Private Property Developers Research Articles

Shaping contexts through entrepreneurship: a micro-historical analysis of Hongbang entrepreneurs in China (1896-1949)

Purpose The purpose of this study is to address a significant gap in the understanding of entrepreneurship at the microfoundation level. It focuses on how individual entrepreneurs, specifically Hongbang entrepreneurs in China from 1896 to 1949, shape and transform their contexts. The aim is to provide a deeper understanding of the mechanisms that facilitate entrepreneurial success. Design/methodology/approach The study adopts a microhistorical approach, investigating the case of Hongbang entrepreneurs in China during 1896-1949. It involves an in-depth examination of historical records to explore the strategic interactions between these entrepreneurs and core stakeholders such as consumers, financial intermediaries, government regulators, and human resources. The research methodology emphasizes a process-oriented view, examining the evolution of personalized networks into extensive connections. Findings The research reveals that Hongbang entrepreneurs successfully reshaped their unfavorable embedded contexts by strategically collaborating with key stakeholders. They influenced consumer tastes, allied with financial intermediaries, negotiated with governments on regulation policies, and developed human resource stocks. The transformation was facilitated by the evolution of their networks from personalized to extensive connections. These findings highlight the localized strategies such as cronyism in resource acquisition within China’s private property development industry. Originality/value This study contributes to the field by offering insights into entrepreneurial contextualization and networking. It sheds light on the complex interplay between entrepreneurs and their contexts, providing a nuanced understanding of localized strategies in the Chinese context. The findings add value to the discourse on entrepreneurship by elucidating the strategic and processual acts through which entrepreneurs engage with stakeholders and reshape their environments.

Класичний античний поліс: форми привласнення та соціальні кластери

This article continues the series of publications on the universal evolution of the ancient civilization and its sub-civilizations and deals with the characteristics of socio-economic and social structures in a classical ancient polis, and their interrelationships and contradictions on the example of Athens. The author considers various changes in power-property relations and the role of traditional social clusters in the governing groups under the expansion of democratic institutional order and with the growing stratum of non-citizens. The defeat of dynastic proto-institutions, the competition between clanism and corporatism, the development of private property of citizens and democratic procedures promoted to the strengthening of personal and collective sub-actors in the ruling group, as well as to their consolidation in the context of strengthening of the economic positions of non-citizens. At the same time, the collision between the ruling group as a representative of the civil community in the polis and an organization relatively separated from it acquires new qualitative features, including the struggle for redistribution of the centralized surplus and necessary product between the sub-actors of the ruling group and the conversion of its parts from personal-private and corporate-clan-collective power-proprietary appropriation into various forms of private appropriation by the members of the power group. The main social clusters of the classical polis (peasants, artisans and merchants, aristocrats, non-tribal rich, hired workers, slaves, civil community) and their appropriate forms of appropriation (personal-clan, clan-private, clan- and corporate-private, private and collective-individual). Attention is focused on inter- and intra-cluster contradictions regarding the appropriation of surplus and necessary product. The author concludes about the network nature of the classic policy appropriation system and about the expediency of its further study.

FEATURES OF MARINE AND RIVER PORT INFRASTRUCTURE FUNCTIONING IN THE SYSTEM OF ADAPTATION TO EXTERNAL POSITIONING CONDITIONS

