Slum Development Research Articles

Machine Learning-Based Local Knowledge Approach to Mapping Urban Slums in Bandung City, Indonesia

Rapid urban population growth in Bandung City has led to the development of slums due to inadequate housing facilities and urban planning. However, it remains unclear how these slums are distributed and evolve spatially and temporally. Therefore, it is necessary to map their distribution and trends effectively. This study aimed to classify slum areas in Bandung City using a machine learning-based local knowledge approach; this classification exercise contributes towards Sustainable Development Goal 11 related to sustainable cities and communities. The methods included settlement and commercial/industrial classification from 2021 SPOT-6 satellite data by the Random Forest classifier. A knowledge-based classifier was used to derive slum and non-slum settlements from the settlement and commercial/industrial classification, as well as railway, river, and road buffering. Our findings indicate that these methods achieved an overall accuracy of 82%. The producer’s accuracy for slum areas was 70%, while the associated user’s accuracy was 92%. Meanwhile, the Kappa coefficient was 0.63. These findings suggest that local knowledge could be a potent option in the machine learning algorithm.

Identifying The Factors Of Slums Development In Urban Areas Of Qasimabad, Sindh Pakistan

The term slum is often used to describe hectic settlements with poor facilities and bad living conditions. The majority of city dwellers reside in slums, which are typically deprived of the most basic utilities. According to UN-HABITAT's definition of slum refers to a group of people who live in close residences in urban areas and who require enough living space, long-term housing, access to consumption of water, and a proper sanitation system. Slums developed in Pakistan, like many other third-world nations, are a result of rising urbanization, and the government's incapacity to provide rural migrants in urban centers with housing needs. Hyderabad is one of the fastest-growing cities in the State that has seen significant industrialization. Qasimabad sub-local, being the area most affected by the urbanization process in the Hyderabad region, as a result, 3508 agricultural land parcels were turned into a housing development. The aim of this research is to identify the factors and slum development in urban areas of Qasimabad through the data collection process, specific observation is made, and reports are reviewed. Secondary data is collected in the form of census reports, master plans, and various evaluations, used to examine the issues with slums. However, the results show that the primary cause of the overpopulation of slums and environmental degradation in urban areas is the declination of secondary cities.

Transformation of the Saudi Housing Sector through an Enabling Approach to Affordable Housing

Access to affordable housing has a significant impact on the quality of lives of households and the overall well-being of communities. The enabling approach is recognized internationally as a mechanism for housing delivery, shifting the government’s role from that of a direct provider to that of an enabler within housing markets. In line with its Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia aims to transition its role from a direct housing provider to an enabler. This study aimed to assess the extent to which enabling strategies have been implemented within the Saudi Arabian context. This research was conducted based on a desktop study of the key literature, analysis of secondary data, and content analysis of the collected documents to address the research aim. The study found that housing costs, traditional land tenure, and insufficient financing are major housing challenges, intensified by high lending interest, lack of investor diversity in housing types, and lack of long-term funding from financiers. Also, slum developments are limited to providing street access, without addressing the overall conditions and the level of services. In addition, the costs of obtaining permits and implementing building regulations have contributed to housing shortages in the country. On the other hand, real estate developers of different scales undergo a classification and qualification system to increase their capacity for housing supply. To address these challenges, the Saudi government has implemented an enabling approach, serving as a provider for low-income and vulnerable groups through the Developmental Housing Program. The government also encourages local manufacturing of building materials to boost the construction industry. The present study recommends that the government enhance existing instruments to enable access to affordable housing.

