Development Of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries Research Articles

Conductive Metal–Organic Frameworks for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Currently, rechargeable lithium batteries are representative of high-energy-density battery systems. Nevertheless, the development of rechargeable lithium batteries is confined by numerous problems, such as anode volume expansion, dendrite growth of lithium metal, separator interface compatibility, and instability of cathode interface, leading to capacity fade and performance degradation of batteries. Since the 21st century, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) have attracted much attention in energy-related applications owing to their ideal specific surface areas, adjustable pore structures, and targeted design functions. The insulating characteristics of traditional MOFs restrict their application in the field of electrochemistry energy storage. Recently, some teams have broken this bottleneck through the design and synthesis of electron- and proton-conductive MOFs (c-MOFs), indicating excellent charge transport properties, while the chemical and structural advantages of MOFs are still maintained. In this review, we profile the utilization of c-MOFs in several rechargeable lithium batteries such as lithium-ion batteries, Li–S batteries, and Li–air batteries. The preparation methods, conductive mechanisms, experimental and theoretical research of c-MOFs are systematically elucidated and summarized. Finally, in the field of electrochemical energy storage and conversion, challenges and opportunities can coexist.

Bio-inspired design of electrospun poly(acrylonitrile) and novel ionene based nanofibrous mats as highly flexible solid state polymer electrolyte for lithium batteries

All-solid-state polymer electrolytes (ASSPEs) have significant importance in the development of rechargeable lithium batteries with superior safety. Herein, a unique ionene oligomer is synthesized from 1,4-Diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) and diethylene glycol bis(2-chloroethyl)ether having bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (TFSI−) as the anion (PO3TFSI, where, ‘P’ indicates the oligomer and ‘O3′ denotes the 3 oxyethylene units). The ASSPE was fabricated by a straightforward viable procedure involving uniaxial electrospinning of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN) blended with PO3TFSI and doped with lithium bis (trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (LiTFSI). The prepared electrospun (PAN/PO3TFSI/LiTFSI) ASSPE presented an intriguing morphology following heat-treatment like the venation found on a leaf blade where the network of veins is responsible for providing support to the entire lamina. The final structure consists of a PAN framework with the ionene oligomer flowing out of and around the fibers, closing the pores of the nanofibrous mat in the process. The ASSPE having such leaf blade inspired veined morphology with closed pores exhibits a high room-temperature ionic conductivity of 1.01 × 10−3 S cm−1, an electrochemical stability window of ∼ 4.6 V, and outstanding thermal stability. The solid-state Li/LiFePO4 (LFP) batteries assembled with the (PAN/PO3TFSI/LiTFSI) ASSPE showed good Coulombic efficiency above 98% when cycled at 0.2C for 100 cycles at both 25 °C and 60 °C. Furthermore, the ASSPE showed potential application in all-solid-state lithium sulfur battery. Additionally, a flexible Li/ASSPE/LFP custom made cell was demonstrated to work even in extremely deformed conditions, such as being folded, crimped and rolled, indicating the high flexibility of the fiber based solid electrolyte.

Adsorption of lithium ions on lithium‐aluminum hydroxides: Equilibrium and kinetics

AbstractThe rapid development of rechargeable lithium batteries has promoted the demand of primary lithium products obtained from lithium‐bearing resources, especially salt lakes. Layered lithium‐aluminum hydroxides connecting with ion exchange resin were used for the adsorption of lithium ions from aqueous resources. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effects of pH, initial lithium concentration, and contact time on lithium adsorption. The optimal conditions for lithium adsorption were found to be pH = 7, and the equilibrium time is approximately 600 minutes. The selectivity experiment indicated that the adsorbent showed selectivity toward lithium ion, so the adsorbent could be used in the separation of lithium ion with other metal ions, especially the divalent magnesium ions. The experiment showed that the existence of the magnesium chloride enhanced the lithium adsorption onto the adsorbent greatly. The kinetic data were analyzed by several kinetic models, and the best result was achieved with a pseudo‐second‐order model. The commonly used adsorption isotherms were used to fit the experimental data by nonlinear regression. Both Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models could describe the isotherm well. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG, ΔS, and ΔH) were also calculated subsequently and the results showed the lithium adsorption process is exothermic with the decrease of randomness. Breakthrough curves demonstrated the cyclic stability of the adsorbent and the influence of the feed flow rate. Lithium ions were effectively adsorbed from the aqueous solution by the adsorbent, demonstrating its feasibility for lithium recovery and providing the fundamental data for further column design.

Topotactically synthesized ultralong LiV3O8 nanowire cathode materials for high-rate and long-life rechargeable lithium batteries

High-power applications at fast charge and discharge rates are still great challenges in the development of rechargeable lithium batteries. Here, we demonstrate that ultralong LiV3O8 nanowire cathode materials synthesized by topotactic Li intercalation present excellent high-rate and long-life performance. At the current density of 2000, mA g−1, the initial and the six-hundredth discharge capacities can reach 137 and 120 mAh g−1, respectively, corresponding to a capacity fading of only 0.022% per cycle. Such performance indicates that the topotactically synthesized ultralong LiV3O8 nanowires are promising cathode materials for high-rate and long-life rechargeable lithium batteries.

