Development Of Plant Protection Research Articles

Western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte – is a dangerous quarantine pest (review)

Maize (Zéa máys) is one of the main grain crops in the world, including Russia. One of its most dangerous pests is the western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, 1858 (western corn rootworm (wcr)), which is an invasive species in many countries. Therefore, the most important task of researchers involved in the prediction of phytophages and the development of plant protection is to prevent its occurrence in Russia, which includes constant monitoring and quarantine measures. The current study was carried out to overview the literature, revealing the characteristics of biology, the prevalence of the corn rootworm in the world, and to determine effective methods of dealing with it, including methods of biological control. There has been established that over the past 30 years the pest has spread throughout almost all of Europe, and since 2011 it has been registered in Russia. To a large extent, the spread of the rootworm was facilitated by the growing globalization and trade between the countries in the absence of appropriate control measures, as well as high potential fertility and the ability for large flights in the imaginal stage. There has been established that significant damage from diabrotics is explained by the fact that almost all stages of development (imago and larvae of all ages) are harmful in phytophages, damaging almost all organs of the plant. There has been revealed that the most successful is the prediction of the number of D. v. virgifera using pheromone traps, and control measures include the use of various chemical plant protection products and crop rotations. There has been shown that the biomethod against D. v. virgifera is practically not used. The available data allowed us to conclude that it is possible to prevent the spread of the pest in the Russian Federation with strict observance of quarantine measures.

New development of plant protection by plant hormones

New development of plant protection by plant hormones

Role of neonicotinoid preparations for spike grain crop seedlings protection against click beetle and Frit fly larvae in Belarus

Recently, in winter and spring grain crops for pre-sowing seed treatment among the assortment of insecticides the preparations of insecticidal and insectofungicidal action based on neonicotinoids: acetamiprid, imidacloprid, clothianidin and thiamethoxam have been widely used. At the current stage of chemical method development of plant protection against harmful arthropods, neonicotinoids are rapidly developing and promising group of neurotoxic insecticides and having a fundamentally different mechanism of action on insects – they inhibit nicotine-acetylcholine receptors. Pre-sowing seed material treatment with insecticides protects the sown seeds, hypocotyls and aboveground plant organs against soil and intrastem pests. It is revealed that during the growing seasons of 2019–2021 in the experimental field, economically significant phytophages are lined click beetle (Agriotes lineatus L.) and Frit flies of autumn and spring generations (Oscinella spp.), indicating the study of their larvae number and harmfulness and measures allowing to control the vital activity of insects in agrocenoses conditions. Plants damaged by them lag behind in growth and die. Improving the range of effective preparations with different active substances used by the method of pre-sowing treatment of grain crop seeds to protect plants during germination against phytophages is an obligatory link in the technology of crops cultivation and one of the factors of their number effective control, what has determined the relevance of the choice of our research topic. Pre-sowing winter and spring cereals seed treatment with neonicotinoid preparations based on imidacloprid (Coyote, SC, Sidoprid, FSC, Tabu, WSC), acetamiprid (Leatrin, SC, Bagrets Plus, SC, Vershina Plus, SC) and thiamethoxam (Questor Forte, SC) have provided plant seedlings high protection against click beetle and Frit fly larvae damage. The results of studies conducted in 2019–2021 have shown that the effectiveness of preparations have varied by years depending on weather conditions and pests number before sowing and at seedlings stage. The indicators of winter grain crops plant damage reduction by wireworms have made 78,8–91,1 %, Frit flies 60,0–85,0 %, spring cereals – 80,0–91,6 % and 80,7–91,1 %, respectively. Through years of research the insecticides for seed treatment have helped to increase the stored grain yield of cereal crops, on the average, from 0,7 to 6,2 cwt/ha, or 1,0–13,5 %. The data obtained will serve as a basis for justifying protective measures to reduce the number and harmfulness of soil-dwelling and terrestrial pests in order to improve the phytosanitary situation in the agrocenoses of cereals.

