Development Of Secondary Industry Research Articles

ENVIRONMENTAL EXTERNALITIES OF URBAN AGGLOMERATION IN CHINA: NEW EVIDENCE FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF ECONOMIC DENSITY

In order to capture the environmental externalities of urban agglomeration, we use an agglomeration indicator referred to as economic density, which can be decomposed into the average population density and the concentration of population distribution. Our benchmark regressions use the ordinary least squares method and grid-level panel data for China and for the period 2000–2016. We find that economic density is positively correlated with PM2.5 concentration, and the effects of the two components of economic density are opposite. To address the endogeneity issues, the causal effect of economic density on PM2.5 concentration is estimated with an instrumental variable method. Empirical results show that the PM2.5 concentration increases with economic density, and the associated elasticity is between 0.045 and 0.079. The findings of our benchmark regressions are also supported by a variety of robustness checks. Moreover, while economic growth, the development of secondary industry, and the presence of coal-driven power plants explain why cities with more dense population are more polluted, residential energy use is an opposite channel through which cities with higher economic density can reduce air pollution. Overall, the total effect is a trade-off, and the negative environmental externalities of agglomeration are larger than positive environmental externalities.

Study on the Impact of Water Conservancy Construction on Urban Development

Hydraulic engineering is an important part of national economic infrastructure. Hydraulic engineering plays an important role in flood control, drainage, disaster prevention and reduction. In recent years, while promoting economic development, water conservancy construction has also played a role in driving the appreciation of surrounding plots, promoting the development of tourism, industrial upgrading and urban accumulation. This paper studies the achievements of water conservancy construction in Wenzhou in recent years, establishes the urban development index system of Wenzhou, calculates the index relationship between water conservancy investment and urban development by using partial least square method. The results show that there is a significant linear correlation between water conservancy investment and real estate investment, GDP and the development of secondary industry. It can be seen that water conservancy construction investment plays a positive role in promoting urban development.

Is electricity consumption of Chinese counties decoupled from carbon emissions? A study based on Tapio decoupling index

China has set more ambitious targets for controlling carbon emissions and poverty reduction at the end of 2020. In order to analyze China's experience in poverty reduction and CO2 emission reduction and to provide guidance for fulfilling its emission reduction commitments and consolidating poverty reduction achievements simultaneously in the future, this paper introduces the Tapio decoupling index to study the relationship between electricity consumption and CO2 emissions in more than 600 Chinese counties from 2009 to 2016. The results show that more counties decoupled their electricity consumption from CO2 emissions in 2016 than in 2009. Then Logit model is proposed and the results show that poverty-stricken counties are more likely to decouple electricity consumption from CO2 emissions than non-poverty-stricken counties, which suggests that China's poverty-stricken counties are not pursuing economic development at the cost of loosening carbon emission controls. This paper also finds that as the carbon intensity of the secondary industry has declined significantly in recent years, the development of secondary industry could help decouple electricity consumption from CO2 emission, and the promotion of renewable energy can play the same role.

Catch Up or Fall Behind on Eco-Efficiency: Insight from Convergence Analysis

Eco-efficiency plays a crucial role in evaluating the green development of economics. Using the super slack-based measure approach, which considers carbon emissions and three kinds of industrial waste as undesirable outputs, this study examines the eco-efficiency of 48 cities in the Bohai Rim from year 2005 to 2015. Eco-efficiency exhibites a pattern of polarized disparity, with observable increase regional difference. Nonlinear time-varying factor and dynamic panel models are used to analyze the evolution and convergence of eco-efficiency. Analysis of club convergence revealed that the Bohai Rim area is divided into five groups by values and yearly changes of eco-efficiency. The analysis revealed that two groups show strong eco-efficiency and obvious growth paths, while the eco-efficiencies for the other three groups are weak, with stagnant growth paths. The results confirm the existence of relative s convergence through ordinary least squares and generalized methods of moments, and suggest that economic growth, foreign direct investment and fiscal decentralization have positive influences on eco-efficiency, while the development of secondary industry has negative effects on eco-efficiency.

The Effect of Air Pollution on the Healthy Growth of Cities: An Empirical Study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region

In the context of sustainable development, air pollution poses challenges to the adjustment of the industrial structure in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. In order to explore the relationship between air pollution and urban industrial development, this paper uses a simultaneous equation model to empirically analyze the relationship between PM2.5 concentration and industrial development based on panel data from 2000 to 2017 on the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The empirical results show that there is a two-way causal relationship between industrial development and air pollution. Secondary industry upgrades to tertiary industry, which will help improve the air quality in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. At the same time, air pollution has a significant adverse effect on the development of secondary industry and tertiary industry. An average increase of 1% in PM2.5 concentration will cause the proportion of secondary industry to increase by about 0.08% to 0.28%, and the proportion of tertiary industry to decrease by about 0.13% to 0.31%. Based on the results of the empirical model, this paper puts forward policy recommendations for environmental governance in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, aiming to achieving healthy development of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.

