Development Of Security Culture Research Articles

Risk-Based Approach in the Self-Assessment of Nuclear Security Culture for Users of Radioactive Sources

The current emphasis on the need to protect radioactive sources from being used for malicious purposes makes it imperative to explore and shape an appropriate culture-based response. Promoting a robust security culture is consistent with the international legal instruments and standards including the Code of Conduct for the Safety and Security of Radioactive Sources and IAEA guidance publications. This promotion would be dependent upon the successful implementation of relevant self-assessment tools and a series of culture indicators, both of which would serve as benchmarks to take a culture’s measure and identify practical ways to improve security. This approach must adjust the generic IAEA model and self-assessment methodology for nuclear security culture in order to accommodate the specific requirements in operation when using radioactive sources. Though the IAEA’s concept of security culture and its self-assessment recommendations are designed to be generic in order to apply to a wide range of facilities and activities, the modifications proposed in this paper are needed to make those recommendations more user friendly and consistent with the security risks and requirements. The distinct features of the proposed recommendations, to be reflected in the new design of security culture, can be summarized as: continued prevalence of safety orientation, application in diverse work environments, multiple and inter-modal transport, integration of host organizations into overall security regime, mobile and portable operation, limited security awareness and resources, and disposal challenges. These special features also justify a differentiated approach to security culture inside organizations licensed to use radioactive sources. More frequent and more concerted efforts, including training and self-assessment, are expected to focus on a select group of employees who have direct relationships with radioactive sources (e.g. management teams, security personnel, operational staff, technicians and others). For other employees, efforts would be made concurrently to engage them in the process of raising security awareness, a less proactive endeavor than the development of security culture. The proposed differentiation is a targeted approach designed to make time and resource investment in training and culture assessment commensurate with specific roles and responsibilities of individuals. This risk-based approach can facilitate a more robust and sustainable security regime for radioactive sources throughout their life cycle, i.e. from cradle to grave.

Proces licenciranja službenika privatnog obezbeđenja u Republici Srbiji

Legal laws which regulate private security sector in the Republic of Serbia have arrived after twenty years of legal vacuum in this area, and they have been the object of expectations of many private security experts and practitioners in Serbia. They regulate the licensing process of private security officers. Aim of this research was to identify key characteristics of the licensing process which implies training course in licensed training centers, exam in front of the commission of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and, finally, licensing. The aim was also to identify values points, experiences and opinions of private security officers and candidates in the process of their course, exam and licensing. That was the reason to use the method of a semi-structured interview in our qualitative research. We interviewed eleven respondents - private security officers who are working or have worked for eight different private security agencies in the Republic of Serbia. They all have a license which is regulated with new Private security law. Research helps us to identify key problems in the licensing process. Candidates who are working in some private security agencies are not free from the job days during the course. They work night shifts and then go to the training center or go to work after classes. Also, there is the question of meeting fund of the course hours and whether all candidates go to the course at all. The criteria were lowered at the exam, and there is a problem of funding licensing process. Some of the candidates are paying their course by self, some are financed by the employer. In that case, the employer refunds it in the future or candidate have a contractual obligation to work with that employer in the future. Licensing process has its good sides as well. Candidates gain knowledge in security sciences, law and their rights. They are developing skills of self-defense and overcoming the resistance and developing their physical strength. The development of security culture is encouraged as well as a desire for improvement of security sector officers and candidates.