largely on JHBP and that JHBP is a potential target of itol A. We present foundational evidence that itol A inhibits the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda mainly through hijacking JHBP.

Biology of Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different food sources

In order to measure the impact of a number of plants on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda, we carried out a comparative study on the biology of the fall armyworm using various food sources (millet, maize, sorghum, peanut, cowpea and artificial diet). When fed with cowpea and peanuts leaves, larval development was longer (21.46 ± 0.42 and 18.93 ± 0.18 days respectively). In contrast, adult stage duration became shorter when the larvae were fed with maize leaves and peanut (2.86 ± 0.21 and 3.33 ± 0.21, respectively). Similarly, the pupal development was longer when the larvae fed on peanut leaves and artificial diet (9.26 ± 0.11 and 9.40 ± 0.16 days, respectively), compared to the pupae whose larvae fed on maize, millet, sorghum and cowpea (8.46 ± 0.13; 8.40 ± 0.13; 8.13 ± 0.9; 8.93 ± 0.20 days, respectively). As for the adult stage, the duration is shorter when the larvae are fed with cowpea leaves (2.86 ± 0.21 days) and Peanut (3.33 ± 0.21days)

English

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Diptera:Lepidoptera) is a destructive pest of agricultural crops especially maize in many countries including Pakistan. The environmental factors like temperature play significant role in the growth and development of insect pests. It is very important to know the proper knowledge about effect of temperature on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda before managing this pest. For this purpose, the current study was conducted to check the effect of temperature (20 and 26◦C) on the life cycle of S. frugiperda under laboratory conditions. The results showed that the developmental times of all stages (eggs, larvae and pupae) were inversely related to temperature. The incubation period of eggs was 4.01±0.00b and 2.00±0.00b at 20 and 26◦C, respectively. The development time of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth larval instar was 3.51±0.10b, 3.04±0.15b, 2.33±0.10b, 2.97±0.14b, 3.45±0.19b and 4.99± 0.22b, respectively at 20◦C while 2.77±0.13c, 2.89±0.20bc, 2.09±0.12bc, 2.22±0.17bc, 2.90±0.23c and 3.56±0.19b, respectively at 26◦C. The time of growth and development was increased at low temperature while reduced at high temperature. The food consumption rate and molting period of larvae can increase at high temperature for complete their growth and development. The current study concluded that environmental factors like temperature are highly effect the insect pests morphology and biology.

Acute feeding effects of Erythrina variegata proteinase inhibitor and Momordica balsamina proteinase inhibitor on the growth and development of Spodoptera frugiperda

Proteinase inhibitors (PIs) are widely distributed plant defense proteins against herbivores. Exploiting these proteins in insect control tactics is one of the environmental friendly methods. In this context the present study was undertaken to study the effect of partially purified proteinase inhibitors from Indian coral tree, Erythrina variegata (EvPI) and balsam apple, Momordica balsamina (MbPI) on growth and development of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. The three day old larvae were fed with maize leaves treated with EvPI (1, 3 and 6 %) and MbPI (1, 3 and 6 %) and EvPI 6% + MbPI 6% for three days (acute feeding) and untreated leaves until pupation. After feeding, the growth parameters like larval weight, pupal weight, adult weight, larval and adult period were not influenced upon treatments. However, malformations were observed in these treatments and it ranged from 10 to 20 %. There was pupal mortality (12.5 %) in MbPI 6% and combination treatment and adult emergence was reduced upto 12.5 % in these treatments. These results suggest that these treatments did not have great influence on growth and development when fed for short period. Hence, the PIs from E. variegata and M. balsamina shall be used in development of transgenic plants, as transgenic plant will provide opportunities for the larva to continuously feed on thePIs which will affect the growth and development of fall armyworm.

Association of peanut cultivars and aqueous neem extract in the feeding and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith)

The current study aimed to test how aqueous neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss. extract affects the attractiveness, feeding and development of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) on different: peanut cultivars. Tests were carried out under laboratory conditions with the cultivars IAC 503 and IAC 147 and aqueous neem extract in concentrations (mass/volume) of 5 and 10%, obtained from seeds and dried in an oven at a temperature of 35 to 38 °C for 15 days, with caterpillars offered a food choice preference test. For this, leaf discs from each treatment were placed in Petri dishes into which three first instar caterpillars were released. To assess resistance biology, single newly-hatched caterpillars were transferred to individual Petri dishes, where the following biological parameters were measured: larval mortality after 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10 days; pupal mortality; total mortality; weight of 10-day-old caterpillars; pupal weight at 24 hours; and adult longevity. The main conclusions of the work, include: cultivar IAC 147 was less attractive and consumed less; cultivar IAC 503 plus 10% neem extract reduced leaf consumption; cultivar type did not affect caterpillar biological development, and 10% neem extract caused 100% mortality in S. frugiperda.

