Development Of Political Parties Research Articles

Razvoj ekoloških partija i zelenih političkih pokreta u Republici Srbiji

The following work aims to provide an analytical overview of the development of environmental political parties in Serbia. By relying on the methods of process tracing, as well as on Lipset and Rokkan's and other relevant theories of sociopolitical cleavages, the work examines how political events that occurred in Serbia over the last three decades led to the formation of eco-activist movements and parties, especially within the last several years. More specifically, the fulfillment of the primary aim requires - but is not limited to - an analysis of how green parties and environmental movements formed, shaped, and changed their strategies over time, especially when it comes to their activity planning, decision-making, support-mobilizing, and networking (including participation in broader political coalitions). The study not only includes genuine eco-activist organizations but also focuses on how (and why) decoy and phantom green parties developed and evolved in relation to the activities of their authentic counterparts. The paper concludes that environmental issues became increasingly more important in Serbia during the previous decade, with a more prominent arrival of foreign industry and foreign investors, which consequentially caused a noticeable deterioration of the environment (quality of air in particular). This opened a window of opportunity for opposing movements and parties to attract widespread support - and develop their strategies - based on and in relation to this previously less important topic.

Application of Parlimentary Treshold to the Sustainability of Political Parties from a Human Rights Perspective

Law has close relevance to justice. Elections in Indonesia's democratic state are a process of peaceful transfer of power carried out periodically and per the principles outlined by the constitution. There are times when people want supervision of the government. However, there are also times when people get tired of their representatives who continue to behave because of seemingly unlimited power. One of the issues hotly discussed when approaching the 2019 election yesterday was raising the Parliamentary Threshold. Based on this description, a formula can be drawn: How does the Parliamentary threshold affect the existence and development of political parties? The research method used is Normative Legal Research. Parliamentary threshold is recognized as one of many ways to simplify political parties. However, PT must also be recognized as one of the most effective ways because it does not threaten the existence of any particular political party.

Macau: a society with no political party – based on the comparison with Hong Kong

PurposeThis paper attempts to explain the phenomenon that Macau has a parliament (Legislative Assembly) and mass suffrage but no political parties.Design/methodology/approachThis paper reviews the development process of “parliament – mass suffrage – political party” in Hong Kong and Macau and tries to explain why Macau does not have a party using comparative research methods.FindingsThe political party development of Hong Kong and Macau was influenced by both the (former) colonial power and China, and whether there were political parties in these two regions was the result of the game between China and the (former) colonial power. China hoped to limit the development of party politics in the two regions. Since Britain felt reluctant to cooperate with China, political parties in Hong Kong developed. At the same time, Portugal chose to defer to China, which led Macau not to have a political party.Originality/valueExisting studies have yet to explain why there are no political parties in Macau, and this paper is the first attempt to do so.

MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: GOVERNMENT OR OPPOSITION?

MIDDLE CLASS IN UKRAINE: GOVERNMENT OR OPPOSITION?

Project Outline: “Constitution and Development of Political Parties in Germany from 1989/90 to the present”

The KGParl lead joint network: “Parties and Party System after 1990” is investigating the constitution and the transformation of a new German party landscape after the reunification of 1990. The first focus is on the establishment of party political structures in the five new German states after the system transformation in 1989 and the unification in October 1990. It is trying to analyze the different expectations in East and West Germany and the competing influence of the established West German parties, which extended their organizations into the territory of the former GDR, in building what soon was seen as an “East German party system”. Also, the effects and repercussions of these processes in eastern Germany on the all-German party system will be examined: Was there a sort of co-transformation occur in western Germany? Did the reunification perhaps even accelerate the fragmentation of the “old” federal German party system that has been evident since 1983, when a new, young party, the Greens, succeeded in entering the German Bundestag for the first time?

One Accident, One Mistake: Evangelicals, Religious Establishment, and American Political Development

It is widely conceded that the Supreme Court has struggled to create a coherent, consistent set of principles on which to base its decisions about the relationship between Church and State. This paper argues that what would help bring conceptual clarity to this contentious set of issues is a historically informed theory that can be labeled developmental, or structural. It presents such a theory by examining two sets of facts: First, a fact that most constitutional scholars have overlooked–that the Constitution and Bill of Rights were drafted and ratified during a period of relative religious calm in between periods of great evangelical fervor, namely the First and Second Great Awakenings (the “accident”). Second, as is well known, that the framers did not foresee the development of stable political parties (the “mistake”). This essay first briefly summarizes the state of the law in this area, and then examines the ways in which the Second Great Awakening combined this accident and this mistake to transform American culture and politics, including electoral politics, and the implications of that transformation.