Strategy for Development of Slums and Housing with Implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG's) In Mojokerto Regency

Purpose: This research tackles the ongoing issues faced by settlements and slum areas, in line with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) established by the United Nations. It specifically concentrates on the Mojokerto district in East Java, Indonesia, emphasizing the significance of this matter in regional development planning (RPJMD). Method: A mixed-methods approach combining qualitative and quantitative methods was employed. Case studies from various locations were examined to provide insights into different approaches to managing settlements and slum areas. Primary data were collected through questionnaires to supplement the comparative analysis. Results and conclusion: The research underscores the significance of integrating slum management into development agendas, as outlined in SDG 11.1, which aims to ensure access to decent, safe, and affordable housing and basic services for all. A comprehensive understanding of slum areas is crucial, encompassing aspects such as high population density, low and uncertain incomes, and unhealthy living conditions. The study emphasizes the need for concerted efforts to improve the quality of life in these areas. Research implications: The findings contribute to broader discussions on sustainable urban development and highlight the importance of addressing slum areas within this framework. By examining various strategies and approaches, the study provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners involved in urban planning and development. Originality/value: This research offers a comprehensive examination of settlements and slum areas, combining both qualitative and quantitative methods. By exploring the nuances of slum conditions and management strategies, it adds depth to existing literature on sustainable development and urban planning. The study's findings have practical implications for efforts to achieve the SDGs and enhance living conditions in vulnerable communities.

Morphological Analysis of Urban Slums: A Case Study of Gaushala-Marrian, Faisalabad

Slums are the densely populated areas which are present in all the developed cities of the world. Pakistan is a third-world country and people from the rural areas prefer to live in the urban areas which are relatively better. This gave rise to urbanization and city space began to decrease. The development of slums in Pakistan initiated since the time of its establishment. Two of the earliest established slums are Goshala-Marrian in Faisalabad (the third largest city of Pakistan), Punjab. The built area of the city is greatly influenced by the establishment and growth of slums. This unplanned urbanization is required to be analyzed with respect to its physical elements, so that, the living quality of the inhabitants can be enhanced. The current living conditions were observed to plan for a better environment. Legalization of these areas is a mandate to be followed. The administration and the inhabitants need to put in joint efforts to upgrade the area.

Dimensions of Urban Poverty in Slum Neighbourhoods of Yenagoa City, Bayelsa State

Urban poverty and slum development have become a reoccurring social phenomenon in urban societies of developing economies. The study aims to assess urban poverty in slum neighbourhoods of Yenagoa City, Bayelsa State. The objectives include identifying the characteristics of slum dwellers in the study area; ascertaining the dimension of urban poverty in the study area; assessing the impact of urban poverty in slum neighbourhoods and identifying measures aimed at reducing urban poverty in the study area. The study adopted a mixed-methods research approach. A total of 397 sample sizes were arrived at using the Taro Yamane formula at a 5% precision level. Only 380 questionnaires were retrieved, collated, and analysed using univariate statistics. The study found that urban poverty is high in the study leading to an increase in crime, insecurity, and poor tenure security affecting residents’ environmental conditions. The study recommends that the Bayelsa State Government and local governments should collaborate with international donor agencies and NGOs to provide appropriate skills acquisition and training programmes, and institute schemes to develop the skills of residents to be self-reliant, provide basic infrastructure, facilities, and services in all the neighbourhoods to improve the quality of life and encourage residents to diversify into other sources of income. The government should collaborate with security agencies and communities to establish community policing to improve security architecture and crime prevention strategies in the study area.

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF URBANIZATION ON LAND USE COMPATIBILITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY IN PORT HARCOURT, RIVERS STATE

This study examined the environmental impact of urbanization on land use compatibility and environmental quality in Port Harcourt Metropolis. The study adopted the multi-method research, integrating both qualitative and quantitative approaches through the convergent mixed method technique, where 399 household heads were selected from 189,317 household heads using the Taro Yamane formula. Questionnaires and checklists were administered to the household heads and ten (10) key informants respectively. Descriptive statistics, critical informant content analysis, and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques were employed for data presentation and analysis for the study. Multiple Regression Analysis (MRA) was employed to test stated hypothesis for the study. The findings revealed numerous environmental changes resulting from land use/land cover change activities in the area to include deforestation, which accounted for 20.5%, degradation, which represented 19.7%, forest degradation corresponding to 19.7%, generation of waste causing pollution, accounting for 20% and decrease in environmental quality corresponding to 20.1% of the total sampled population of the study. Additionally, the impact of urbanization on environmental quality were revealed as flooding, which accounted for 11% of the sampled respondents as well as air pollution, representing 10.8%. Others ecological disaster (8.7%), waste disposal damping (8.9%), land use incompatibility (7.4%), slum developments and urban heat island (9.6%), land use conflict (8.1%), reduced wetland (8.4%), environmental degradation (7.4%), land use conversion (6.8%), overcrowding of buildings (7.1%) and habitat contamination (7.9%). The study concludes that rapid urbanization has significantly impacted land use compatibility and environmental sustainability in Port Harcourt metropolis. It is therefore recommended amongst others that the government should implement stringent urban development control measures to regulate land use and ensure sustainable urban growth as well as establish policies that limit haphazard expansion and promote planned development.

