Development Of Road Transport Research Articles

STUDY OF ROAD TRANSPORT IN THE SCHOOL GEOGRAPHY COURSE BASED ON THE USE OF GIS TECHNOLOGY

The article discusses the use of GIS technologies in the study of the transport complex, including motor transport, in the geography lessons of secondary school. A review of scientific and methodological literature on the peculiarities of the development and importance of road transport, as well as the use of geoinformation system in economic geography lessons. As a result of the analysis of the collected material, the main functions and methods of application of the geoinformation system in this area are identified, the advantages of the introduction of GIS technologies in the process of school education are noted. Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are given on the wide application of technologies in the process of teaching motor transport in the school geography course.

Spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of carbon emissions from road transportation in the mainland of China from 2006 to 2021

The leaping forward of the economy has promoted the rapid growth of road traffic demand, resulting in the carbon emissions of road traffic increasing significantly. It is well known that a one-size-fits-all emission reduction policy is not feasible. Therefore, conducting an investigation on the carbon emissions of all provincial-level regions within a country can assist the government in formulating carbon emission policies at a macro level tailored to different regions. In this study, the whole provincial-level administrative regions in the mainland of China were selected to quantify the carbon emissions of road traffic, and the carbon emissions from 2006 to 2021 were obtained by employing the top-down model. What's more, spatiotemporal characteristics of road transportation carbon emissions in those regions were explored based on Moran's I spatial autocorrelation method. In addition, the LMDI model was constructed based on five driving factors, namely energy intensity, energy consumption intensity, industrial scale, economic development, and population size, and the decomposition analysis of driving factors is carried out. The results show that carbon emissions from road traffic in all provincial regions showed an overall rising trend in the research period, with an average annual growth rate of 11.83 %. The distribution of road transportation carbon emissions exhibited an east-high, west-low distribution, with significantly higher emissions in the eastern and coastal regions compared to inland areas, additionally, China's seven geographical regions showed an initial rapid increase in carbon emissions followed by a stable growth trend. Secondly, five types of spatial clustering were identified of carbon emissions within provincial regions. Thirdly, the impacts of energy intensity and industrial scale were detrimental to road transportation carbon emissions, whereas economic development, energy consumption intensity, and population size had contrasting effects. Implications according to the above conclusions were put forward, aiming to provide guidance for the sustainable development of road transportation and expediting the achievement of the “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality” objective.

Regional passenger motor transport systems: problem statement, first estimation results

Relevance. Passenger road transport in the 90s of the last century showed a high rate of transition to new management methods. The subsequent streamlining of activities progressed unevenly, mainly through regulation. However, important problems in the development of the industry, especially in the regions, have not been resolved. A crisis situation in intra-regional inter-municipal transportation and a high accident rate are the example. To a large extent, this situation is caused by the lag of the modern interpretation of the regional passenger road transport system from its real state, which does not allow achieving the greatest effect in the development of passenger road transport. The purpose of the work is to increase the importance of regular passenger transportation based on the substantiation of the importance of the structural parts of regional passenger motor transport systems, the developed methodology for assessing their condition, and creating development rules taking this into account.Materials and methods. General scientific methods of analysis and synthesis, system analysis, mathematical statistics, as well as the provisions of the theory of transport processes and systems are used in the work. Modern general scientific software products, open information resources about passenger vehicles in the regions were used.Results. The main scientific result of the article is the introduced concept of a regional passenger motor transport system. For a quantitative assessment of its condition, an indicator of the level of system self-organization has been developed, which is determined by the ratio of the number of cars to the number of buses, trolleybuses and trams in the region. The values of the indicators are in the range from 74 to 543 with an average value of 277. The dependencies of the influence of gross regional products and the number of population in the regions on the number of buses and cars in them are revealed. The practical significance lies in the development of tools for assessing the state of regional passenger transport systems. The directions for further research to determine the influence of structural parts on the level of self-organization of the system, building on this basis effective regional strategies for the development of passenger road transport are related.