Topicality. The expediency of developing scientific regulations is related to the need to take into account the new operating conditions of maritime enterprises of Ukraine and their adaptation. It is also important to analyze and justify the parametric features of the positioning of maritime transport enterprises. First of all, it is necessary to take into account: factors of the development of the global maritime trade market, trends and prospects of the global maritime industry, the state and competitive positioning of the port business, the functioning and prospects of the development of logistic - multimodal transport systems.Aim and tasks. Systematization of factors and substantiation of the peculiarities of the positioning of marine and river infrastructure enterprises of Ukraine, clarification of new conditions for the development of transport enterprises in the structure of the regional transport market. Achieving the set goal of the research is conditioned by the need to solve the following tasks: analysis and substantiation of parametric features of the development of the global maritime trade market, conditions for the development of the global maritime merchant fleet, analysis of the environment of international investments and the investment attractiveness of the maritime industry of Ukraine, trends and peculiarities of the positioning of the development of private and state property in the structure of the national stevedore market, substantiating the strategic importance of the marine and river infrastructure of Ukraine in ensuring the economic security of the country and overcoming the food crisis in the world.Materials and methods. The scientific basis of the research was methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of mathematical statistics, methods of grouping, methods of making rational decisions, methods of operations research, as well as official data of statistical information, data of the United Nations Trade and Development Conference, the Ministry of Infrastructure of Ukraine, analytical materials of state statistics of Ukraine, analytical data of the administration of seaports of Ukraine.Research results. The trends and prospects for the development of world maritime trade are considered. The dynamics of the shipping capacity of the world merchant fleet for 2018-2021 is presented. The assessment of the state of the maritime trade market is given. Flows of foreign direct investments were analyzed and factors affecting their dynamics were identified. The state of the port infrastructure of Ukraine is substantiated. The dynamics of the cargo turnover of sea trade ports of the Black Sea region for 2005-2021 are given. The state and functioning of the private and public sectors of port business in Ukraine are analyzed. The dynamics of cargo turnover of private and state stevedoring enterprises in Ukraine for 2013-2021 is presented. The importance of the role of state ownership in the stevedore business in Ukraine, taking into account the state of war, is emphasized. The importance of the functioning of the port and river infrastructure of Ukraine in ensuring food security in the world is emphasized. The work of port operators under the "Grain Agreement" was analyzed.Conclusion. Factors of effective functioning of transport enterprises are systematized. The information and logistics model is presented, which takes into account the conditions of adaptation of enterprises of the maritime and river industry to Ukraine, taking into account the state of war. The economic requirements of the positioning of the components of the transport infrastructure of Ukraine are taken into account, taking into account the negative impact of the external environment. The impact of the use of the principle of digitalization, "single window" on the efficiency of the positioning of logistics links of cargo delivery is emphasized. The need to expand the water area of the ports on the Danube River and develop the logistics of the ports of the Danube region to ensure the functional stability of the potential of the transport industry of Ukraine has been revealed.

ПРОБЛЕМИ РОЗВИТКУ ВЛАСНОСТІ В УКРАЇНІ

The article considers a number of features of the interaction of power and property in Ukraine: the stable dominance of power over property at all levels of their interaction, the continuity of interaction between power and property in relation to the former economic system. General consequences of the unfinished privatization process and unformed social property relations. The need to privatize state property on the basis of market competition and to form an effective owner. De- oligarchization of property in favor of the state, because today such property is not only monopolistic, but also has a comprador orientation and therefore not only does not work for the growth of national capital, but also helps to support the economy and armed forces of the aggressor. Reasoned position on the need to regulate property relations. Recommendations on the prospects for the development of property rights in Ukraine are offered. It is also necessary to privatize state property on the basis of market competition and in order to form an effective owner. A number of other tasks have both political, legal and economic-regulatory orientation. The current state of Ukraine's development is characterized as an incomplete process of transformation of all spheres of society, the transition from Soviet attributes of state property, command-authoritarian form of government, etc. to modern standards of market economy and democratic principles of public relations. The scale and depth of modernization require appropriate quality content of task setting, cardinal decision-making and the formation of effective factors of development. The latter includes the social institution of private property, which performs a number of crucial functions in modern society. The urgency of considering the social institution of private property is due to its problematic formation in Ukraine, which is manifested in particular in such features as: the dominance of state property in the Soviet past, the incompleteness of the privatization process; monopolization of property and lack of market conditions for change of owners, inconsistency of power in determining the prospects for the development of private property; increasing criminalization of private law, low level of disclosure of the content of this institution in the scientific and journalistic literature. The practical aspect of the problem is complemented by a corresponding insufficient level of political awareness of the importance of this institution for solving Ukraine's pressing problems. In particular, the aspect that in order to create a favorable investment climate and support investment activity, it is necessary to ensure effective protection of private property rights.

From foraging to farming: Domesticating landscapes in the Midsouth three thousand years ago

Peoples living in the Eastern Woodlands of North America domesticated a suite of small‐seeded crops between five thousand and two thousand years ago, making this region one of roughly ten independent centers of domestication across the globe. In the Southern Appalachian region, foraging peoples began cultivating these native crops around thirty‐five hundred years ago (during the Late Archaic period [3000–800 BCE]); by the start of the Early Woodland period (800–200 BCE), they had significantly altered their lifeways and surrounding landscape. This included a change in the physical landscape, as demonstrated by paleoethnobotanical data, with an increase in weedy plants at the expense of bottomland forests. Groups also significantly shifted their lifeways, becoming more sedentary, as evidenced by an increase in storage pits, more substantial structures, and the adoption of ceramic vessels. Storage pits also tend to be smaller, indicating a shift from community‐based food procurement and storage to the household level. This may reflect the development of private property and distinctions among households with differential access. Community‐based rituals, as evidenced in several caves and rock‐shelters in the region, may have been established to strengthen group ties in the face of the broader changing social and physical landscape.

