Development Of Self-injurious Behaviour Research Articles

Factors influencing the addiction characteristics of non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors in adolescents: A case-control study.

Many studies have shown that in the context of public health emergencies, the incidence rate of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) patients increased dramatically. This paper aims to characterize the behavioral characteristics of adolescent NSSI and analyze the influencing factors of NSSI behavior addiction characteristics. Our research was a case-control study which included 84 adolescents with NSSI (female vs. male: 59 vs. 25) and 84 healthy controls (female vs. male: 53 vs. 31). All the participants enrolled were aged 12-18 years. The differences in the scores of the following five scales were compared between the case and control groups: Egna Minnen Barndoms Uppfostran (EMBU), Perceived Social Support Scale (PSSS), Perceived Stress Scale (PSS); Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale (BSMAS) and Video Game Dependence Scale (VDG-S). The characteristics of NSSI behavior of the study group were evaluated using the Ottawa Self Inventory Chinese Revised Edition (OSIC). And a binary logistic regression model was developed to analyze the factors that influence adolescent NSSI behavioral addiction characteristics. In the study group, the emotional warmth scores in the father's and mother's rearing style scores in the EMBU were significantly lower than the controls. The BSMAS and VDG-S scores were significantly higher than those in the control group. 38 cases of NSSI with addiction characteristics accounted for 45.24% in the study group. The risk factors for NSSI addiction traits were as follows: female, single-child, high level of VDG-S scores, high scores of excessive interferences in father's rearing style, and high scores of punishments and excessive interferences in mother's rearing style score. Female, only child, internet addiction, and negative parenting styles were predictors of NSSI behavioral addiction characteristics in adolescents. Targeted coping strategies should be developed to reduce the occurrence and development of self-injurious behavior, especially for female adolescents with Internet dependence in one-child families with negative parenting styles.

A mink (Neovison vison) model of self-injury: Effects of CBP-CREB axis on neuronal damage and behavior.

Self-injurious behavior (SIB) is a clinically challenging problem in the general population and several clinical disorders. However, the precise molecular mechanism of SIB is still not clear. In this paper, the systematic investigation of the genesis and development of SIB is conducted based on behavioral and pathophysiology studies in mink (Neovison vison) models. The night-vision video was used to observe the mink behavior, and the duration was a month. HE stain was performed to characterize the pathology change in the brain of a mink. IHC assay was performed to conduct the protein level detection of Iba-1, p-CREB, CBP, and p300 in the brain tissues. Elisa assay was used to examine the levels of NfL and NfH in serum and CSF of mink. The qRT-PCR assay was used to detect the expression of Bcl-2, NOR1, FoxO4, c-FOS, CBP, and p300 in brain tissues. Western blot was used to detect the protein levels of p-CREB, CBP, and p300 in brain tissues. We also used Evans Blue as a tracer to detect whether the blood-brain barrier was impaired in the brain of mink. The behavioral test, histopathological and molecular biology experiments were combined in this paper, and the results showed that CBP was related to SIB. Mechanism analysis showed that the dysregulation of CBP in brain-activated CREB signaling will result in nerve damage of the brain and SIB symptoms in minks. More importantly, the CBP-CREB interaction inhibitor might help relieve SIB and nerve damage in brain tissues. Our results illustrate that the induction of CBP and the activation of CREB are novel mechanisms in the genesis of SIB. This finding indicates that the CBP-CREB axis is critical for SIB and demonstrates the efficacy of the CBP-CREB interaction inhibitor in treating these behaviors.

Факторы риска и направления профилактики самоповреждающего поведения подростков

The problem of self-injurious behavior from the point of view of the risk factors and prevention in adolescents is considered. Strategies of self-injurious behavior and characteristics of emotional dysregulation in those who self-injure are described. Finding help from peers/online friends and high stigmatizing/self-stigmatizing among self-injuring adolescents should be taken into account in treatment and prevention programs. Methods of preventing of self-injurious behavior are summarized. The following groups of methods are distinguished by purpose: informing about the problem, developing of adaptive self-regulation strategies and psychological and social support. The following prerequisites for developing school-based prevention programs of self-injurious behavior are defined: choosing a target group of adolescents (population, risk group, adolescents in stress-inducing situations), identifying the level of intervention (individual or group work with adolescents, their parents, teachers etc.), assessing the cultural specificity of the group. Programs should be based on current psychological knowledge about the development of self-injurious behavior and implicate the measuring of their efficacy.