Energy aspects of automobile transport development

Problem. Improving automobile transport means increasing fuel economy and environmental indicators. Fuel, in a broad sense, means energy used to activate the car's power plant. Potential energy is dispersed in the earth’s interior, on its surface, in the atmospheric air, and even in space. Moreover, some of them exist in different substances. On the one hand, the efficiency of an energy product use is assessed by its energy intensity; on the other hand, it is evaluated by the costs of its production (transportation) and the quality of its transformation into a consumer type of energy. Special attention is paid to renewable and unlimited kinds of energy sources. Goal. The purpose of the study is a qualitative analysis of the road transport development direction from the standpoint of the alternative energy sources use, taking into account the factors that comprehensively determine the economic and environmental indicators at the stages of production and processing of fossil raw materials, production of power plants and conversion, transformation, and transportation of energy in the field of transport technologies. Methodology. The first direction consists of the adaptation (conversion) of the design of thermal internal combustion engines for alternative liquid or gaseous fuel types. The advantage of this approach is minimal costs for engine conversion and fuel production. The second approach involves using hybrid power plants, consisting of a main and auxiliary engine, an energy source or accumulator, an energy converter, and a braking recuperation system. The third direction is the use of non-traditional energy sources. Results. The directions of the development of power plants for motor vehicles related to the increase in the energy density of hydrocarbon fuels, the use of hybrid power plants, and the use of alternative energy sources have been determined. A qualitative assessment of the considered approaches is given. Originality. A comprehensive approach to evaluating the effectiveness of using alternative types of energy in road transport is considered in terms of energy, economic, and environmental indicators. Practical value. The obtained results can be regarded as recommendations when drawing up plans for the evolution of industries of fossil extraction and transformation of other energy resources, the development of motor vehicles, and transport infrastructure technologies, taking into account the natural and industrial potential of the country

A review study on discrete fibers used for concrete pavement

The development of road transport is absolutely necessary for the country's survival. The necessity for continuing maintenance and repair of conventional bituminous pavements points to the potential for cement concrete pavements. Traditional concrete roadways can provide a safe and effective flow of traffic.Due to its extended lifespan and minimal maintenance requirements, concrete has grown in popularity as a material for roadways. However, concrete roads have low ductility and tensile strength and are prone to spalling and cracking. The strength of concrete pavement is suggested to be increased in order to reduce these issues with concrete. Concrete shrinkage cracking is a significant issue with plain cement concrete pavement, particularly in tropical regions. The impact of adding polyester and polypropylene fibre to cement is briefly discussed in this research work. Checking the mechanical characteristics of the concrete mix design for M35 grade is the study's goal. Specimens such as cubes measuring 150 × 150 × 150mm, cylinders measuring 300 mm in height and 150 mm in diameter, and beams measuring 100 × 100 × 500mm are cast by adding various fibre dosages ranging from 0.5% to 4% by weight. The samples are stored for 7 or 28 days while they are being cured. Conducting destructive tests (Strength of compression, flexural strength, and tensile strength) and non-destructive tests on the specimen reveals its structural behaviour (ultrasonic pulse velocity test).

Quantifying Road Transport Resilience to Emergencies: Evidence from China

Facing the shock of emergencies, how resilient is the road transport system? In this process, how are the system’s absorption capacity, adaptability, and recovery capacity? These are very important for the development of sustainable road transportation. Taking China’s road transport during the COVID-19 pandemic as the research object, this paper introduces an integrated resilience quantification method, draws a road transport resilience curve, and comprehensively and dynamically analyzes and compares the resilience of China’s road transport system at different stages among different regions and under different epidemic waves. The results show that the resilience of road passenger and freight transport differs in the face of external disturbance. Freight transport resilience is better than that of passenger transport. Compared to passenger transport, freight transport is more robust; the impacted speed is slower, the recovery speed is faster, the recovery capacity is stronger, and the affected period is shorter. There is regional heterogeneity in road transport resilience. This heterogeneity is reflected in the whole change process of system performance with external disturbance, including absorption capacity, adaptation capacity, and recovery capacity. The resilience of road transport under different waves of the epidemic is different. Compared to the first wave of the epidemic, the resilience of road transport indicators at all stages has been dramatically improved in the later rebound wave of the epidemic. This can help in the development of evidence-based road transport sustainability strategies.