Review of Mapping Abundance for a Planetary Future: Kanaka Maoli and Critical Settler Cartographies in Hawai'i by Candace Fujikane (Duke University Press)

Employing the teachings of Indigenous cartographic practices to trouble the Western epistemologies of subdivision that underpin private property development, Candace Fujikane's 'Mapping Abundance for a Planetary Future' charts out an unabashedly hopeful vision for futures that exceed the dictates of capitalist accumulation. Abundance, as Fujikane shows throughout, is not an ungrounded future wish, or a hazily-defined otherwise that we must collectively imagine. It has already been mapped out for us by Indigenous peoples—in her example, Kanaka Maoli—who have long thrived according to fundamental philosophies of cultivation and relationality.

ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ ПРИНЦИПУ МІЖДИСЦИПЛІНАРНОСТІ ДО РОЗШИРЕННЯ МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТВОРЧОСТІ О. ДОВЖЕНКА

Guided by the principle of interdisciplinarity, the article proposes a methodology for the cultural analysis of O. Dovzhenko's works using the method of ethnographic description. The above-mentioned methodology makes it possible to investigate the issue of the difference between Ukrainian and Russian culture, which is significant nowadays, as well as to determine the direction of the development of the Ukrainian culture in order to create the conditions necessary for bourgeois transformations in society. By applying the method of ethnographic description to the study of Dovzhenko's films, we had the opportunity to find out the philosophical contexts, social relations and cultural practices that are relevant to the Ukrainian culture. In addition, the study highlighted the personal attitude of the great director to the ability of the Ukrainian culture to build a bourgeois-democratic society. The methodological practices of the Lipset-Hall school and the British School of Cultural Studies were involved in the research. This allowed us to conduct culturometry and typology of the Ukrainian culture. In particular, the paper investigated the cultural parameters of collectivism/individualism, masculinity/femininity, long-term/short-term orientation, and power distance. The suggested practices made it possible to determine the type of society built by the Ukrainian culture as triadic, individualistic with a medium-term orientation. The triadic society of Ukraine has a fundamental difference from the dyadic society built by the Russian culture. According to O. Dovzhenko, in the future, the Ukrainian culture would be capable of building a bourgeois-democratic society, based on the state-building theory of multiculturalism and individual liberalism, through the development of law, private property, and institutions for ensuring civil and economic freedoms. In the result of the evolutionary development of the Ukrainian culture, the philosophical contexts, social relations and cultural practices of representatives of the Ukrainian society will certainly change in the direction of increasing masculinity, individualism and reducing the distance of power. Key words: interdisciplinarity, cinematography research methodology, O. Dovzhenko's films, cultural analysis, British School of Cultural Studies, Lipset-Hall School.

Conserving inequality: How private conservation and property developers ‘fix’ spatial injustice in South Africa

In 2016, South Africa launched its National Biodiversity Economy Strategy. This strategy aims to facilitate the development of a ‘wildlife economy’ as a solution to unemployment, loss of biodiversity and rural development. Central to the strategy is the role of private conservation actors, who keenly posit their commercial model as the best way to achieve these objectives. This stands in sharp contrast to recent critiques that suggest that private conservation reinforces structural inequality by denying access to land and perpetuating unjust labour conditions. Using ethnographic data from the South African Lowveld region that includes the Kruger National Park, the paper takes these points further by arguing that a rapidly growing alliance between private conservation and property developers actively conserve inequality by maintaining and even extending spatial injustice in the region. Two popular recent manifestations of this alliance in particular, share block systems that distribute ownership of access to real estate in private reserves and wildlife housing estates, have established new conservation-property linkages that entrench capitalist socioecological fixes. Not only do these initiatives lead to further engrained spatial injustice, we conclude that this conservation-property alliance at the centre of the ‘wildlife economy’ also willingly sacrifices environmental sustainability on the altar of white conservation imaginations and private profit.