Self-Injury and Suicide Attempt in Relation with Trauma and Dissociation among Adolescents with Dissociative and Non-Dissociative Disorders

ObjectiveTo explore the role of trauma and dissociation over self-injurious behaviors (SIB) and suicide attempts (SA) in adolescents.MethodsA total of 207 adolescents participated in the study. After conducting diagnostic interview, participants were divided into five groups as subjects with dissociative disorders (DD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders (AD), and a control group (CG) without any psychiatric disorder. ADHD, MDD and AD groups were considered as non-dissociative disorders (non-DD group) in the present study.ResultsThere is no significant difference between groups in terms of number and age of the subjects (p>0.05). Among all participants SIB was reported in 32.2% of females (n=37) and 25% of males (n=23) while SA was reported in 29.6% of females (n=34) and 4.4% of males (n=4). Adolescents with DD were found to experience higher rates of SIB and SA than the other groups. Dissociation was the most important variable contributing to SIB and female gender was the most efficient variable for SA. Total trauma scores were also found to be significantly higher in DD group followed by non-DD and CG respectively.ConclusionSIB and SA are complex behavioral problems which may be associated with many psychiatric factors. However higher level dissociation seems as an important mediating factor, even regardless of psychiatric diagnosis, in the development of SIB and SA. More research is needed to further explore the factors effective over SIB and SA in adolescents.

Self‐injurious behaviour in individuals with autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has been identified as a risk marker for self-injurious behaviour. In this study we aimed to describe the prevalence, topography and correlates of self-injury in individuals with ASD in contrast to individuals with Fragile X and Down syndromes and examine person characteristics associated with self-injury across and within these groups. Carers of individuals with ASD (n = 149; mean age = 9.98, SD = 4.86), Fragile X syndrome (n = 123; mean age = 15.32, SD = 8.74) and Down syndrome (n = 49; mean age = 15.84, SD = 12.59) completed questionnaires relating to the presence and topography of self-injury. Information was also gathered regarding demographic characteristics, affect, autistic behaviour, hyperactivity, impulsivity and repetitive behaviour. Self-injurious behaviour was displayed by 50% of the ASD sample: a significantly higher prevalence than in the Down syndrome group (18.4%) but broadly similar to the prevalence in Fragile X syndrome (54.5%). Self-injury was associated with significantly higher levels of autistic behaviour within the Down and Fragile X syndrome groups. Within the ASD group, the presence of self-injury was associated with significantly higher levels of impulsivity and hyperactivity, negative affect and significantly lower levels of ability and speech. Self-injurious behaviour is prevalent in individuals with ASD and the presence of ASD phenomenology increases the risk of self-injury in individuals with known genetic disorders but without a diagnosis of idiopathic autism. Person characteristics associated with self-injury in ASD indicate a role for impaired behavioural inhibition, low levels of ability and negative affect in the development of self-injurious behaviour.

Recent research on aetiology, development and phenomenology of self‐injurious behaviour in people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review and implications for treatment

Behavioural interventions conceptualise self-injurious behaviour (SIB) as developing from early repetitive behaviours through acquisition of homeostatic functions in regulating stimulation and subsequent shaping into SIB through socially mediated or automatic operant reinforcement. Despite high success rates, such interventions rarely completely eliminate SIB, and overall effectiveness has not increased since the 1960s. Research (excluding studies of single genetic syndromes) on the early development, functional properties and phenomenology of SIB in persons with intellectual disabilities (IDs) published from 1999 to 2010 inclusive is reviewed. Despite evidence to support the operant shaping hypothesis, in some cases tissue-damaging SIB, especially head-banging, emerges at a similar or younger age than stereotyped behaviours or 'proto-SIB', often associated with tantrums following frustrative non-reward and/or abrupt situational transitions. Many young children show undifferentiated patterns of responding in functional analyses of SIB, and SIB is associated with aggression and impulsivity as well as with repetitive behaviour. One dynamic in the development of SIB may be Pavlovian conditioning of aggression, originally elicited by aversive events or frustrative non-reward, to stimuli associated with such situations. Integration into operant technology of interventions based on Pavlovian principles such as graduated exposure (with or without counterconditioning) to aversive stimuli may enhance the effectiveness of behavioural interventions.