Implementasi Algoritma C4.5 Prediksi Produksi Komoditas Tanaman Perkebunan Berdasarkan Luas Lahan

The Blue-blue Plant Protection Development Unit (UPPT) is an agency that plays a role in assisting the community in increasing the production of plantation crop commodities in their fostered areas, both in terms of quality and quantity. However, sometimes there are still problems experienced by farmers, namely the incompatibility of the production of plantation crop commodities with the area of ​​land they have, so that it can affect the level of income of the farmers themselves. One way to process this data is to apply data mining techniques, where data mining is a process of analyzing large data that is extracted into information to determine the pattern of analysis on plantation crop commodity production data based on land area. The C.45 algorithm will later explore existing data and will form a decision tree, where the decision tree will later assist the Blue-blue Plant Protection Development Unit (UPPT) in taking good actions in helping to increase the production of plantation crop commodities. and provide counseling to fostered farmers to anticipate losses to farmers

Penerapan Algoritma ID3 dalam Prediksi Kebutuhan Pupuk

The need for fertilizer at the Plant Protection Development Unit (UPPT) is uncertain depending on the demand of farmers, therefore it is necessary to predict fertilizer needs. There are five types of fertilizers predicted by the Plant Protection Development Unit (UPPT), including Urea fertilizer, ZA fertilizer, SP-36 fertilizer, NPK fertilizer, and Organic fertilizer, so fertilizer needs can be predicted. In predicting data mining on fertilizer needs using the ID3 algorithm. Where it works is calculating the value of entropy and gain to get the final result in the form of a tree to the decision and rule. Testing is done using the tanagra software. The results of the tests carried out on the tanagra application using the ID3 algorithm are in the form of a decision tree, while in the calculation the results obtained are in the form of a decision tree.

100 years of scientific research and development of plant protection in Poland

In 1918, after Poland regained its independence, a new research unit, Plant Protection Department was created at the Research Institute of Rural Husbandry in Puławy. It was the beginning of performing structured research, phytosanitary observations, controlling quarantine organisms, education to strengthen the next generations of scientist and producers, and establishing extension services to provide the knowledge to the agricultural workforce. Previously in the 18th and 19th century, scientists of Polish origin conducted research and developed plant protection on the farms, which were under Russian and Austrian partition. In the subsequent two manuscripts, the first for the years 1918–1945 and the second for the period after world war II to the present time, the history of plant protection in Poland and the contribution of Polish researchers to the development of this agricultural activity in Poland and in the world will be presented. W roku 1918 po odzyskaniu przez Polskę niepodległości, powołano w nowo utworzonym Instytucie Naukowym Gospodarstwa Wiejskiego w Puławach, Oddział Ochrony Roślin i był to początek prowadzenia zorganizowanych badań, nauczania, obserwacji fitosanitarnych, zwalczania organizmów kwarantannowych, tworzenia służby ochrony roślin i doradztwa w zakresie ochrony roślin w Polsce. Wcześniej, w XVIII i XIX wieku, uczeni polskiego pochodzenia prowadzili badania i rozwijali ochronę roślin na farmach będących pod rosyjskim i austriackim zaborem. W dwóch kolejnych opracowaniach, pierwszym obejmującym lata 1918–1945 i drugim za okres po II wojnie światowej do czasów obecnych, omówiona zostanie historia ochrony roślin w Polsce i wkładu polskich pracowników naukowych w rozwój tej działalności rolniczej w Polsce i na świecie.