The Linkage relationship between the development of secondary industry and environmental pollution: a case in Fujian

Fujian is very wealthy in natural resources, which provides a good environment for social development and people’s life. However, with the development of economy, environmental pollution has become an importation problem in Fujian. In order to discuss the linkage relationship between economic development and environmental pollution, this paper selects the data of the secondary industry, industrial waste gas emissions, industrial waste water emissions and industrial solid waste production from 1995 to 2017 in Fujian, establishes the VAR model, explore the relationship between the development of secondary industry and environmental pollution. The results show that the association between the development of the secondary industry and environmental pollution is monotonously increasing. The industrial waste gas has become the main pollutant restricting the development of the secondary industry. Industrial solid waste has made the largest contribution to the development of the secondary industry, indicating a positive dynamic correlation.

Understanding driving patterns of carbon emissions from the transport sector in China: evidence from an analysis of panel models

China’s transport industry has made rapid progress, which has led to a great amount of carbon emissions. However, it is still unclear how carbon emissions from the transport sector are punctuated by shifts in underlying factors. This paper aims to examine the process of China’s carbon emissions from the transport sector as well as its major driving forces at the provincial level during the period of 2000 to 2015. We first estimate the carbon emissions from the transport sector at the provincial level based on the fuel and electricity consumption using a top-down method. We find that the carbon emission per capita is steadily increasing across the country, especially in the provinces of Chongqing and Inner Mongolia. However, the carbon emission intensity is decreasing in most provinces, except in Yunnan, Qinghai, Chongqing, Zhejiang, Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Henan and Anhui. We then quantify the effect of socioeconomic factors and their regional variations on carbon emissions using a panel model. The results show that the development of secondary industry is the most significant variable for carbon intensity at both the national and regional levels, while the effects of the other variables vary across regions. Among these factors, population density is the main factor of the increasing carbon emissions per capita from the transport sector for both the whole country and the western region, whereas the consumption level per capita of residents and the development of tertiary industry are the primary drivers of per capita carbon emissions for the eastern and central regions.

Supporting capacity and structural optimization of water resources in the oasis city of Urumqi, China

Abstract Water scarcity has been the main restraint factor for the development of oasis cities around the world. Urumqi, a typical oasis city in arid northwestern China, is facing an increasing water shortage with rapid development over the past decades. In this paper, we use a system dynamics method and multi-scenario simulation to predict the water-resource demand and the supporting capacity of water resources for the urban development of Urumqi under different scenarios. The results show that existing water resources can hardly meet the needs of urban development. Even if water transfer and saving projects are adopted, in the medium and high-speed development scenarios, there will still be a large water deficit in Urumqi in 2030. Also, to relieve the constraint of water resources on urban development, both water-use structure and industrial structure should be optimized. It is suggested that the demands of ecological water and domestic water are given a primary guarantee; that the proportion of industrial water should significantly increase while drastically decreasing the proportion of agricultural water; that the development of secondary industry should be strengthened while reducing the proportion of primary industry; and, finally, restriction placed on high-water-consuming industry while encouraging low- and medium-water-consuming industries.

Pengaruh Korupsi dan Pendapatan Nasional terhadap Pembangunan Ekonomi di Negara-negara Islam

Economic development was an attempt by the state to improve the welfare of people in the entire region. Some effort of this development are the expansion of the economic base with diversification of agriculture, the development of production of extractive (mining, forestry) development of secondary industry (manufacturing and construction) and the activities of the tertiary sector (services) as well as the creation of productive employment in the fields of widespread activity.There are some fundamental issues in economic development, some of which are problems of corruption and economic growth as an increased ability to produce goods and services in various fields. This study aimed to analyze the effects of corruption and the national income to economic development in the Islamic countries. The study was conducted in Islamic countries who are members of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) to take a sample of 52 countries members of the Organization of Islamic Conference (OIC) which was analyzed by quantitative approach using a multiple linear regression analysis. From the analysis, discussion and hypothesis testing using corruption and national income variables as independent variables, and economic development as the dependent variable, the results of studies showed that the corruption variables have positive and significant influence amounted to 42.1% of the economic development. National income variable has a positive and significant effect of 0.5% on economic development. Variable corruption and national income together (simultaneously) has a positive and significant influence amounted to 33.0% of the variable economic development.