Childhood sexual abuse and non-suicidal self-injury: meta-analysis

Many theorists posit that childhood sexual abuse has a central role in the aetiology of self-injurious behaviour. Studies that report statistically significant associations between a history of such abuse and self-injury are cited to support this view. A meta-analysis was conducted to determine systematically the magnitude of the association between childhood sexual abuse and self-injurious behaviour. Forty-five analyses of the association were identified. Effect sizes were converted to a standard metric and aggregated. The relationship between childhood sexual abuse and self-injurious behaviour is relatively small (mean weighted aggregate phi=0.23). This figure may be inflated owing to publication bias. In studies that statistically controlled for psychiatric risk factors, childhood sexual abuse explained little or no unique variance in self-injurious behaviour. Theories that childhood sexual abuse has a central or causal role in the development of self-injurious behaviour are not supported by the available empirical evidence. Instead, it appears that the two are modestly related because they are correlated with the same psychiatric risk factors.

The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation

This article utilizes a developmental psychopathology framework to explicate one pathway, originating in childhood traumatic experience, toward the development of self-injurious behavior (SIB). The descriptive psychopathology of SIB is summarized first, followed by an overview of theoretical interpretations of SIB within psychoanalytic, neo-analytic, behavioral, and biological paradigms. Building on these empirical and theoretical foundations, a developmental psychopathology framework is used to model the development of SIB in the aftermath of childhood traumatic experience, particularly maltreatment. In this model, maltreatment undermines positive adaptation at motivational, attitudinal, instrumental, emotional, and/or relational levels of competence. In turn, vulnerabilities in the child's adaptive resources necessitate the application of alternative regulatory and relational strategies, such as self-injury, to the negotiation of contemporaneous and prospective developmental issues. The article concludes with a discussion of the empirical and clinical implications of a developmental understanding of SIB as a compensatory regulatory strategy in posttraumatic adaptation.

Self-injurious behaviour before and after deinstitutionalization.

The deinstitutionalization movement is presently spreading in Europe. Studies evaluating the effects of deinstitutionalization on behaviour disturbances among people with intellectual disability (ID) have been inconclusive. The present paper focuses on people without self-injurious behaviour (SIB) who developed SIB after deinstitutionalization. The present authors studied individual and environmental characteristics before and after deinstitutionalization to look for factors associated with the development of SIB which could also be possible intervention points for preventive action. All those individuals in an institution for people with ID who did not have SIB before deinstitutionalization were included in the present study. The individuals who developed SIB after deinstitutionalization (n = 15) formed the study group (group A) and those who did not (n = 53) comprised the control group (group B). The population was examined both before and after deinstitutionalization. As far as possible, the same methods were used at both occasions. The covariates were both individual (e.g. mental health, behaviour disturbances and behaviour deficits) and environmental (e.g. caretaker education, caretaker:patient ratio, housing and leisure activities). Psychiatric disorders were identified in 1987 and 1995 with the Psychopathology Instrument for Mentally Retarded Adults, which was filled in by the caretakers. In 1987, the people in group A who acquired SIB had lower developmental quotients, used wheelchairs more often and had trouble with moving around without help. They also had a greater frequency of epileptic seizures, and hearing and communication impairment. In 1995, there were only minor environmental differences between groups A and B. There were significantly more individuals involved in the rotation period and more unskilled caretakers working with the people in group A than group B. The present authors found no differences between the two groups on variables such as global mental health and behaviour disturbances, or in the use of neuroleptics before or after deinstitutionalization. Groups A and B did not show differences in behaviour disturbances or psychiatric disorders in 1987. In both 1987 and 1995, there were no differences between groups A and B on variables such as accommodation, caretaker:patient ratio, the number of caretakers involved in direct care, the caretakers' education, or the time spent in structured activities before and after deinstitutionalization. The individual characteristics indicating that a person may acquire SIB are behaviour deficits which are suggestive of central nervous system dysfunction or damage, even if the results are inconclusive. The development of SIB may also be facilitated by communication deficits or by reinforcement of a incidentally occurring SIB if the staff includes many unskilled caretakers in the rotation period.

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors in the treatment of self-injurious behaviour in adults with mental retardation

Self-injurious behaviour (SIB) amongst people with learning disabilities is very common and is often difficult to treat. This study supports the theory that serotonin is involved in the development of SIB in these individuals. Twelve patients suffering from mild to severe mental retardation were treated with either fluoxetine or fluvoxamine. Ten of them showed marked improvement of their SIB, clinically as well as objectively (according to scores on the adaptive behaviour scale). The treatment had to be discontinued in the other two patients because of the development of severe adverse effects to the medication. The results of this study are therefore in line with previous studies showing the effectivity of Selective Serotonin Re-uptake Inhibitors in the treatment of SIB in mentally retarded individuals. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.