Use of machine learning-based classification algorithms in the monitoring of Land Use and Land Cover practices in a hilly terrain.

The current high rate of urbanization in developing countries and its consequences, like traffic congestion, slum development, scarcity of resources, and urban heat islands, raise a need for better Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classification mapping for improved planning. This study mainly deals with two objectives: 1) to explore the applicability of machine learning-based techniques, especially the Random forest (RF) algorithm and Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm as the potential classifiers for LULC mapping under different scenarios, and 2) to prepare a better LULC classification model for mountain terrain by using different indices with combination of spectral bands. Due to differences in topography, shadows, spectral confusion from overlapping spectral signatures of different land cover types, and a lack of access for ground verification, classification in mountainous terrain is difficult task compared to plain terrain classification. An enhanced LULC classification model has been designed using two popular machine learning (ML) classifier algorithms, SVM and RF, explicitly for mountainous terrains by taking into consideration of a study area of Gopeshwer town in the Chamoli district of Uttarakhand state, India. Online-based cloud platform Google Earth Engine (GEE) was used for overall processing. Four classification models were built using Sentinel 2B satellite imagery with 20m and 10m resolutions. Two of these models (Model 'i' based on RF algorithm and Model 'ii' based on SVM algorithm) were designed using spectral bands of visible and infrared wavelengths, and the other two (Model 'iii' based on RF algorithm and Model 'iv' based on SVM algorithm) with the addition of indices with spectral bands. The accuracy assessment was done using the confusion matrix based on the output results. Obtained result highlights that the overall accuracy for model 'i' and model 'ii' were 82% and 86% respectively, whereas these were 87.17% and 87.2% for model 'iii' and model 'iv' respectively. Finally, the study compared the performance of each model based on different accuracy metrics for better LULC mapping. It proposes an improved LULC classification model for mountainous terrains, which can contribute to better land management and planning in the study area.

Pendampingan Masyarakat dalam Perencanaan Penataan Permukiman Kumuh di Kampung Pedak Baru, Bantul

Architectural works of poor communities in informal settlements are often recoqnized as Marginalized Architecture, because indeed the people who create the Architecture is in these settlements are people who are marginalized by the social strata of urban society. They develop the house according to their needs and abilities. Methods of development, planning and design as well as the use of building materials are often very suitable for the needs of the local community, the local climate and even according to their daily income. In SDGs 2030 it is hoped that the settlements of these marginal communities can be eliminated. One of the marginal settlements in Bantul Regency is located in Kampung Pedak Baru, Bangun Tapan Village. The situation of marginal settlements developed on the banks of the Gajahwong river needs to be developed. Through community assistance conducted by lecturers from Duta Wacana Christian University, community-based slum settlement planning was carried out. With a totally participatory planning model, this community service program can be implemented well together with the team KOTAKU program supported by the Bantul Regency regional government. As a result of the total participatory model in planning slum development, the people of Kampung Pedak Baru are satisfied because they were involved in the planning process. Apart from that, currently the Bantul Regency Government is still negotiating with the Central Government to finance the implementation of the slum area development plan in Kampung Pedak Baru. Architectural works of poor communities in informal settlements are often recoqnized as Marginalized Architecture, because indeed the people who create the Architecture is in these settlements are people who are marginalized by the social strata of urban society. They develop the house according to their needs and abilities. Methods of development, planning and design as well as the use of building materials are often very suitable for the needs of the local community, the local climate and even according to their daily income. In SDGs 2030 it is hoped that the settlements of these marginal communities can be eliminated. One of the marginal settlements in Bantul Regency is located in Kampung Pedak Baru, Bangun Tapan Village. The situation of marginal settlements developed on the banks of the Gajahwong river needs to be developed. Through community assistance conducted by lecturers from Duta Wacana Christian University, community-based slum settlement planning was carried out. With a totally participatory planning model, this community service program can be implemented well together with the team KOTAKU program supported by the Bantul Regency regional government. As a result of the total participatory model in planning slum development, the people of Kampung Pedak Baru are satisfied because they were involved in the planning process. Apart from that, currently the Bantul Regency Government is still negotiating with the Central Government to finance the implementation of the slum area development plan in Kampung Pedak Baru.