The influence of cronyism on entrepreneurial resource acquisition

This research focuses on how entrepreneurs utilize cronyism to acquire resources. A case study method allowed us to explore three firms in the private property development industry in China. These firms uniquely cultivated cronyism and achieved distinctly different outcomes. Our findings highlight Chinese entrepreneurs in start-up ventures and later-stage enterprises employ cronyism. The underlying rationale for using cronyism have common and heterogeneous motivations. The similarity and distinguishing rationale also apply to the impact of cronyism. We also find two contingency working mechanisms for cronyism: entrepreneurial characteristics and a staged model for cronyism. With the firm’s growth, cronyism remains important, but firms with more community involvement outperform others. This research contributes to the theory on strategic network utilization for resource acquisition during entrepreneurial development stages. We investigate how entrepreneurial strategies can assist in adapting to the “rules of the game” while utilizing resources within the set contextual constraints.

Engels Memorial Lecture: Women’s oppression, the origin of the family and the condition of the working class

This article, based on the author’s Engels Memorial Lecture on 26 November 2020, examines the significance of Friedrich Engels’s seminal work on the origin of the family, the oppression of women and the relationship of both to the development of private property. While accepting his overall analysis and rejecting alternatives, the article questions the application of Engels’s theory to an understanding of the working-class family. It suggests a way in which this lacuna can be remedied from a Marxist perspective.

Implications of COVID–19 Outbreak on the Construction and Property Development Sector in the South-East Nigeria

Pandemic like Covid-19 usually affects the productivity of man, let alone when there is a consequent total lock-down effect in the society. Construction and property development sector among others therefore is bound to suffer enormously since it involves the services of variety of labour force. The study therefore explores the implication and consequences of the Covid-19 outbreak on the construction and property development sector in the south eastern region of Nigeria. Data were collected electronically using field survey method of research design from the sampled respondents of building professionals in the area. Tau-b correlation method was adopted in the statistical analyses to determine the most commonly observed Covid-19 measures, most common vulnerable factors leading to spread and contraction of the pandemic in the study. Findings reveal that majority of the establishment in the area shutdown their operations according to the directive of the government; while about the three quarter of these establishments who were in active operations are observed as public owned corporations or projects. It is also discovered that hand washing, wearing of face mask and social distancing were mostly complied with. On the other hand, economic hardship, inflation, and difficulty in accessibility to fund noticeably affect the flow and progress of work projects. Despite the considerable compliance with the preventive measures, there is no significant relationship between conformity to social distancing and shut-down policy, and the volume of construction works in progress during the shut-down in the study area. In conclusion therefore, it is recommended that shut-down of economic activities should not be total but, in part and alternate form among the various sections of the economic activities within the society. Attention to the operations of the private construction and property development projects like in the and the public structure is also recommended for a more holistic arrangement, towards cushioning the effect of similar economic crisis occasioned by any pandemic like Covid-19 in general.

Factors influencing property developers’ minimal participation in student housing provision in Gaborone

PurposeStudent housing (SH) is very critical in the learning process of students, as it can affect their academic performance. It has been noted that tertiary institutions in Botswana are failing to provide adequate accommodation to cater the growing student population. Despite the shortage of housing, private property developers are not keen on participating in SH provision. The purpose of this study is to therefore assess the factors influencing minimum participation of property developers in SH provision in Gaborone, Botswana.Design/methodology/approachData for this study was collected from both primary and secondary sources. Primary data was collected from property developers in Gaborone through the use of a questionnaire. Secondary data on the other hand was collected from books, reports and journal articles. Data was analysed by using Statistical Package for Social Sciences and Microsoft Excel.FindingsThe findings from the study revealed that the factors that affect property developers participation in SH provision are low income derived from SH, limitations in multi sectoral approach, poor site location, lack of partnerships between developers and universities, high maintenance and renovation costs and lack of policies and legislation regarding SH. The factors that highly had an impact on property developers are financial factors, followed by institutional factors, demographic factors, physical factors and, finally, human factors. A private–public partnerships model aimed at enhancing developers’ participation in SH provision was developed in the study.Research limitations/implicationsThe small sample size used has had a negative impact on the results, as no factors were identified as limiting property developers’ participation in SH.Originality/valueThis paper extends the knowledge on factors influencing property developers’ minimal participation in SH provision by coming up with a model that could enhance their participation in SH provision.