The Dissolution of Political Parties in Indonesia is Viewed from the Constitutional Aspect

Democracy is a manifestation of the State of Indonesia. This means that Indonesia always triess to guarantee the rights of its citizens to freedom of association and assembly. This is stated in the state constitution, namely the 1945 Constitution concerning guarantees for human rights. This right is the right to associate and assemble which can be dedicated as a forum for establishing a political party. So in matters of the state, it is always related to the problems of political parties. This political party has a role in determining the direction of policies and goals of a country. The development of political parties can also be a development towards the direction of the country, so it is necessary to have restrictions on the establishment of a political party. Like having to have the same ideology with the ideology of the state. Political parties that are proven to have different ideologies from the state will be dissolved and frozen and in this case the dissolution mechanism has been regulated by the state. This change and suspension is a form of restriction given by the state to guarantee national security and also guarantee the rights of Indonesian citizens.

К вопросу о дискурсивных параметрах типологизации политических партий

The newest trends in the development of political parties and their ideologies have caused the emergence of a set of new concepts, such as catch-all parties, electoral-professional parties, cartel parties, firm parties, and parties in power. These concepts are focused on the functions a party performs, and not on the discursive considerations, so, they do not encompass the entire spectrum. For instance, populist and regionalist parties are hard to localize in the given models. On the other hand, such discursive concepts as “niche” parties or “horseshoe” spectrum, as well as the widespread Hans Eysenck’s “political compass”, suggest their own ways to typologize party phenomena. They complement each other but do not form a coherent matrix integrating all the significant elements of party discourses. Intentionally leaving structural-functionalist classifications aside, the authors propose to synthesize the established discursive typologies with some newly-emerged parameters and to localize party actors along such axes as economic agenda (conventionally, right or left), political agenda (conventionally, right or left), the scope of discourse (from “niche” to “catch-all”) and the salience of identity aspects. The latter should be combined with the indication of the loyalty level: ethnic/regional, national, or civilizational. The scope of discourse is found as a result of thematic analysis of party programs/manifestos and the identification of the presence and quantity of significant thematic blocs: economy, security/internal affairs, foreign affairs, education/culture, values/rights. The final matrix is illustrated in the example of the Belgian party system based on expert scaling. The Belgian case is chosen because the Belgian party system contains the entire ideological spectrum inherent in Western Europe and is relatively stable. While proposing the employment of qualitative methods, such as thematic analysis, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and expert scaling, the authors think that it is possible and desirable to further develop the parameters by applying quantitative methods.

Are Left and Right Converging or Becoming Meaningless?: A Discussion on Contemporary Ideological Positions

Although the history of ideologies is traced back to the ancient times of human history, it is actually a phenomenon of modern times. The concept was first systematically studied by philosophers in the Age of Enlightenment. With the development of political parties in the 19th century, the concept of ideology was intertwined with political parties. In the modern era, political parties try to get the votes of their voters by aligning their identities on the right and left spectrum. This study aims to evaluate whether or not the expressions “left” and “right” are meaningless today. If they are still meaningful, what are their meanings? The study examines ideological convergence in Western countries using the Comparative Manifesto Project (CMP) data. The research results show that although the concepts of left and right still make sense, they have eroded over time. The results also demonstrate that right and left do not have the same meaning in every country.

HISTORY OF DEVELOPMENT OF TURKISH POLITICAL PARTIES

For the formation and development of parties as political institutions in the country, it is necessary to conduct a study of the path of development of political parties in other countries. This will positively contribute to the development of parties as political institutions in Kazakhstan through comparative analysis. In this article, a study was conducted on the history of the development of political parties in the state of Turkey. Turkey is a country that enters the Turkic world with a similar language, religion and mentality. Within the framework of cooperation between the Turkic states, relations between the two countries are also developing. In this regard, one of the interesting topics remains the formation of parties as political institutions in a country with a hundred-year history of development, the study of the role of parties in the political system of the state, which, on the initiative of Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, aspired to European standards of development since the establishment of the state.

The Idea of Implementing a District Election System as an Alternative for Simplifying Political Parties in Indonesia

Political parties and general elections are elements that cannot be separated from the life of a country, because they can be used as tools and solutions for the change and progress of a nation. However, they can be a tool for state change if they can run in harmony and don’t cause problems. Indonesia is a country that cannot be separated from Political Parties and Election Culture. Political parties have existed since the Dutch colonial era until now. Meanwhile, the electoral system was only known in Indonesia in the era of parliamentary democracy, where the plan was to elect a parliament nominated by a political party. However, the development of Indonesian political parties has harmed the lives of Indonesia, such as fragmentation between political parties, etc. Because of that, the government in the colonial era, new order until now, create policies to overcome this. One of the policies taken and proven to solve is the simplification of political parties by implementing a district election system. This system was introduced and used during the New Order era. This system is used as an alternative because the system is simple and able to overcome problems with the simplification method of political parties