“Here, your only relative is money…” why slum social networks do not facilitate neighborhood community development: insights through a sanitation lens

IntroductionThough social networks which are deemed vehicles of community development exist in slum areas, underdevelopment still persists in these areas. We explored the nature and role of social networks in facilitating community development in the slums of Kampala through a sanitation lens.MethodsQualitative Social Network Analysis (SNA) was done to understand the nature of slum social networks primarily through the analysis of sanitation behavior. Data were collected through six Focus Group Discussions (FGD), six In-depth Interviews (IDIs), and 18 Key Informant Interviews (KII) with Government, civil society and private stakeholders. We used both inductive and deductive thematic analysis.ResultsFour themes emerged in our analysis; i); Unsupportive environments, uncooperative neighbours and uncertainty of tenure: participants reported slums as unsupportive of community development due to a shortage of space, poverty and unplanned services. Tenants perceived landlords as exploitative and predatory and wished the tables are turned. This notion of cyclic exploitation did not encourage collective action for community good. Short-term economic survival trumped long-term community interests ii) Patronage and poor service delivery: varying degrees of patronage led to multiple forms of illegalities and violations such as tax evasion. Due to vested interests and corruption among public officials, the slum population was lethargic. iii) Intersecting realities of poverty and unemployment: slum dwellers lived on the margins daily. Hence, poor living conditions were a secondary concern. iv) Social relations for personal development: Slum social networks were driven by individual interests rather than community good. Slum dwellers prioritized connections with people of common socio-economic interests. As such social networks were instrumental only if they ‘added value’.ConclusionSocial networks in slums are only concerned about survival needs. Slums require responses that address the complexity of slum formation and broader livelihood challenges, as well as re-assessing the meaning of community. We posit that more needs to be done in understanding the meaning and workings of a sociology beyond physical societies. Poverty is a modifier of social systems and processes and should be a concern for all stakeholders involved in slum development.

Technology as an enabler for securing tenure rights for the slum dwellers

Purpose Achieving tenure security is a global challenge impacting cities of the global south. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the role of technology-enabled solutions as an enabler for the tenure rights of slum dwellers. Design/methodology/approach In this paper, we adopted a case study approach to analyze the use cases for technologies aiding India’s securitization of land tenure. The flagship state mission of Odisha, named the Jaga Mission, and that of Punjab, named BASERA – the Chief Minister’s Slum Development Program – were used as cases for this paper. Findings It was found that technologies like drone imagery and digital surveys fast-tracked the data collection and helped in mapping the slums with accuracy, mitigating human errors arising during measurement – a necessary condition for ensuring de jure tenure security. The adoption of a technology-based solution, along with a suitable policy and legal framework, has helped in the distribution of secure land titles to the slum dwellers in these states. Originality/value Odisha’s and Punjab’s journey in using technology to enable tenure security for its urban poor residents can serve as a model for the cities of the global south, dealing with the challenges of providing secure tenure and property rights.