SWOT-АНАЛІЗ СТАНУ ВІДНОСИН ВЛАСНОСТІ В УМОВАХ ТРАНЗИТИВНОЇ ЕКОНОМІКИ УКРАЇНИ

The article considers an important theoretical issue of determining the state of economic property relations, the nature of which depends on the course of general destructive socio-economic processes and the emergence of so-called specific deformation processes in society. The article proves that the appearance of specific destructions is caused by the current state of development of state and private property during the reconstruction of the capitalist economy in Ukraine. It is determined in the paper that the diagnosis of property relations can be carried out at the levels of institutionally-personified subjects and with the use of matrix method and swot-analysis. The results of the assessment of the state of property relations showed that each of its forms has "weaknesses" and "strengths", "threats" and "opportunities". The author considers the negative and positive effects that demonstrate public and private forms of ownership, and in their entirety produce the strengthening of new processes of desocialization of a transitive society.

Colonial legacy, private property, and rural development: Evidence from Namibian countryside

ABSTRACT Does the legacy of direct colonial rule, through its impact on property rights security, affect rural development in Africa? Although mainstream economic theory links secure property rights to development, extant micro-level evidence from the continent remains mixed. We take advantage of a natural experiment in Namibia, exploiting as-if random application of direct colonial rule that later affected property rights security. Using detailed census data and matching on underlying climatic conditions, we find evidence of more commercialized agricultural cultivation in directly ruled areas. We relate this finding to differing tenure regimes. In formerly indirectly ruled areas where land is still allocated by traditional elites, own-account agricultural activity for the market and living standards lag behind formerly directly ruled regions. Our work has direct implications for students of colonial legacies and land tenure regimes.

Epidemic Process of Salmonellosis in Tashkent

In the latest decade, epidemiological features of salmonellosis morbidity have changed, in particular, thefraction of humans and animals, caused by S. enteritidis, has increased. It was caused by social changesin the population life: widespread development of private property, increased population migration, rapiddevelopment of the public catering system, etc. The features of salmonellosis epidemic process wereanalysed in Tashkent. S. enteritidis has also dominated in the causal structure of salmonellosis, registered infood products and other environmental objects over the past twenty years in Tashkent.In the long-term dynamics of salmonellosis morbidity in Tashkent, there is a downward trend: in 1991 -92.85 cases per 100 thousand people, in 2017 - 13.2, that is, over a 26-year period, the morbidity decreasedby 6.7 times.

Negotiations Between Developers and Planning Authorities in Urban Development Projects

Policy changes have resulted in a shift of focus from greenfield to brownfield development, leading to densification and transformation of the urban fabric. Planning decisions are necessary steps towards implementation. However, such decisions do not necessarily mean that development projects materialise. From there, public authorities can choose an active role, as in greenfield urban expansion, or a passive role leaving the implementation of the plan to private developers. Despite obvious shortcomings, zoning is still the common statutory instrument of land-use planning. Traditional flat, exclusionary zoning has been under attack and is claimed to be inflexible and narrowly focused. However, adaptability has been a principal feature of zoning, evolving as a system from rigid zoning to case-by-case approvals. Consequently, modern zoning decisions are often made in direct negotiations with developers. Still, it is claimed that the statutory planning system leaves too little room for negotiations. Hence, informal strategic land-use planning has been adapted as an additional framework for negotiations. Norwegian planning has followed this international trend, introducing flexible zoning instruments and negotiations between planning authorities and developers and local public authorities rely on private property development as a means of urban development. The purpose of this article is to examine how municipal authorities and developers conduct negotiations on detailed zoning plans for the implementation of brownfield transformation projects in the existing urban fabric. The study is based on four cases in Oslo, where municipal authorities and developers have negotiated the content of the zoning plans for the implementation of primarily residential development. The findings indicate that statutory and legally binding planning could work just as well as informal planning as the basis for integrative negotiations if statutory master plans are made more generic and allow for a necessary degree of flexibility. However, it seems that the parties’ ability to trust each other is even more fundamental for both the opportunity to establish integrative negotiations and for the outcome of the negotiations.