ПРО ЗАКОРДОННИЙ ДОСВІД ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ БЕНЗИНОВИХ СУМІШЕЙ ІЗ СЕРЕДНІМ ТА ВИСОКИМ УМІСТОМ ЕТАНОЛУ ЯК АВТОМОБІЛЬНОГО ПАЛЬНОГО (ОГЛЯД)

A retrospective look at the use of alcohol fuel for the propulsion of automotive machinery with internal combustion engines allows us to talk about a rather long world practice in this area. However, a serious interest in etha-nol as a motor fuel began to rise after the world oil crisis of 1973 and especially within the later decades. The field of application of ethanol in road transport is largely determined by its physical and chemical properties, many of which are broadly knowт; but even experts are less acquainted with some others. Recently, there has been a growing interest in the use of gasoline blends with medium and high ethanol content for motor vehicles, which has caused the need for serious research in this area. In particular, research and testing works are required to determine the influence of ethanol-gasoline blends use on motor vehicle systems and component’s durability, as well as environmental impacе of such fuels broad application. Overall, from the viewpoint of the practice on operating internal combustion engines and motor vehi-cles in general, which may be at least a temporary solution in the strategic development of road transport, the use of gasoline with rather high ethanol content may have its drawbacks. Therefore, in this article it is considered some pro-spects and problems in large-scale usage of motor fuel with medium and high ethanol content in a number of world countries. The regulatory and scientific-and-technological preconditions for the use of such automotive fuel are dis-cussed. Some results of research and tesings in a number of countries regarding the impact of using fuel with medium and high ethanol content on the durability of engines/wheeled vehicles and on the ambient air are also presented. The conclusion is that not only laboratory research, but more comprehensive road testing is required to define the real op-portunities and challenges in this area. Keywords: ethanol, gasoline blends, wheeled vehicle, internal combustion engine. hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO); nitrogen oxides (Nox); particulate matters (PM); thre-way catalytic converter; durability of vehicle’s components.

Relationships between road transport indicators and expenditure of visitors in the context of European countries' tourism competitiveness

Research background: Transport represents a dynamic element in the tourism system. In recent decades, transport has been a subject of research mainly from the point of view of the sustainability of the economic systems and the environmental aspects. Purpose of the article: This study aimed to quantify the relationships between the selected indicators of road transport development and the expenditure of tourism visitors in the selected European countries in the context of the development of their competitiveness. Methods: The road transport indicators were applied in the research trajectories: density of road (DNST), hare of road infrastructure investment (SH INF), share of motorways (SH MWY), and indicators of visitor expenditure for business (BTS), leisure (LTS), domestic (DTS) and foreign (VEFS) tourism. In the first phase of the analyses, the countries of the European part of the OECD (N = 27; period of 2010-2018) were divided into two clusters based on the development index (HDI) and the innovation index (GII) through the cluster analysis. The two groups were created - more and less developed countries. The results of the analysis of differences declare that there are differences between these groups in the DNST, SH INF, BTS, LTS, and DTS indicators. The correlation and regression analysis methods were applied to quantify the relationships between the variables. Findings & value added: The difference between the groups of the countries was also shown in the relationships between the road transport development indicators and visitor spending. In more developed countries, the relationship between the traffic indicators on BTS and DTS was significant. In less developed countries, significant relationships were identified with LST and VEFS. This finding underscores regional disparities and cautions against assuming that what policy guidelines from developed countries will be effective in less developed ones. Therefore, when designing improvement policies, it is vital to consider countries in terms of their level of development.

Biografia inżyniera Jerzego Budzyńskiego (1892-1979) na podstawie zasobu archiwalnego Instytutu Badawczego Dróg i Mostów

The article describes the life of Jerzy Budzyński, born in 1892 in Warsaw, a student of the gymnasium branch of the Warsaw E. Konopczyński School, a student of the Belgian University of Liège, and a graduate of the Warsaw University of Technology. Fragments of his unpublished diary show how Polish independence organizations were formed in the early 20th century: the Association of Polish Progressive and Independence Youth “Filarecja”, the Union of Active Struggle, the Riflemen’s Association, and the Polish Military Organization. The content of the justifications for the applications for the threetime decoration of the Cross of Valor document Jerzy Budzyński’s participation in the capture of the Mokotów Airport in Warsaw in November 1918 and the self-sacrificing fight in defense of Łomża against the Soviet III Cavalry Corps of Gai-Khan (Gai Dmitrievich Bzhishkyan), at the end of July 1920. During the interwar period, Budzyński was the head of the Road Traffic Division of the Road Department in the Ministry of Transport, creating conditions for the development of road transport and the construction of modern roads in Poland. After the war, as the head of the Poviat Road Administration in Grójec, he rebuilt roads and bridges, e.g. using bridge structures donated by the United Nations Relief and Reconstruction Administration (UNRRA). Budzyński ended his professional career working at the Central Research and Development Center for Road Technology (currently the Road and Bridge Research Institute) as the manager of the Center for the Scientific, Technical and Economic Information and Documentation, disseminating world achievements in road technology in Poland. Jerzy Budzyński’s personal file has been preserved in the archives of the Road and Bridge Research Institute, containing source documents of great value for research on the history of Poland in the 20th century.