Effects on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda feeding on diets spiked with Solanum sisymbriifolium extracts

Aiming to evaluate the effects of Solanum sisymbriifolium extracts on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda, a leaf dichloromethane extract was obtained and subjected to further purification following a bioguided methodology. The structure of the two main compounds isolated from S. sisymbriifolium Type IV glandular trichomes have been completely elucidated by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods. They are glycosides of 3-(R)-hydroxypalmitic acid and xylo (β-1-5) furanoarabinoside (Compound 1) and its 3-O-palmitoyl derivative (Compound 2). These compounds greatly influenced the survival and the development of S. frugiperda, when compared to an in vitro test control. The extracts delayed the development, decreased survival and promote abnormalities in the immatures (larvae and pupae). They also showed increasing toxicity towards S. frugiperda in the purification following a bioguided fractionation. The pure compounds had the most deleterious activity, increasing the larval and pupal toxicity (100% mortality for Compound 2 at 2.50 mg mL-1 and 90% mortality for Compound 1 at 1.00 mg mL-1).

Insecticidal and growth inhibiting action of the supercritical extracts of Melia azedarach on Spodoptera frugiperda

This study evaluates the effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extracts obtained from the fruit of Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae) on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith, 1797 (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), from the larval period until the insect adulthood. For this purpose, a laboratory-scale extraction unit was operated at 60 °C and 200 bar. Larval mortality increased by raising the extract concentration tested: the value of LC50 calculated by Probit analysis was 376.74 mg kg-1, and at a concentration of 5000 mg kg-1, the mortality was 100%. The extract exhibited insect growth inhibitory activity in the higher concentrations (500 mg kg-1, 1000 mg kg-1 and 5000 mg kg-1), due to antifeedant action, resulting in larvae and pupae with mass and body length significantly smaller than the control. At the lowest concentration tested (100 mg kg-1), bioactive effects from the adult stage of the insect were observed, with low viability pupal and adults presenting morphological deformities, hence indicating chronic toxicity effect.

Atividade Inseticida de Extratos de Plantas Medicinais sobre Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera:Noctuidae).

In this present study the effect of vegetable extracts obtained from 19 plant species on the development of Spodoptera frugiperda was evaluated. The aqueous extracts were prepared by maceration (4oC) and infusion (90oC) at 10%. The experiments were realized under controlled conditions (12h of photophase at 25°C and 70% U.R.) using 100µL of the vegetable extract in the artificial diet fed to 2o instar caterpillars individually identified. In the control samples the vegetable extract was substituted by distilled water. Amongst the medicinal plant species tested, only Lantana camara had no effect on any of the variables analysed. The larval phase was prolonged by the extracts of M. silvestris, C. ensiformes, C. verbenacea, C. zedoaria and C. Citratus, while the duration of the pupal phase was extended by the S. officinalis and C. verbenacea mixtures. Reductions in the sizes of the pupa was observed with the use of four of the vegetable species, and the weight was reduced by five species. At this phase in the tests therefore, 16 species were shown to cause anomalies and six produced negative effects on oviposition and fertility. The results indicate that, of the plant species evaluated in this study, 18 interfered in the development of S. frugiperda in various ways and should now be analysed to determine the chemical composition that makes these plant extracts potential insecticides for control of the target species.

Wheat and Barley Inhibitors Active Towards -Amylase and Trypsin-like Activities from Spodoptera frugiperda

The α-amylase activity was determined throughout the larval development of Spodoptera frugiperda. Maximal activities with optimal pH in the range 8.5–9.5 were found in last instars. Protein preparations enriched in heterotetrameric inhibitors from wheat flour were active towards gut amylases from last instars, while those corresponding to homodimeric and monomeric inhibitors showed low inhibition levels. These results were further supported by testing purified members of each inhibitor type and by analyzing the effects of the inhibitors on the amylase isoenzyme pattern from native PAGE. High levels of trypsin-like activity were also found in gut extracts from last instars. Different genetic variants of the major barley trypsin inhibitor were active against this gut enzyme. None of the other larval digestive protease activities (chymotrypsin-like, elastase-like, leucine aminopeptidase-like, and carboxypeptidase A and B-like) were inhibited, indicating that the barley inhibitor is specific towards trypsin-like enzymes.