Development Of Related Standards Research Articles

Numerical investigation on the characteristics of leakage and dispersion of cryogenic liquid oxygen in open environment

Liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen/liquid methane are widely used as cryogenic propellants in the field of aerospace launch. Numerical research is carried out for the potential liquid oxygen leakage caused by damage of tanks or rupture of pipelines. The Mixture multiphase flow model is used, where the slip velocity between the gas–liquid phases and the phase change of water vapor are considered. The development process of the temperature and oxygen concentration distribution after the leakage and the extinction process after the leakage stops are investigated. What's more, the influences of ambient temperature, spill rate, cofferdam, and wind direction on the temperature and concentration distribution are analyzed. The results show that, after about 90 s of continuous liquid oxygen leakage, the oxygen cloud reaches a quasi-steady state. The volume fraction of oxygen in the air reduces to 23% at 60 s after stopping the leakage. As the ambient temperature increases from 253 K to 308 K, the hazardous temperature region is reduced while the maximum oxygen concentration increases from 0.422 to 0.471. An increase in spill rate significantly increases the hazardous regions of temperature and concentration. In contrast, increasing the angle in the horizontal plane between the wind direction and the direction of leakage or building a cofferdam can reduce the extent of the hazardous region. The results of this paper can provide references for the development of liquid oxygen leakage experiments, the development of related standards, and the emergency treatment of accidents.

Standard rating conditions based on two-side multi-grade method: summary and analysis on the Chinese standards for air source heat pumps

• Principles for determining the standard rating conditions of heat pumps are proposed. • Standard rating conditions for different ASHP systems in China are established. • Technical characters, energy savings and economic benefits of ASHPs are analyzed. Air source heat pumps (ASHPs) are widely used in various types of buildings in different regions of China. Considering the significant differences in the characteristics in heat source side and user side, providing different products for different zones is an effective strategy to promote the systematic development of the ASHP technology. To realize the goal of energy conservation, standard rating conditions are extremely important. The principles for determining the standard rating conditions based on a two-side (heat source/user side) multi-grade (different conditions) method were proposed along with the development of related standards. Therefore, the establishment of standard rating condition is introduced and summarized systematically. For heat source side, the standard rating conditions for heating were classified into four types according to the lowest ambient temperature (−25, −12, −2, 7 °C), while for cooling they were constant (35 °C). For user side, the conditions for supply air (20/27 °C for heating/ cooling), floor heating (35 °C), radiator (50 °C), fan coil unit (41/7 °C for heating/cooling), domestic hot water (55 °C), and industrial use were also determined. This study introduced the implications on ASHP by different standard rating conditions, especially the technical requirements, which indicated the necessity of providing different system cycles and compressors. The energy savings and economic benefits were also evaluated. The primary energy saving rate reached 15.3% and 41.6% compared with coal heating and conventional ASHP respectively by using low ambient temperature ASHP. The results showed that these standards have been satisfactorily developed.

エネルギーマネジメントシステムの国際標準（ISO 50001）の展開と関連規格開発の動向

エネルギーマネジメントシステムの国際標準（ISO 50001）の展開と関連規格開発の動向

방재력을 고려한 도시의 풍수해 안전기준 개발방향 설정 연구

This study has analyzed city plans and disaster prevention plans from the perspective of resilience and established a direction of the development of city safety standards. The analysis made use of the 5 functions of resilience (5Rs) and foreign cases. As a result of the analysis, the direction of the development of city safety standards was drawn from 4 perspectives at large. First, this study proposed a method of the systematization of the safety standards involved in components within city plans. Second, it suggested a method to strengthening urban resilience abilities in terms of the association between disaster prevention and city plans. Third, it found out components requiring safety standards considering foreign and other standards, and proposed a direction of complementary measures for safety standards. Lastly, it came up with a direction of the development of city safety standards, the necessity of which are required though existing plan criteria did not contain them. This study is significant in that it has defined the ultimate goal of safety a city should pursue as resilience and proposed a direction of the development of related standards.

Finding a bright spot

The photovoltaic (PV) industry has been a steady bright spot through economic ups and downs, and the future is looking brighter than ever. PV deployment has grown rapidly - from 0.3 MW in the 1980s to an expected 3,000 MW by 2010. Fueled by technical, economic, environmental, and social drivers, the contribution of PV to the U.S. electricity supply mix will likely be several times that amount by 2020. PV power systems and the utility industry have had a 25-year courtship with many different types of engagement. Utilities participated in the first ground-mounted power plants and rooftop installations on residences, schools, airports, hospitals, and other public buildings. These projects included U.S. Department of Energy (DOE)-sponsored residential experiment stations in Maine, Florida, and New Mexico in the 1980s; early PV plants in California and throughout the Southwest; and grid connection, demonstrations, inverter and system testing, and related standards development. Electric service providers are well positioned to expand their engagement in deploying PV systems. Many have found themselves in a bright spot relative to solar business opportunities. However, most providers are still facing the decision of whether to modify traditional business models for active engagement or maintain a reactive stance relative to PV and grid integrations. In either case, R&D that will lead to a more flexible and interactive electric distribution system is needed. A near-term priority for individual utilities is to define the grid-interactive and grid-independent applications and markets that offer the greatest potential risks and rewards and to develop plans for addressing them. This is particularly important in areas with excellent solar resources, strong incentives,or both. And this may hold true across the country under current policy and market conditions.

Dr. Henning von Gierke—My mentor, everyone's mentor

Dr. Henning von Gierke was a leading force in acoustics for a majority of the 20th century. He led in human response to noise AND vibration and its assessment. He was a leading force in the US government and in the National Academy of Science (NAS) Committee on Hearing and Bioacoustics (CHABA). He was a leader in hearing assessment and conservation, and in Standards. And to many working in these various areas, he was a mentor, a confidant, and a friend. Mentoring did not stop at the doors of his laboratory, but rather, his mentoring extended to the world. He was a mentor to me in my first years after graduation when we developed the C-weighted procedure for the assessment of large-amplitude impulse noise, and in the development of related Standards and NAS studies. He thrust me into ISO work and CHABA studies, and, later, he chose me to succeed him as ISO delegation chair in acoustics and noise. Not enough can be said about Henning's impact on noise and vibration research and policy in the USA and in the world, and on the expanded reach of Henning's influence through the many like me that he mentored.

Object retrieval and access management in electronic commerce

Electronic commerce over the Internet is now tens of billions of dollars per year and growing. This article describes how objects used in EC can be located and protected from unauthorized access. It discusses the three kinds of EC: customer interactions with a business, business interactions with other businesses, and interactions within a business. It characterizes the object retrieval and access management required to support the types of EC. It describes how metadata expressed in XML can be used to locate objects for retrieval and how a public key infrastructure along with role-based access control can be used to implement the distributed authentication and access control necessary to support complex access policies. In addition, the article describes activities within the Information Technology Laboratory at the National Institute of Standards and Technology which contribute to the development of related standards and tests.

Approach to solving the compatibility problem between GKS and PHIGS

The differences that exist between the concept sof GKS/GKS-3D and PHIGS do so not only because of technical reasons. The approach of PHI-GKS presented in this paper describes concepts that offer the functionality of PHIGS and ensure compatibility to GKS and GKS-3D. The harmonization of these graphics standards is necessary not only for the expansion of existing application programs, but also for the development of related standards such as the Computer Graphics Interface (CGI), the Computer Graphics Metafile (CGM) or the presentation entities in STEP (Standard of Exchange of Product Model Data).