Development Of Other Allergic Diseases Research Articles

Genetic risk factors of food allergy: a review of genome-wide studies

BACKGROUND: Food allergy (FA) is an urgent problem for public health worldwide. This disease reduces the quality of life of patients and increases the risk of developing unpredictable anaphylactic reactions.
 AIM: Conduct an analysis of genetic studies in cohorts of patients with FA aimed at assessing the role of genetic factors in the development of this pathology.
 MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of genome-wide association studies aimed at studying the influence of genetic factors in FA development. The review includes original articles published for the period from January 1, 2012 to December 31, 2021.
 RESULTS: This systematic review analyzed data on the relationship of genetic variations associated with FA. Eight studies were analyzed, and the maximum effect with the development of IgE-mediated FA on peanuts was found for the rs10018666 variant of the SLC2A9 gene in Europeans. Some allergens associated with specific loci have been found, for example, variants rs9273440 (HLA-DQB1), rs115218289 (ITGA6), rs10018666 (SLC2A9), and others are unique to peanut. Associated variants are predominantly associated with disorders of the innate/adaptive immune response and functioning of the epithelial barrier, confirming their leading role in FA development. In addition to associations with FA, most of the identified genes affect the development of other allergic march phenotypes, including atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, allergic rhinitis, and non-allergic (type 2 diabetes mellitus, Parkinsons disease, myocardial infarction, and others) diseases.
 CONCLUSIONS: Summarizing the results of genome-wide associative studies, it should be noted that the development of food allergies involves variants localized both in known atopic and newly identified loci that are not related to the development of other allergic diseases. The peculiarities of the structure of food sensitization and the lack of research on the susceptibility to food allergies in Russia determine the direction of further scientific research in this area.

Long-Term Ambient Air Pollution and Childhood Eczema in the United States.

Long-Term Ambient Air Pollution and Childhood Eczema in the United States.

The main aspects of the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis in children

Research objective 
 Atopic dermatitis (AtD) is the earliest and most frequent manifestation of the body’s hypersensitivity reaction to environmental allergens. Often manifested in severe form, affecting the skin, can occur in early infancy, childhood. The disease is genetically determined and is chronic. AtD is one of the most common skin diseases (from 20 to 40% in the structure of skin diseases), which occurs in all countries in people of both sexes. In recent years, there has been an increase in the incidence of AtD throughout the world. The disease is more common in highly developed countries and cities (less commonly in rural areas).
 AtD significantly reduces the quality of life of children, causing psychological discomfort and disrupting their social adaptation. AtD in children is a risk factor for the «atopic march» — the further sequential development of other allergic diseases: allergic rhinitis, pollinosis, allergic conjunctivitis, bronchial asthma. With a reduced immune response of the body, AtD in children can be complicated by the addition of a secondary infection (bacterial, viral, fungal). Such a high incidence rate, a debut in early childhood, a frequently recurring course of the pathological process, and a tendency towards an increase in the forms of the disease resistant to traditional therapy make the details of the pathogenesis of AtD particularly relevant. One of the main roles in the pathogenesis of AtD belongs to the cells of the immune system. 
 The purpose of this article: to systematize the information available today on the immunopathogenesis of atopic dermatitis.

The Potential Effect of Dietary Modifications on the Management of Food Allergies

Food allergy (FA) is a significant public health problem with symptoms ranging from mild urticaria up to severe anaphylaxis. The frequency of food allergy has been rising in the last decades particularly in children where nutritional compromise can ensue together with possible development of other allergic diseases. With the developing technology and knowledge, there has been improvement in the treatment of FA. Diet is a very important factor in the management and changes in the diet of both the child and mother affect the risk of developing food allergies. Consumption of some nutrients such as omega-3 fatty acids, vitamin D, folic acid may be beneficial in preventing FA. The mechanisms proposed are mainly related to their effects on regulating the immune system. Regulatory changes in the intestinal flora, such as dietary consumption and probiotic use, are also on the agenda and show promising results approaches. Although, it has been advised to remove the allergenic food from the diet, yet recently, it has been shown that processing of allergenic foods and early consumption of allergenic foods between 4th -6th months can cause food tolerance in infants. This review aims to provide updates on the effect of adding some nutrients and dietetic changes on the management of FA.

Current understanding of allergic march and the role of eczema in its development

An increasing morbidity of atopic diseases (atopic dermatitis, food allergy, asthma and allergic rhinitis) documented in large cohort epidemiological studies is at least partially determined by high hygienic standards of living. Over the last 40 years, the accepted concept of pathogenesis of atopic diseases, the so-called atopic march, was proposed by Fouchard in 1973. It referred to the natural history of atopy manifestation, with a typical sequence of symptoms presented as atopic dermatitis in early childhood for subsequent development of allergic respiratory symptoms in late childhood and adolescence. New data suggests that the leading role of atopic dermatitis in atopic march might be less pronounced than previously expected, indicating coexistence rather than succession of atopic symptoms. The objective of this paper is to present the currently discussed concepts of atopic dermatitis – its pathogenesis, etiology, course and role in the development of other allergic diseases. More widely, we will present: 1. The genetic factors involved in skin barrier disruption with the leading role of loss-of-function gene for filaggrin mutation, 2. Genetic defects and epigenetic regulation of the immune system 3. Epidermal changes with physical barrier dysfunction as well as 4. Skin microbiome disturbances with Staphylococcus aureus colonization leading to abnormalities of the epidermal protective barrier.

Research progress on the atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases

Prevalence rates of paediatric allergic diseases have been gradually increasing worldwide, which cannot be ignored.The theory of atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases has been verified as early in 1985.The atopic march refers to that allergic symptoms in infancy or early childhood often predate development of other allergic diseases later in life.A number of longitudinal epidemiological studies support this theory, mainly from Europe and North America.However, there are some challenges to this theory.Allergic disease in children is influenced by various factors such as early wheezing, gender and a parental history of allergic diseases.This article reviews the latest progress on the atopic march of paediatric allergic diseases, which may provide clues to the early recognition and management of children at high risk of these diseases. Key words: Children; Atopic dermatitis; Allergic rhinitis; Asthma

The role of food allergy in atopic dermatitis

Atopic dermatitis (AD) affects ∼10% of children. Food allergy is a known provoking cause of AD in a subset of affected children. A literature search of PubMed and Medline was conducted to review the epidemiology and pathophysiology of AD, with special focus on the role of food allergy in the development of AD, its management, and its long-term preventive strategies. A literature search of PubMed and Medline was conducted. Food allergens readily provoke AD in ∼35% of patients, as proven through double-blind placebo-controlled food challenge studies. Milk, egg, wheat, soy, and peanut account for 75% of the cases of food-induced AD. However, the positive predictive values of the parental history, skin-prick tests, or serum tests for detecting food-specific IgE are low, making these unsuitable for use as single diagnostic modalities. Therefore, the use of a food challenge test is very helpful in objectively confirming the history or positive tests. Elimination diets are often helpful in challenge-proven cases, but care must be taken to evaluate the nutritional status of the child. There are few effective long-term strategies to prevent the development of food allergen-induced AD. Early onset of AD has been shown to be a risk factor for the development of other allergic diseases, including other food allergy/sensitization, as part of the atopic march. Treatment of other causes of AD, such as barrier dysfunction and cutaneous infection, are of equal importance to food allergen avoidance. Food allergy is an important provoking cause of AD, but it is only relevant in ∼35% of affected individuals.

Transient vs persistent cow's milk allergy and development of other allergic diseases

Transient <i>vs</i> persistent cow's milk allergy and development of other allergic diseases