Towards a novel magnetic asphalt mixture containing ceramic ferrites for intelligently encoding road traffic sign information

With the development of smart road transport, the use of magnetic coding units (MCU) to store and transmit road traffic sign information is a novel technical solution that emerged in recent years for advancing the V2I communication. In this work, MCU was prepared by partly replacing the aggregates and mineral powder in the AC-13 asphalt mixture (AM) with ceramic ferrites (CF). It was found that the MCU was able to produce a stable and detectable magnetic field after magnetization, while its spatial distribution pattern is programmable. In order to provide technical guidance for MCU design, environmental impacts including erosion and thermal cycling on the magnetic performance of MCU were explored over in further. The following conclusions were obtained: (1) The experimental measurements show that CF has a remanence of more than 20 emu/g and a coercivity of more than 1 k Oe, and as a result, the addition of CF effectively improves the magnetic flux density and detectable range of MCU. (2) Satisfactory corrosion resistance of MUC is observed, which is mainly attributed to the stable hexagonal magnetoplumbite-type crystal structure and large binding energy of Fe3+ within the mixture. (3) Little irreversible flux density loss of the MCU is observed in a large number of thermal cycles in a range of 20–60 °C, which is attributed to the high curie temperature of the CF. Increasing the CF doping can enhance the Fe-O exchange interaction, thus reducing the reduction ratio of the MCU magnetic field at 60 ℃. (4) MCU material has typical viscoelastic response characteristics under mechanical loading, while its dynamic modulus is close to that of ordinary AC-13 AM. (5) The economic cost of using MCU to encode traffic sign information is merely 20.25% of that of conventional traffic signs, which supports further its application potential.

Road Transport Development: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Discourse

Road Transport Development: A Bibliometric Analysis of Scientific Discourse

Smart BRT Management System

Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) has increasingly become an attractive urban transit alternative in many developing cities due to its cost-effective and flexible implementation. However, it still seems difficult to introduce BRT to these cities because almost all their city structures have been built solely under a road transport development city plan which causes many problems, such as urban sprawl, traffic congestion, and air pollution. This system introduced several strategies to support BRT implementation in developing cities. These proposed strategies were evaluated by applying demand forecasting and emission models to the BRT project plan. It was demonstrated that the proposed strategies could effectively improve BRT ridership, traffic conditions, and air pollution emissions of the entire system. This study could be further extended to include strategy recommendations if a BRT system was introduced to other developing cities

Assessment of the Impact of Selected Parameters of Tractor-Semitrailer Set on the Braking Safety Indicators

With the continuous development of road transport of goods, the issue of safety risks related to the movement of trucks and road trains remains an essential element of the overall road safety system. One of the persistent problems is the braking of such kits, especially in emergencies on the road. The work aims to show how typical changes in operating conditions can affect the basic indicators illustrating the safety of braking (effectiveness indicators, stability symptoms). A simulation method was applied for the analysis, which used a relatively simple (quasi-static) model of the tractor-semitrailer set’s rectilinear motion and models of the braking system and the longitudinal forces in the tyre-road surface contact. Calculations were made for the selected truck-trailer set in nominal condition and for several deviations from the nominal state, such as loading the trailer (load value, location of the semi-trailer’s centre of gravity), reduced surface adhesion, and selected faults of the semitrailer braking system. The results were compared for several qualitative and quantitative criteria for the evaluation of braking safety. Attention was drawn to the problem of the forces in the coupling (which determine the possibility of jack-knifing phenomena), the order of axle locking, and the braking distance. The presented results show that the change of operating conditions as above compared to the nominal condition visibly deteriorates the effectiveness of the braking process. The greatest threat, both related to the braking efficiency and the increase in the force in the coupling, is associated with the lack of braking of the semitrailer axle or a significant reduction in its load. The weight and location of the load’s centre of gravity considerably impact braking safety. In addition to the negative impact on the braking distance or increase in the horizontal force in the coupling, it changes the order of locking the axle. ABS reduces the risk associated with braking safety but does not eliminate it. At the same time, it has been shown that using relatively simple calculation tools makes it possible to indicate the risks related to the braking safety of such articulated vehicles.