Research on the Three Industrial Structure and Economic Growth Empirical Based on the Cobb - Douglas Production Function

In this paper, the deformation of Cobb-Douglas production function was used to separate the Variable term, which the proportion of each industry affect economic growth, and further introduction of three industrial structure variables. The relationship between three industrial structures for 2001-2012 in Shaanxi and economic growth was analysis by the least squares estimation, the influence ratios, which industrial output value of share of GDP changes on effects of changes in economic growth can be acquired. The results showed that the adjustment of three industrial structure in Shaanxi conducive to economic growth, which meet the development of the three industrial structure in developed countries and consistent with the law in line with economic growth, namely a stable development of primary industry, optimizing the development of secondary industry, vigorous development of the tertiary industry.

An analysis on interaction mechanism of urbanization and industrial structure evolution in Shandong, China

Abstract Urbanization and industrial structure are two economic development systems that affect and promote each other. The former's rapid development will contribute to continuous adjustment of the latter and the latter's upgrading and optimization will stimulate the former uninterruptedly. Firstly, the characteristics of urbanization and industrial structure evolution from 1978 to 2009 in Shandong are analyzed in the paper, showing that the urbanization process and industrial structure evolution response to each other sequentially. Next, from the perspective of empirical test, the long-term mechanism involving urbanization, industrialization and tertiary industry development, as well as causal relation between the three factors are investigated by the method of cointegration analysis and error correction model. The empirical results indicate that the tertiary industry stimulates urbanization better than the second industry and long-term stationary equilibrium relationship between the three factors exists. Finally, the Granger causality test reveals that urbanization plays an important role in the development of secondary industry, but the hypothesis that the evolution of industrial structure stimulates the urbanization is not been supported.

The development of secondary industries through the sustainable utilisation of reeds and forest timber in the Tembe Elephant Park, Maputaland, South Africa

The harvesting of Phragmites australis reeds in the Tembe Elephant Park has to be managed pro-actively. Solutions to potential problems should be sought before they arise. This paper offers a potential solution to the problem of instating a winter-only reed harvest in the Muzi Swamp. The potential for manufacturing finished products such as prefabricated huts from sustainably harvested reeds and forest timber is examined and a cost estimate is presented. A prefabricated reed hut is three-times cheaper than a similarly-sized house made of bricks and cement. The manufacturing of finished products from the harvested material will add secondary value to the resource and also offer an alternative employment to harvesting reeds in the summer. The higher prices obtained for a processed article will also, hopefully, reduce the demand for the resource in its raw form, thereby increasing the perceived value of the resource and reducing wastage from raw materials that are not sold.

"Kana sora ratswa ngaritswe": African Nationalists and Black Workers - The 1948 General Strike in Colonial Zimbabwe

For almost two weeks in April 1948 colonial Zimbabwe's two major cities, as well as smaller towns, mines and farms were convulsed by mass unrest. Although the causes of the General Strike have long been recognised as having their origins in the urban squalor and rampant inflation of the immediate post-war era, there is little agreement about either its organisation or its significance. Recent interventions in the debate have tended to strengthen existing prejudices. This paper advances four linked propositions which radically reformulate previous positions: that, while the development of secondary industry and the related growth of colonial Zimbabwe's urban areas were both relatively large by the modest standards of Sub-Saharan African, the scale was small in absolute terms; that these processes and their social consequences differed considerably between Bulawayo and Salisbury; that that the limited scale of these processes often meant that parochial concerns were more important than national issues; and that while all of this facilitated a greater degree of control over events in Bulawayo, if not in Salisbury, by an elite leadership than some writers have conceded, these events did not amount to a colony-wide General Strike.