Evaluation of Joint Ventures in Property Development in Lagos, Nigeria

Joint venture is a new financing model adopted in property development. However, there is little or no research in evaluating the model which this study aimed at achieving. The study populations are the members of Real Estate Developers Association of Nigeria in Lagos. Data were gathered through structured questionnaires administered to the study population. Gathered data were presented and analyzed through tables, chats and likert scales. Findings from the study revealed that residential property is the class of property mostly developed through joint venture in the study area. Also, the most prevalent parties that go into a joint venture agreement in the study area are; private property developer and financial institutions and the least prevalent are private property developers and the government. Financing is the most important term in a joint venture agreement in the study area and the least important term is acquisition of equipment. Finally, financing is the most prevalent problem of joint venture in the study area and breach of joint venture agreement is the least. Recommendations were made on how to solve joint ventures problems in property development. Also, there is need for further research on the nature of relationship between parties going into joint ventures.

The top tail of the property wealth distribution and the production of the residential environment

This article investigates the ways in which the structure of the private ownership of property affects the operation of land and housing markets. It draws on detailed Land Registry data to identify the types of actors found at the top of the property wealth distribution in Dudelange, Luxembourg, and to gauge their respective influence on the production of the residential environment. While the top tail is made up of property developers, landowners and super-landlords, an analysis of the planning and land assembly processes for six large scale residential developments in the city since the 1970s shows that the production of housing is driven by a small group of tightly interconnected private landowners and property developers. The level of property wealth concentration in a given territory is thus not innocuous – it affects the production of the residential environment, especially when multiple property ownership is interlinked with the concentrated control over residential land. The study complements discussions on the relation between property, wealth and the production of housing that focus on homeowners, small-scale private landlords and the super-rich (on the consumption side) and, on the production side, on selected actors such as financialised property developers and public landowners.

The disappearance of community, work and everyday life in late capitalism: Private housing advertisements from 1961 to 2011 in global Hong Kong

Hong Kong has one of the least affordable housing markets in the world, but little is known about its housing advertisements, which constitute important discourses that shape the cultural ideal of homeownership. In many ways, Hong Kong’s property market represents that of other ‘global cities’, which are important nodes of global culture and capital flows. How do private property developers market housing in this context, where the nature of housing has developed from accommodation to investment/speculation? What can housing advertisements tell us about the nature of housing consumption, the role of the state and housing developers in a global city like Hong Kong? Using both content and textual analyses, this article presents findings from a longitudinal study of Hong Kong’s private housing newspaper advertisements between 1961 and 2011 and examines how and why representations of the ideal home have changed. Unlike the existing literature on housing advertisements which are mostly ideological critiques or socio-historical accounts of housing advertisements in consumer capitalism, our analysis utilises insights from Baudrillard’s political economy of the sign and Lipovetsky’s concept of hypermodernity. Our contextual and longitudinal analysis contributes to the existing literature by integrating temporality with the three modalities of housing consumption, that is, as living space, investment and financial speculation. We argue that from the late 1970s onwards, Hong Kong government policy actively promotes homeownership and a housing hierarchy discourse, as housing advertisements changed from emphasising functionalities and everyday living in 1961–1981, to privatised quality living in 1991–2001, and abstract living and ‘hyperindividualistic’ political subjectivity in 2011. By demonstrating the increased abstraction of living, the promotion of the hyperreal, and private housing as objects of financial speculation as evidenced in the construction of ideal homes, we illuminate key features of and inequalities associated with housing advertisements in a global city in neoliberal, late capitalism.

ZAKAT AND WAKAF FUNDED HOUSING FOR THE POOR AND NEEDY – AN ANALYSIS OF THE ZAKAT AND WAKAF AUTHORITIES ROLES FROM THE AUTHORITIES’ PERSPECTIVES

This paper concerns the provision of affordable housing for the poor and needy Muslims through zakat and wakaf funding. The study’s objectives are to determine whether zakat and wakaf resources are employed therein, examine the roles of the zakat and wakaf authorities, and identify constraints and the ensuing strategies. The study was carried out through desk research and interviews with representatives of selected z akat and w akaf authorities. Key findings from the study are that zakat and wakaf are involved in the provision of affordable housing for the poor and needy Muslims and that their funds have been employed therein. However, their roles are dissimilar, therefore, each authority has its own modus operandi . In addition, both zakat and w akaf authorities have constraints in the availability of expertise to undertake the procurement of housing development and they address this problem through collaborative working styles, with each other, and with private property developers.