Social Capital and Slum Communities: How to Fulfill Their Basic Needs in Palembang City during The Covid-19 Pandemic

Indonesia and other developing countries, slum settlements remain the most pressing issue. The high pace of population expansion, both in terms of births and urbanization, is a factor in the development of slums. While the Covid-19 outbreak ravaged the city of Palembang, Indonesia, this study examines the role of the city's slums in providing basic necessities. This study employs both a qualitative and descriptive technique. Sampling via purposive sampling and data gathering approaches such as observation and in-depth interviews. The study's findings indicate that (1) a high level of social capital as measured by networks, norms, and beliefs enables slum communities to survive the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) the slum area communities' strategy for survival is to utilize yard land, home industries, social gathering, recitation, and mutual cooperationIndonesia and other developing countries, slum settlements remain the most pressing issue. The high pace of population expansion, both in terms of births and urbanization, is a factor in the development of slums. While the Covid-19 outbreak ravaged the city of Palembang, Indonesia, this study examines the role of the city's slums in providing basic necessities. This study employs both a qualitative and descriptive technique. Sampling via purposive sampling and data gathering approaches such as observation and in-depth interviews. The study's findings indicate that (1) a high level of social capital as measured by networks, norms, and beliefs enables slum communities to survive the COVID-19 pandemic, and (2) the slum area communities' strategy for survival is to utilize yard land, home industries, social gathering, recitation, and mutual cooperation

Access to health care among internal migrants in Chhattisgarh, India: critical perspectives on the question of health equity and urban development

PurposeMigrants face some unique health-care challenges, which often remain unaddressed by the health system. The purpose of this study is to determine health-care access among migrants in Chhattisgarh, from a lens of health equity.Design/methodology/approachThis study was conducted in a government-built tenement under the Integrated Housing and Slum Development program in Bilaspur district of Chhattisgarh state of India. It is a mixed-methods study which used a survey method, focus group discussion, in depth-interviews, semi-structured interviews and non-participant observations of health facilities in the area. Respondents included residents (migrants) and other local stakeholders like the Chief Medical Officer of the district, elected representatives of the local government and frontline health workers. This paper focuses on the findings from the qualitative component of the study.FindingsThe move to resettle the people living in the slums to the periphery of the city had a negative impact on their health-care access. They find it difficult to access public health services, given the services are concentrated in the city. Women, elderly people and disabled people grapple with additional challenges in being able to access basic reproductive health services and care for chronic illnesses. Equity in health-care access is linked to various social determinants of health including access to housing and social security. However, the authors found that the migrant community is being deprived of appropriate housing facilities and social security.Originality/valueThis paper explores the health-care access of internal migrants in Chhattisgarh state of India in the larger context of urban development with a focus on health equity.

Analysis of urban slum infrastructure projects financing in Ghana: A closer look at traditional and innovative financing mechanisms

Rapid urbanisation in developing countries has engendered unregulated slum development to provide residences for economic migrants who travel to cities to pursue hopes of a secure future. The development of new financial approaches could play a critical role in unravelling the issues associated with slum development, particularly in emerging economies such as Ghana. Hence, this study investigates slum emergence in Ghana and assesses traditional and innovative financing mechanisms to drive the country’s re-development. Specifically, the study assessed critical indicators of city-urban slums, established critical city-urban slums infrastructure requirements, and examined the traditional and innovative tools of financing city-urban slums to develop more socially equitable and inclusive infrastructure. This research adopted a quantitative research strategy couched within a positivist paradigm and deductive reasoning. Surveys were used to solicit responses from selected stakeholders using purposive sampling. Data was analysed using mean score ranking, one sample t-test and relative importance index (RII). Emergent findings revealed that ‘housing quality’ was the most critical measure of city-urban slum conditions, followed by ‘access to improved sanitation’. Additionally, the findings also asserted ‘virtuous sanitation’ was the most important infrastructure requirement, followed by ‘appropriate disposal of waste facilities’. Cumulatively, the findings suggest that the most prevalent and effective traditional financing tool was to incorporate a slums infrastructure development fund and use taxes and empower urban local bodies (ULB) with increased municipal budgets. Finally, in relation to innovative forms for financing, public–private partnership (PPP) was found to be most effective, followed by municipal bond. In conclusion, the study recommends the participation of industry professionals and governing agencies in the pursuance of these financing options to drive the re-development of slums to meet the UN’s sustainable development goals (SDGs) of ensuring sustainable cities by 2030.