On some approaches to assessing the effectiveness of supply chains

The authors of a scientific publication systematize and classify approaches to assessing the effectiveness of supply chains. Since the list of proposals, measures and activities for solving supply chain problems caused by sanctions is constantly updated both due to the development of experience in solving problems, and due to the increase in the number of problems in connection with the adoption of new packages of sanctions, it is necessary to periodically research and tune the criteria for assessing the effectiveness of supply chains. As a result of the study, the authors of the scientific publication identified four classes of approaches and corresponding criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of supply chains: classical economic approaches and criteria for evaluating efficiency; approaches based on the assessment of compliance with the developed standards; multicriteria approaches; approaches based on the assessment of business development barriers and, accordingly, its supply chains. With regard to classical economic approaches and performance evaluation criteria in the form of indicators traditionally used for any type of business, one can note the validity of their application in a large number of business situations. The second class of approaches is applicable in practice only if there are developed and justified supply chain standards. Most often, in this case, the justification is the recognition of the developed standard by an association of professionals, for example, the MRP I, MRP II and MRP III standards. A multi-criteria approach to evaluating supply chains would be quite logical. This is due to the fact that supply chains (if they are not shortened, which are mainly operated by 1PL-operators or 2PL-operators) are large systems. The fourth class of approaches could also be used, since in practice there is experience of its application with respect to one of the components of the supply chains, the essence of the approach was an integral assessment of barriers to the development of international road transport.

Development of Road Transport during British Administration in Sikkim

Colonial penetration into Sikkim gradually led to the transformation of Sikkim’s social and economic set-up. Two treaties, namely, the Treaty of Titalia, 1817 and the Treaty of Tumlong, 1861 gave British colonialism a strong foothold in Sikkim. From 1861 onward, the British began with surveys of the mountainous areas of Sikkim for road construction. In 1889, John Claude White, a British Political officer was appointed to look after the administration of Sikkim after which earnest attempts were made for road construction. Surveys were carried out and difficult hills and terrains were cut for road access. Soon the country was opened up by a system of roads and the torrents were bridged. In a few years time it was possible to ride from one end of Sikkim to the other. This also broke down the isolation of the traditional villages of Sikkim.

Barriers to Attracting Private Sector Investment in Public Road Infrastructure Projects in the Developing Country of Iran

Private sector investment, the mainstream financing method for procuring public road transport development projects, has encountered several profound difficulties and risks during execution, particularly in developing countries. However, there needs to be more extensive investigations on the major barriers facing road transport infrastructure projects in these countries. In this vein, the present study aims to identify and assess the perceived barriers inhibiting private sector investment in delivering public road transport infrastructure projects in the developing country of Iran. The research method adopted is based on a descriptive survey with a three-round Delphi technique with 35 experts from both the private and public sector in Iran. According to the research study results, four main groups of legal and organizational, political, economic, and operational barriers have been found to significantly impact the attraction of private sector investment in such projects. The three most significant obstacles for public road transport infrastructure projects in developing countries include: (i) a lack of financial and investment safety; (ii) a lack of proficient managers and policies of public organizations in order to facilitate the process of privatization; and (iii) corruption in the privatization process. The survey findings can help the government and policymakers to eliminate or alleviate the potential barriers towards private sector participation in future public road infrastructure projects, particularly in those developing countries such as Iran.

Assessment of Abuja-Kaduna “Trunk A” Carriageway Drains and its Implications on National Development

The development of road transport in Nigeria dates back to 1910, when the existing bush pathways were converted into motorable highways. When the country witnessed a modernized network of important roads for articulated vehicles and passenger automobiles at the conclusion of the Second World War. Since 1975 and via the third and fourth Development Rolling Plans in Nigeria, the government at all levels has used road construction as a tool of pollution control since it impacts people's socioeconomic lives. As a result, many road construction projects are failing long before the worldwide standard lifespan of 20 to 25 years. This study evaluates the carriageway cambering condition, which is one of the primary fundamental elements influencing highway durability. It determines the carriage water drain and road pounding by vehicular weight transfer along the "A2" trunk route linking Lokoja, Abuja, Kaduna, Zaria, and Kano. According to the study, the gradient of all the portions of the road rehabilitated tends to be zero camber, resulting in the occurrence of visible surface folding, potholes, and pounding ln a defined pattern. It is thus recommended that all major road constructions in Nigeria be subjected to cambering tests prior to project delivery and utilisation in order to reduce the economic waste expended on constant repairs of this and other such roads in a country, which mostly transport its goods and services on roads.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНИХ ПЕРЕВЕЗЕНЬ ЗАСОБАМИ ВАНТАЖНОГО АВТОТРАНСПОРТУ МІЖ УКРАЇНОЮ ТА КРАЇНАМИ-ЧЛЕНАМИ ЄС