Biological plant protection in greenhouse, intensive and organic farming

The scientific schools of All-Russian Institute of Plant Protection offer a new paradigm for the development of plant protection, based on the principles of managing the phytosanitary state of agroecosystems. In recent years, the biological protection of vegetables in greenhouses develops intensively. The assortment of protective biological products are in demand on the domestic market and have proven themselves in bioprotection systems. Given the strict regulatory framework for organic farming and the presence of a wide variety of phytosanitary objects, the phytosanitary risks are of great importance when ecologically safe agricultural products are to be obtained. In intensive crop production, plant protection is largely based upon application of synthetic pesticides. Efforts are aimed at reduction of harm and one of the modern trends is the increase in usage of biological products for treatment of seeds as well as spraying crops during the vegetation season. More biological products are used nowadays and positive results are obtained.

Biocontrol of Rhizoctonia solani via Induction of the Defense Mechanism and Antimicrobial Compounds Produced by Bacillus subtilis SL-44 on Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.).

Pepper seedling wilt disease is the main cause of crop yield reduction. Biocontrol agents are widely used to control plant diseases caused by pathogenic fungi and activate plant defense systems. Our preliminary work showed that Bacillus subtilis SL-44 played a significant role in the reduction of wilt disease severity on pepper plants. To evaluate biological control mechanism of B. subtilis SL-44 on wilt disease caused by Rhizoctonia solani, the activities of the related enzymes were detected in the pepper seedling with different treatment in this study. Fluorescence microscopy combined with different dyes showed that B. subtilis SL-44 induced a large amount of active oxygen and callose accumulation in pepper leaves. The defense-related enzyme activities in pepper were improved significantly when treated with B. subtilis SL-44, including peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, polyphenol oxidase, and phenylalanine ammonia lyase. The activity of chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase in B. subtilis SL-44-treated pepper was also enhanced. Furthermore, the expression level of pepper-resistance gene CaPIN II was significantly increased in B. subtilis SL-44 treatment. Besides, B. subtilis SL-44 filtrate led to the death of the pathogenic fungus by fracturing the mycelia and leaking of the cell contents. Surfactin, iturin, and fengycin were found in B. subtilis SL-44 crude extracts, which could be effective antifungal compounds against R. solani. The results suggest that B. subtilis SL-44 could not only activate induced systemic resistance of pepper seedling against wilt disease caused by R. solani by jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathway but also produce antifungal compounds to inhibit or even damage the mycelium growth of R. solani. The findings of this study provide novel guidance in plant protection development.

Plant Protection Development in Tea Plantations of South India in the Last Five Decades

The excessive use of chemicals in agriculture has resulted in several environmental problems like ozone layer depletion, poor soil health, due to the decline in natural microflora and acidification of water. To overcome these problems, application of biocontrol agents and biofertilizers has been found to be effective. Generally, these are beneficial microorganisms involved in the breakdown of organic matter, nitrogen fixation and secretion of growth promoting substances. They also supply nutrients to the plants, control diseases and maintain the soil structure in cultivable fields. Intensive research has been done to find out the usefulness of this aspect in the tea plantations. Certain groups of bacteria and fungi are considered as efficient biofertilizers and biocontrol agents in tea which are freely available in top soil, usually associated with plants with symbiotic relationship. These organisms receive nutrients from plant tissues and in turn supply the required nitrogen and phosphorus to the plants. In the present review article, the performance of Plant Pathology and Microbiology Division during the last five decade and the challenges ahead have been discussed.

Lasting plant protection procedures by innovative technologies

progress on the conventional sector of technical development has primarily been achieved by optimizing airstream geometries. The new radial blower concept PSV 30 for example features a vertical airstream profile comparable to thus of tangential blowers. The new generation of tangential blowers uses two separate exhaust units, arranged above each other and with separate feedback controls, to individually adjust the airstream to the various target specific requirements of the grape and top zone. Concerning droplet generation, the new small sized injector nozzles of the type TVI 80 contribute to an optimized vertical distribution and thereby more efficient use of plant protectives. As special methods of high saving potential the recycling method, the two-phase method and the sensor method for gap detection are beeing furtherly developted and evaluated by a newly established BBA guideline. The implementation of GPS based systems is also expected to lead plant protection development into a new era.