Editorial - Nanostructured Materials for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

Energy and environment are two most challenging issues faced by our society today. With an ever increasing demand for oil, depletion of renewable fuel source, and dramatic climate change caused by CO2 emission, there is an urgent need for alternative energy source that is not based on fossil fuel. Consequently, wind, solar and wave generated energy has become heavily pursued; but to work with the grid, these forms of energy have to be stored and converted according to the electricity demand and scheduling. Batteries, especially rechargeable ones, are one of the primary energy storage and conversion systems. Research in batteries has gained tremendous speed recently, not only for large scale energy storage but also for power demand in a variety of electronic devices, such as cell phones, laptops, and all kinds of power tools. It is necessary to develop renewable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly energy conversion and storage systems, to replace much of the existing technology. Among many forms of batteries, the rechargeable lithium battery has become favorite because of its features in high energy density, long cycle life, and abuse-tolerant characteristic. Still there is much to be learnt and to improve. The performance of rechargeable lithium batteries strongly depends on the structures and properties of battery materials used, especially in their specific capacity, electrochemical potential, energy and power density, and cyclability. Structural improvements include size and shape modification by employing various physical and chemical approaches. In particular, nanostructured materials represent one of the most promising as this approach can effectively contribute to a decrease in the path length for lithium ion transport, reduction in internal transfer resistance, and an increase in surface area for electrochemical reactions. The design and engineering of novel nanostructured materials for rechargeable lithium batteries have become one of the most sought after strategies for the battery research and development. The objective of this special issue is to survey the current research and development of rechargeable lithium batteries and in particular, the materials used in preparing the cathode and anode for enhanced battery performance.

The State‐of‐the‐Art and Prospects for the Development of Rechargeable Lithium Batteries

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.

Historical development of secondary lithium batteries

A brief historical overview of the development of rechargeable lithium batteries starting from the Exxon system to present is given. This review will focus only on cells larger than coin cells and on room temperature systems with liquid electrolytes.

Lithium extraction from orthorhombic lithium manganese oxide and the phase transformation to spinel

Development of rechargeable lithium batteries is limited by a concern regarding their safety. Current efforts are focused on rocking-chair'' cells which avoid the use of metallic lithium electrodes and are therefore potentially far safer than conventional lithium cells. Carbon is the anode material of choice for rocking-chair'' cells as it gives good reversibility, high capacity and low average voltage versus lithium, resulting in high energy density cells. Carbon anodes must be coupled with lithium-rich or discharged cathodes. When the cell is first charged, lithium is transferred from the lithium-rich cathode to the carbon anode. However, not all the lithium can be recovered from the anode on the subsequent discharge; surplus cathode capacity is therefore required in the initial cathode to counteract this loss. Lithium transition-metal oxides are being developed as cathode materials for rocking-chair'' batteries. Lithium manganese oxides, which are cheap and non-toxic, are favored over the lithium-cobalt-oxide, LiCoO[sub 2], and lithium-nickel-oxide, LiNiO[sub 2].Here, orthorhombic LiMnO[sub 2] products, synthesized by the reaction of [gamma]-MnO[sub 2] and LiOH in argon at 600--620 C using carbon as a reducing agent, have been evaluated as electrode materials in lithium cells. Products that contained a minor proportion of a lithiated spinel phase showed greatermore » electrochemical activity than pure LiMnO[sub 2]. On delithiation, LiMnO[sub 2] transforms irreversibly to a spinel-type structure. A mechanism for the orthorhombic Li[sub x]MnO[sub 2]-spinel phase transformation is proposed.« less

Historical development of rechargeable lithium batteries in Japan

The rechargeable lithium battery is very attractive for new applications, such as power supply for the electric vehicle and energy storage in the home. In this paper, the technology of the rechargeable lithium battery, which has been recently developed in Japan, is reviewed in the following terms: (1) the electrochemical characteristics of various cathode materials, especially metallic oxide cathodes; (2) lithium metal and graphite as anode materials; (3) the problems of the liquid and solid electrolytes were considered.

Applications of Metallocenes in Rechargeable Lithium Batteries for Overcharge Protection

One problem encountered in the development of rechargeable lithium batteries is the protection of individual cells from overcharging. In this work the addition of metallocene derivatives to cell electrolytes to provide overcharge protection was investigated. Eleven ferrocene derivatives were studied in terms of their redox potentials and mass transport properties in electrochemical cells and “AA”‐size rechargeable cells employing in 50/50 volume percent propylene carbonate/ethylene carbonate (PC/EC) as the electrolyte. The chemical and electrochemical properties of these metallocene derivatives were also studied in terms of the chemical stability of the derivatives toward cell components and electrochemical reversibility in long‐term cycling studies. It was found that adsorption of one derivative, dimethylaminomethylferrocene, on the electrode ( based on the Langmuir adsorption isotherm), blocked the intercalation of Li+ ions into the electrode.

Characteristics of electrochemically synthesized polymer electrodes in lithium cells—III. Polypyrrole

The characteristics of electrochemically synthesized polypyrrole electrodes have been examined in the lithium perchlorate-propylene carbonate electrolyte, by cyclic voltammetry, charge-discharge cycling, frequency response analysis and by vis-near ir absorbtion spectra. The results show that these polymer electrodes behave satisfactorily in terms of kinetics of the electrochemical doping process, cyclability and charge-discharge efficiency. However, their performance under high rates may be limited by the diffusion of the perchlorate counterion. The preliminary evaluation seems to indicate that polypyrrole may be more stable than other conducting polymers in organic electrolytes of interest for the development of rechargeable lithium batteries.

Electrochemical stability of electrosynthesized heterocyclic semiconducting polymers as cathode-active materials in advanced batteries

The data from a comparative study of cyclability and stability in LiClO 4-propylene carbonate of electrosynthesized polymers: polypyrrole, polythiophene, polydithienothiophene and polythienothiophene are reported and discussed in view of their use as cathode-active materials in lithium-organic electrolytic batteries. Whereas cyclability data suggest that all these polymers, despite performance differences, could be used as cathode-active materials in rechargeable lithium batteries, the stability data seem to indicate, however, that polypyrrole is much more stable than the other polymers in an electrolytic medium of interest in the development of rechargeable lithium batteries.