CHARACTERISING THE SLUM ENVIRONMENT FROM SPACE FOR ACHIEVING SDGS

Abstract. With less than eight years left to achieve the Global Goals, nations are accelerating the design and implementation of sustainable solutions to the world’s biggest challenges ranging from poverty to climate change. India has assessed its status in achieving SDGs through SDG Index, an aggregate measure that computes goal-wise scores on the 16 SDGs. For SDG 11, the 2020-21 assessment showed that all other 32 states scored above 65 as front runners except for seven. One such criterion to assess the progress of SDG11 is the “percentage of urban households living in Katcha houses”. In the present study, to understand the slum development activities to attain sustainability at a city level, Chennai has been chosen as a case study. Using VHR data from Google Earth Pro, the slums of Chennai are mapped, and the recent changes in the slum status are identified.The slums are categorised into four categories: existing, emerged, expanded and evicted slums, based on their characteristics. The study shows that between 2001 and 2011 there are 110 new slums emerged in the study area, which accounts for 1.43 sq. km. There are only a few slums that emerged between 2011 and 2022 (0.35 sq. km), but there was a considerable slum expansion (1.07 sq. km.) during that period, and some slums were evicted from their previous locations. The results based on satellite data have been verified and validated at the field level. The ongoing slum development programs in Chennai give optimistic hope for achieving inclusive urban development by 2030.

Slum Settlement Development and Its Impact on Women's Health in Gondar Town Chirkos Sub-City

Lack of basic services is one of the most frequently mentioned characteristics of slum. People living in informal settlements, particularly in slums, suffer more spatial, social and economic exclusion. The basic problems inherent in slums are health hazards, particularly for women. The main of objective of the study is to investigate Slum settlement Development and Its impact on women's health in Gondar town, Chirkos sub city. Cross sectional design and mixed research approach were used for this study. Three Kebeles were selected from Chirkos sub city purposively and sample households were selected using simple random sampling. Among 3237 target population 110 samples were selected. Data were collected from both primary and secondary sources via survey questionnaire, key informant interview, indirect personal observation and document references. Descriptive quantitative analysis and qualitative way of analysis were used to analyze data. Results show that magnitude of slum settlement development is very high. Slum settlers do not get basic home infrastructures and there is problem of tenure security. Migration of people from another place especially from rural areas, higher rate of population growth, prevalence of local markets in the study area, housing provision problem, poverty and income in equality were found factors responsible for slum development. Women’s in the slum have poor habit of keeping their personal hygiene and sanitation and have waste disposal habit. Slum settlement has great impact on women’s health. The main common disease in slum areas includes measles, pneumonia, diarrhea, typhoid and typhus and common cold.

Interrogating the Impact of Land Use/Land Cover Dynamics in Mbarara City in Southwestern Uganda

The urbanization in Mbarara City Southwestern Uganda has increased the number of built-up and small-scale agricultural areas thus escalating pressure on the grassland and woodlot areas hence influencing land fragmentation and slum development. In this study, we focused on land use/land cover dynamics. This helped us to identify land uses that reduce grassland areas, which increases land fragmentation, and slum development. Presumably, the land uses in the area included built-up areas, grassland, small-scale agriculture, and woodlots. Built-up, grassland, and small-scale agriculture were vital for our analysis. We employed remote sensing techniques (Supervised-Maximum Likelihood Classifier) with two cloud-free high-resolution images of 2010 and 2022 in mapping spatial-temporal patterns in built-up, grassland, and small-scale agriculture. Our results evidenced that built-up area increased by (5.14%), grassland declined by (7.1%), small-scale agriculture increased by (2.62%), and woodlots reduced by (0.73%) between 2010 to 2022 and the accuracy assessment for the image classification was (83%). Our study found that an increase in built-up areas and small-scale agriculture led to the decline of the grassland and woodlot areas between 2010 to 2022 with a statistically significant difference (p = 0.03). There was also a strong positive correlation (r = 0.97) between land use/land cover types in 2010 and 2022. Our study recommends that Mbarara City Authority should put strict laws and regulations governing the minimum size of land required during sub-division to avoid land fragmentation which results in increased slum development. Increased land fragmentation may have an intense impact on important ecosystems such as grasslands.