The Role of New Media in Political Marketing for Political Parties in the Kurdistan Region (Websites of Television Channels as A Case Study)

This study aims to reveal the role of new media in political marketing for political parties in the Kurdistan Region and to determine the extent of the use of electronic websites in political marketing among political parties in the Kurdistan Region. This research is a type of ”Analysis” research, using the ”survey” method, in this research we have used an intake survey to collect data. We purposely concentrated on cadres of the electoral and media bureau of all five main political parties in the Kurdistan Region, such as the Kurdistan Democratic Party )KDP(, the patriotic Union Kurdistan )PUK( and the Gorran Movement )GM(, also the other two opposition parties, such as Kurdistan Justice body, and Kurdistan Islamic Union. As they are political bodies and their work is derived from political marketing they conduct for their political parties. Our study concluded that more than half of those working in divisions related to elections and media agencies of a political party do not have a high or adequate understanding of political marketing and its role in the promotion and development of political parties. New media, especially digital Websites play a significant role in political marketing for political parties in the Kurdistan Region.

TRUST IN POLITICAL PARTIES IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR INFLUENCE ON POLITICAL PROCESSES IN UKRAINE

The article analyzes sociological surveys on trust in political parties in Ukraine in 2019-2021 in the context of their ability to influence political processes in Ukraine. It was found that the balance of trust / distrust during the study period was negative (below -50%). There were also regional features of trust in parliamentary parties based on their ideological declarations and foreign policy guidelines. The analyzed expectations of the society from political parties give grounds to assert that the majority of voters are alienated from political parties, and their expectations from parties are closely related to expectations from the government as a whole. The current level of trust and expectations do not contribute to the development of sustainable and mass political parties, which can be one of the social lifts within the political system and effectively mobilize supporters for public action. Instead, such quantitative and qualitative indicators of trust contribute to the parties' use of nontransparent methods of influence and their dependence on big business, including the «oligarchs».

Federalism As a Tool for Ethnic Conflict Resolution: A Case Study of Iraq

Due to ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversities, there is potential for ethnic conflicts and ethnic tensions in community, but the emergence and occurrence of ethnic conflicts depend on the state's approach to managing or suppressing ethnic, linguistic, and cultural variations. Federalism is one of the most important mechanisms that governments adopt to manage ethnic, linguistic and cultural diversities. But the function of federalism in reducing ethnic conflicts is not necessarily positive, and in some cases, it has led to an escalation of ethnic conflicts. Accordingly, the central question is to examine whether federalism is a system to resolve or reduce ethnic conflicts? With an emphasis on ethnic conflicts in Iraq. The research hypothesis is that federalism, through the creation of bureaucratic structures, the development of political parties, the identification, and acceptance of cultural and linguistic commonalities, will restrict and reduce ethnic violence and conflict but not necessarily ethnic protest.
 
 Received: 26 December 2021 / Accepted: 28 February 2022 / Published: 5 March 2022

The Philosophical and Political Views of M. Ya. Ostrogorsky (1854–1921) and their Modern Significance

Theoretical studies of practical political life conducted by M. Ya. Ostrogorsky allow us to call him one of the founders of Russian political science and party science. His doctrine was the first systematized theory of the emergence, functioning and development of political parties, the laws of their evolution and the technology of activity. He described the tendency to establish an oligarchic leadership of political parties and the failure of moral regulators of political processes taking place in society.

ВПЛИВ СТРАТИФІКАЦІЇ НАСЕЛЕННЯ США НА ПРЕЗИДЕНТСЬКІ ВИБОРИ 2020

In today's world, fair and free elections are the key to democracy. They play an integral role in the peaceful transfer of power. By casting their votes, the people elect leaders on whom the future of society depends. That is why the elections give great power to ordinary citizens: voting gives the opportunity to influence the policies of the future government, and hence their future destiny. When the founding fathers of the United States drafted and ratified the country's constitution, they did not give any role to political parties. In fact, through various constitutional mechanisms, such as the separation of powers between the executive, legislature, and judiciary, the federal system, and the indirect election of the president by a electoral college, they sought to protect the new republic from party and factional influence. Despite the Founding Fathers, in 1800 the United States became the first nation to establish permanent political parties organized on a nationwide basis to ensure the transfer of executive power from one faction to another on the basis of elections. the development and expansion of political parties was closely linked to the expansion of suffrage.