The article examines the current trends in the development of international road transport in the context of cargo transportation by Ukraine with the EU Member States and analyzes the main factors of influence of development factors on the current state of the road transport system based on the technical, legal and economic basis of this type of foreign economic activity. The author considers the concept of "international transportation" and carries out a critical analysis based on the subjective and objective directions of definitions from various sources, characterizes the defining features of road transportation in terms of the regulatory and legal component, and determines the impact of modern challenges on the importance of road transport in Ukraine's foreign trade. The analysis of road transport in international transportation in relation to others is carried out and the technical features of international transportation with the countries of the European Union are characterized. On the basis of current statistical data, the author analyzes the domestic market of freight transport and identifies the main trends in the import of freight transport as a component of international transportation. A review of statistical data on international transportation permits and their impact on the quantitative component of flights to European countries as a factor in the development of international transportation and the corresponding number of vehicles with environmental performance in accordance with European standards is carried out. Based on the current data on the main aspects of cooperation between Ukraine and the EU countries, which include "customs visa-free regime", "transport visa-free regime" and zero rate of customs clearance of motor vehicles as factors of increasing the overall traffic of cargo transportation, the author makes a critical analysis based on the causal vision of the current development of international transportation in the context of the selected land transport connection and the factors hindering the development of international transportation, taking into account the operational component of international transportation processes. The article provides recommendations for solving the urgent problem of queues at customs checkpoints for selected international connections for the transportation of goods by road by optimizing the processes of existing transportation in terms of intermodal and multimodal format using rail and road modes of communication as one of the ways to achieve the overall synergistic effect of transportation, taking into account the main logistics criteria for transportation efficiency: time, distance and cargo safety.

ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF THE ROAD TRANSPORT IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT

Environmental impact assessment of road transport is a serious problem that needs an immediate solution. Intensive development of road transport is associated with an increase in anthropogenic load on the environment in the form of exhaust gases containing more than 200 pollutants, waste generation, pollution of water bodies and soils. This problem concerns not only the environmental assessment of the state of cities and settlements, but also the assessment of the state of intercity roads, roads passing through natural areas and protected areas. This problem is especially acute in industrially saturated centers and large cities of Ukraine. In this regard, the issues of improving methods for assessing the impact of vehicles on the environment are being actualized in order to find reserves for reducing the ecological and economic damage to the biosphere. Environmental impact assessments carried out in accordance with state legislation are components of the environmental assessment system. The paper shows that when assessing the environmental impact of road transport, the full life cycle of a motor vehicle should be taken into account. Therefore, the work conducted a study of the life cycle of a car from mining to utilization of a motor vehicle and assessed its impact on the environment. Evaluation of production processes and products for the full life cycle of a car is very difficult, as it is associated with the collection of information about many production processes taking place, including outside the enterprise. It should be noted that the information obtained when assessing a vehicle for the full life cycle allows us to invent ways to improve the design of the car and technological processes of its production, as well as reduce the negative impact on the environment. Therefore, the work identified the main parameters and factors influencing the environment of road transport. Possible mathematical models of the impact of road transport on the environment, in particular on the hydrosphere, are considered.

Road Transportation Development and Land Use Changes in Semarang City, Central Java, Indonesia

This research aims to make a historical mapping of the development of road infrastructure and the impact on land use changes. A historical analysis was conducted based on the documents and reports of transportation development, road construction, and urban planning in Semarang City, the capital city of Central Java, Indonesia. From a historical perspective, the transportation development and the land use change of Semarang City were determined by economic activities from the early period of colonialism, especially when this city was devoted as a port city in Java with massive coastal inhabitants. Along with this economic activity, ports and roads were built, accelerating the city’s development until the mid of 20th century. Road construction generated urban problems such as rapid urbanization, and environmental problems. Meanwhile, the road construction also accelerated the city agglomeration, connecting Semarang City with other cities on the Java North Coast. However, in the 1990s the symptom of the use of private transportation occurred in Semarang which became the most critical issue in the later periods.