Industrial Development in East Africa

1/J [ OST countries in Africa are predominantly agricultural and their economies are based on the export of one or two agricultural products subject to wide fluctuations in price. In areas with an expanding population demanding a higher living standard, but practicing primitive methods of cultivation and hampered by a subsistence economy, serious economic problems arise and there is a great need for a more diversified economy. Industrial development is usually advocated as a possible solution to this problem and has achieved considerable success in the Union of South Africa and Southern Rhodesia. But in East Africa the development of secondary industries suffers from many limitations such as the small size of the local market, low purchasing power of the bulk of the population, lack of skilled labor and poor quality of migrant labor, great distances and scattered population, lack of raw materials, and the difficulty of attracting capital to such a poorlyendowed region. Kenya's modern history, and indeed that of East Africa too, may be said to have begun when the Kenya railway was completed in 1901 from Miiombasa to Kisumu.' Industrial development has thus been very recent. The impressive achievements to date must be viewed against this modern historical background and a geographical background of a poor region with a harsh physical environment of semi-aridity over great areas, highly variable rainfall and lack of water supplies, poor soils, and vast areas infested with tsetse fly. East Africa consists of the three mainland territories of Kenya, Uganda, and Tanganyika, and the islands of Zanzibar and Pemba. They form a compact block of territory from 4120 north to 120 south, with a total area of some twothirds of a million square miles, Tanganyika being by far the largest in extent. The population is some 20 million (1956 estimate), 9812 per cent African, but with an important small minority of about 300,000 Asians and nearly 100,000 Europeans. Half the Asians and two-thirds of the Europeans live in Kenya. The population distribution maps of the East African Royal Commission show clearly the concentration of population in the higher rainfall areas. In many parts of East Africa, Africans are mostly at the subsistence stage, although the exchange economy has penetrated widely. There is a great need to overcome the basic poverty of the region and diversify the economy both by intensification of agriculture and the growth of commerce and industry. Indeed the success of industry will depend greatly on increasing agricultural productivity. There are de1 Z. A. Marsh and G. Kingsnorth: An Introduction to the History of East Africa, 1957, p. 172.

International Tin Study Group

In June 1949, the International Tin Study Group appointed a working party to 1) prepare a statement on the position and prospects of the tin industry for the guidance of a proposed United Nations conference in determining whether, under Article 62 of the International Trade Organization's charter, a commodity control agreement on tin might be desirable; and 2) to prepare the draft of such an agreement. The working party met at The Hague in October and November 1949 for these purposes and submitted both the completed statement and the draft convention to the Study Group which subsequently met in its fifth meeting in Paris from March 20 to 29, 1950. At this meeting, attended by representatives of all fifteen members of the group, the draft agreement was considered, modified, and amended; the final draft text was completed on March 29. The agreement, as approved, set forth its objectives as follows: 1) to prevent or alleviate widespread difficulties arising from an inability of adjustment between tin production and consumption; 2) to prevent excessive fluctuations in the price of tin; 3) to ensure the availability of supplies of tin adequate at all times to satisfy world demand at reasonable prices; 4) to provide the framework for the consideration and development of measures to effect economic adjustments designed to promote the expansion of tin consumption and the development of secondary industries based upon domestic production of primary commodities; and 5) to maintain and develop natural tin resources. Any government accepting the agreement as either a producing country

Some Problems Involved in the Development of Secondary Industries in West Africa

Opening ParagraphIn recent years increasing attention has been given to the question of developing small-scale industries in the Colonial Dependencies. It is now generally agreed that such a development is essential in the interests of the territories themselves and for the ultimate benefit of Great Britain and, the world. So enthusiastic indeed has been the acceptance of this new policy that there is now a danger that adequate attention may not be given to the needs of the local communities themselves, the service of which is the main justification for the establishment of these industries. However important it may be for world prosperity that the purchasing power of the peoples of Africa should be raised, it is no less important that every scheme of industrialization should be related to the requirements of the peoples of Africa, and the organization of the industries must be in harmony with local traditions. If this is not done the new industries, whether they are built up on local traditional crafts or are completely ‘exotic’, may prove to be socially disruptive. Every development of this kind has social and political consequences which are as important as the economic results, and which may, indeed, override financial and economic considerations. An increase in the material prosperity of Africa would be paid for too highly if the price should prove to be the disintegration of African society.

Electric Supply in East Africa

THE report of the annual meeting of the East African Power and Lighting Co. in Nairobi, at which Major Ward presided, is now available. Major Ward pointed out that in present circumstances it is not possible to give so much detail as in the past; but as the period since the outbreak of the War has passed with remarkably little change in the conditions in which the Company has been working, it has been able to maintain progress. Results in the East African Territories are largely affected by commodity prices, which were well maintained. The past year had shown considerable increase in the development of secondary industries. In 1939 the rainfall in the Nairobi area was the lowest on record, and the Company found much difficulty in meeting the demand of its consumers, but a supply was maintained until the rains broke. Actually there was a new 1,400 b.h.p. Diesel generator, due for delivery, but the War delayed shipment of the plant, which is the largest generator of this type in East Africa. It arrived in April last. Units sold in Kenya increased from nearly 14 million in 1938 to more than 16 million in 1939. In Tanganyika Territory, the Dar-es-Salaam and District Electric Supply Co. had an increased demand, requiring an additional plant capacity, and a further Diesel set was installed.