Особливості формування партійних систем країн Тропічної Африки

The peculiarities of party building in the countries of Tropical (Sub-Saharan, Black) Africa are characterized. It is emphasized that party building takes place within the framework of a non-Western type of political process. The main features of the political process for the countries of Tropical Africa are highlighted: 1) a specific way of organizing power, which combines the principles and institutions of old (traditional, colonial) and new forms of autocracy and democracy; 2) the institution of elections is the only full-fledged democratic institution in Africa, although the procedures for their holding are constantly violated; 3) a long stay in power of one party and the constancy of political leaders; 4) presidential-parliamentary form of government, which is essentially presidential; 5) lack of stabilizing rational bureaucracy; 6) significant (sometimes dominant) influence of the army on the political process; 7) underdevelopment of civil society; 8) weakness of political parties, their clan nature, evolution towards the regime of personal power, populist strategies of their activities; 9) tribalism; 10) hybrid political regime. The main periods of the development of political parties in the countries of Tropical Africa are distinguished and studied: the first: between the First and Second World Wars (the birth of political parties); the second: 1945–1970 (formation of multi-party system); the third: the 80s of the XX century. (dominance of one-party systems); the fourth: starting from the 1990s, the main characteristic of which is the transition to multipartyism.The main characteristics of political parties in Tropical Africa are studied: the impossibility of determining the number of parties; weakness of the organizational structure; narrowed program and ideological spectrum of parties; great typological diversity. A typology of political parties is proposed: 1) Traditional parties of the local elite; 2) Customer batches; 3) Class mass parties; 4) Pluralist mass parties; 5) Nationalist parties; 6) Mono-ethnic parties; 7) Polyethnic (congress) parties (union, coalition of ethnic parties); 8) Religious parties; 9) Fundamentalist parties and neo-totalitarian religious parties; 10) Electoral parties; 11) Personalist parties; 12) Parties-movements; 13) Parties of "new politics"/ one or two topical issues. Conclusions are made regarding the peculiarities of the functioning of political parties in the countries of Tropical Africa in the conditions of democratic transit, as a rule, this is a hybrid political regime.

ЎЗБЕКИСТОНДА КЎППАРТИЯВИЙ ТИЗИМНИНГ ШАКЛЛАНИШИ ВА РИВОЖЛАНИШИ

The article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the essence and content of the phenomenon of the party, the legal nature of the multiparty system, the impact of its formation on the mechanism of the political system, the role of parties in the political and social life of our society, the main tasks facing them. The goals of the existing political parties in Uzbekistan were analyzed from the point of view of the electorate. In addition, the author analyzes the formation of a multi-party system, positive and negative trends in the development of political parties, and offers solutions to these problems. The problems of legal regulation of the system of public work of political parties are analyzed and the main priorities for their solution are proposed. Based on a critical analysis of information on the organizational and legal framework in the charter and official websites of parties - Movement of Entrepreneurs and Businessmen - Liberal Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, Democratic Party “Milliy Tiklanish”, People’s Democratic Party of Uzbekistan, Social Democratic Party “Adolat”, Ecological Party proposals and recommendations for their solution were developed. Important issues in the development of political parties in the context of digital technologies, such as the work of parties with the public, the maintenance of websites, as well as dealing with voter appeals on social media have been identified.

POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY: REFERENCES FOR PARTY CONSTRUCTION

This article focuses on the issues related to the socio-political consequences of digital transformation of society, in particular, the evolutionary development of political parties. To reveal the general trends of such transformation, the author bases her thesis on the analysis of post-industrial theorists, and sets out the following basic guidelines for party building: unprecedented development of science and technology, influence of symbolic knowledge on the system of power distribution; increased role of information flows, diversification of information transmission forms; demassification of society and its network organisation; destruction of former identities, erosion of classes and social groups; deconstruction of ideologies, their transformation into applied political technologies; shift of political activity to Internet platforms and media space. Considering the impact of these factors, and using the methodology of comparing political parties proposed by K.Janda, the author sets out her view on the features of institutionalisation, problem orientation, social support, organisational complexity, centralisation of power, autonomy, coherence, involvement, strategy and tactics, governmental status of political parties in post-industrial society.

A Reassessment of the Turkish Party System

Modern political institutions have a long history in Turkey but because of limited competition until 1945 and military interventions in 1960, 1971, 1980, and 1997, the party system has not developed consistently. Moreover, the electoral system, particularly the 10% electoral threshold applied after 1980, directly affected the Turkish party system. Having been interrupted by non-democratic forces and attempted to be formed via political engineering, the development of Turkish political parties and party systems has not been linear. In recent years, there has been an increasing amount of literature on the Turkish party system. However, since most studies were based on inadequate empirical data and limited to the 1990s and the 2000s, they have generally focused on the predominant party system and failed to critically review discussions on party systems. This paper analyzes Turkish party systems from 1950 to the present using the quantitative method. Adopting the criteria of the number of relevant parties and their relative strengths, this study applies different indicators such as the effective number of parties and fragmentation. This paper argues that Turkey has experienced four main different forms of party systems since 1950: a two-party system (1950-1960 and 2002), a two and a half party system (1960-1980), a moderate multiparty system with a balance among parties (1991-1999), and a moderate multiparty system with one dominant party (1983-1987, and 2007-2018).