Smart grid systems infrastructures and distributed solar power generation in urban slums–A case study and energy policy in <i>Rio de Janeiro</i>

<abstract> <p>This article discusses the relationship between urban slums and the management of the urban infrastructure network (electrification). An extensive survey of the scientific literature on the subject points out the main challenges and possible solutions for fixing precarious electrical infrastructure in urban slums through the promotion of public policies and the establishment of new arrangements based on distributed generation technologies and smart grid. A dialogue was also developed involving topics such as sustainable development and electrification of slums; relationship between communities and modernization of electrification; and emerging and sustainable technologies in the context of urban slums. Thus, a design was constructed that triggered a discussion of the relationship between this work and several other works found in the literature. This research indicates the need to strengthen local governance and the participation of urban slums for the technological modernization of the local electrical network, mainly with the implementation of smart grid and photovoltaic generation systems.</p> </abstract>

Socio-Economic Dynamics of Slum Growth in Core Areas of Cities In Developing Nations – The Ado-Ekiti Example

Globalization and urbanization have been identified as having inherent capacity for the disarticulation and dislocation of a nation’s socio-economic structure. This paper identified the socio-economic forces responsible for slum development in the core of Ado-Ekiti. The core area was delineated using the acquired google image which was processed using ArcView GIS software; Twelve Data Delineation Areas (DDAs) were identified, having: 2,930 buildings and 14,650 households. A 2.5% of households (368) was adopted as sample size. The landlord or the most senior household head was interviewed using a structured socio-economic questionnaire. The photograph of scenes of interest were taken to supplement information from the questionnaire. The DDAs formed the basis for questionnaire administration. Empirical analysis shows that there is poverty in the study area due to underemployment and low income. Government intervention through a holistic urban renewal and creation of enabling environment for job opportunities were proffered for a sustainable city core development in Nigeria and cities of developing nations of the world with similar characteristics.

The Role of the City of Langsa Regional Government on The Empowerment of Terasi Production Houses in Reduce The Unemployment Rate (Research Study on Terasi Production House Business at Gampong Lhok Banie Langsa City)

Indonesia is a state of law, this has been explained in Article 1 paragraph (3) of the 1945 Constitution which states: The State of Indonesia is a state of law. This is based on the explanation of the 1945 Constitution that the State of Indonesia is based on law (rechtstaat) and is not based on mere power (machstaat). The mandate of Article 78 paragraph (1) of Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages states that "Village development aims to improve community welfare and the quality of human life as well as poverty alleviation through fulfilling basic needs, developing village facilities and infrastructure, developing local economic potential, and utilizing natural resources. nature and the environment in a sustainable manner. Based on Presidential Regulation Number 2 of 2015 concerning the 2015-2019 National Medium-Term Development Plan, it mandates the development and development of urban areas through handling the quality of the residential environment, namely improving the quality of slum settlements, preventing the growth and development of new slums, and sustainable livelihoods.
 This study aims to identify and explain the role of the Langsa City Government in the implementation of the empowerment of shrimp paste production houses in reducing unemployment through the City Without Slums Program (KOTAKU) in Lhok Banie Village, as well as to identify and explain the obstacles and efforts of the Langsa City Government towards the implementation of the empowerment of shrimp paste production houses. in Gampong Lhok Banie in reducing unemployment. The method that the researcher uses is the empirical juridical method with qualitative analysis. Data obtained through library research activities and field research. Data analysis was carried out from the beginning and continued throughout the research process, namely data collection, data reduction, data assessment, and data collection. The results showed that research on the role of the Langsa City Government in implementing the empowerment of the Langsa shrimp paste production house in reducing unemployment is the main person in charge of this implementation. and One-Stop Service for Langsa City, the Health Service, the Industry, Trade, Cooperatives and Small and Medium Enterprises (UKM) Service, the Public Works and Spatial Planning Office and the KOTAKU Office. However, the obstacle is the unavailability of equipment for processing and drying in a modern way because the shrimp paste production house has not changed the amperage to a larger one and the City Government has not been able to send the tool, it is feared that there will be a power outage at the shrimp paste production house. The next obstacle is that the manager of the shrimp paste production house has not taken the qualification test to get a certificate from the Health Office.