Development Of New Law Research Articles

The Full Enforcement of Socio-economic Rights in Africa: A Dream or a Reality?

The adoption of the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (African Charter) on 27 June 1981 in Nairobi, Kenya was recorded as historic step towards the protection of human rights in Africa. However, to date, Africans’ socio-economic rights are not fully or at all enforced. The author argues that Africa must take a new approach, a strategic one towards economic development in Africa and consequently the enforcement of socio-economic rights. He submits that several strategic approaches, such as development of new laws on the natural resources, producing quality products and services, image related strategies which involve great marketing of Africa, its products, and services. The author is of opinion that there is a link between economic development and the enforcement of socio-economic rights. It is further argued that intra-African trade will enhance sustainable development and economic growth and it is important. It is submitted that African countries must focus more on intra-African trade, which will accelerate sustainable economic development and consequently the enforcement of socio-economic rights, which will in turn reduce poverty and better the lives of millions of Africans who are in dire need of socio-economic rights to be enforced due to the living conditions they are in. Keywords: Africa; socio-economic rights; natural resources, strategic economic development.

Analytical and Benchmarking Study of the Impact of Small and Medium Enterprises Sector on Economic Growth from The Perspective of Islamic Economy

The Study aimed to analyze and measure the impact of the small and medium enterprises sector in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in achieving economic growth, and to study the nature of the relationship between the growth of the small and medium enterprises sector and economic growth, and the impact of Islamic economic thought in that, It also aimed to analyze the reality and development of the small and medium enterprise sector in the Kingdom, in addition to identifying the policies and initiatives that support the small and medium enterprise sector, with an understanding and analysis of measuring the impact of the growth of the small and medium enterprise sector on economic growth in the Kingdom . To achieve the goal of the study, the researcher relied on the historical and descriptive analytical method. Data were collected from published sources from official authorities and scientific journals. The data was reviewed in a descriptive statistics method. The time range of the study, during the period from 2006 to 2021, was on small and medium enterprises in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.The thesis consisted of four main chapters, the first chapter discussed the theoretical analytical framework of the nature of the relationship between the growth of the small and medium enterprises sector and economic growth. The fourth chapter is an analytical study to measure the impact of the growth of the small and medium enterprises sector on the economic growth in the Kingdom.The study concluded with some results and recommendations, the most important of which are: Small and medium enterprises managed to achieve a growth rate of about 5% during 2022 compared to previous years, and their number exceeded 750,000, The majority of small and medium enterprises, in terms of geographical distribution, are concentrated in Riyadh, Makkah, and Sharqiya. The number of workers in micro-enterprises that employ (1-5) workers in the small and medium-sized enterprises sector constituted 26% of the total employees, where the percentage represented 18% of the total employees in the third quarter of 2019. Small and medium enterprises attracted 62% of the appointments made in the private sector. The contribution of small and medium enterprises increased by 45%, bringing their contribution to the economy from 21.9% to 28.7% between the years from 2016 to 2020. The share of small and medium enterprises in government procurement increased from 15% in 2018 to 24% in 2020, with a value exceeding 160 milyar Rial, Saudi SME financing exceeds $22.7 milyar until 2021,The study concluded with recommendations, the most important of which is the need to increase government support for small and medium enterprises so that these enterprises can export or expand externally, while this role is not limited to financing or programs and initiatives to support these enterprises only, but rather expands to include the development of new laws and legislation necessary and keeping pace with the requirements of the times to support These facilities and to facilitate their mission of external expansion

PERBANDINGAN HUKUM JUAL BELI TANAH DI INDONESIA DAN RUSIA

Comparative law is the activity of comparing laws from various countries, the purpose of which is to contribute to the development of new laws and regulations or their amendments and find how similarities and differences in concepts, legal institutions that contribute, legal systems used. In Indonesia, land law is regulated in Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles, hereinafter referred to as UUPA, while in Russia land law is regulated in The Land Of Code Russia No. 136-FZ of 2001. The formulation of this research problem is how are the similarities and differences in the regulation of buying and selling land in Indonesia and Russia, the research method uses normative juridical type, the nature of descriptive research is sourced from secondary data, the research data is analyzed qualitatively and the conclusion is drawn using deductive. In addition, there are differences in the sale and purchase of land in Indonesia and Russia, namely the regulation of land sale and purchase, the meaning of land, the object of land sale and purchase, the transfer of rights from the seller to the buyer, the initial agreement, the parties authorized to make the agreement.

Ukraine and NATO: Problems, Challenges, Prospects

Since the beginning of Ukraine's independence, namely on 24 August 1991, there has been a lively debate among social and legal theorists and practitioners alike as to the advisability of Ukraine joining NATO. However, this issue became particularly relevant after February 24 2022, when the Russian Federation launched a full-scale war against Ukraine, and of course, it remains on the agenda until now, as it concerns guarantees of national security and independence of the state. Based on this, the purpose of the study is to identify current problems, challenges, and prospects related to the process of Ukraine's accession to NATO. To achieve this goal, the method of analysis and synthesis, comparison, deduction, and historical methods were used in the study. As a result, it was found that Ukraine's accession to NATO is a priority for its future development and security. The paper managed to analyse the main Euro-Atlantic prospects for Ukraine, the most important of which at the moment is the protection of its territory by other member countries of the alliance. The analysed modern challenges allowed the authors to establish that in the conditions of the current Russian-Ukrainian war, the Ukrainian authorities implemented a number of measures aimed at developing the military-political industry, in particular, they abandoned the non-aligned position, approved the updated national security strategy of Ukraine, and most importantly approved the Euro-Atlantic direction of Ukraine's development in the Constitution of Ukraine. In conclusion, it was possible to reveal not only the priority of Ukraine's accession to NATO, but also to investigate the practical means and tools that are already being used to implement this process. The practical significance of the study lies in the fact that its results can be used both by theorists for an in-depth investigation of this topic, and by practitioners, in particular by legislators, in the development of new laws and regulations related to the Euro-Atlantic process

Executive policy development and constitutional norms: Practice and perceptions

Abstract Much of the day-to-day work of implementing constitutional law falls to the executive actors. Ministers, policy advisers, public servants, government agencies, government lawyers, and legislative draftspersons develop public policy and legislation within the shadow of the constitution. The first contribution of this article is to advance a normative model to guide the work of these actors. It accepts the primacy of judicial review, but nonetheless supposes significant space for the other branches of government to engage normatively with the constitution. In particular, we argue that areas of constitutional “uncertainty” present the executive with space for particularly lively engagement with the constitution. In these spaces, the executive should have institutional confidence to engage more autonomously with constitutional norms. In such areas, the executive should consider, with appropriate weight, the risk of breach of constitutional norms together with other legitimate influences on policy development, consistent with the executive branch’s institutional mandate. We also argue that key to this understanding of the relationship between the executive, the judiciary, and constitutional norms is one particular, pivotal actor: the government lawyer. The second contribution of this article is its empirically informed study of the constitutional understanding and practice of executive officers. We find considerable evidence of careful executive deliberation in areas of constitutional uncertainty. However, perhaps paradoxically, we also see instances of executive over-cautiousness. Other interviews reveal evidence of constitutional recklessness in the development of new law and policy in areas of constitutional uncertainty. In either of these instances—over-caution or recklessness—we argue executive engagement with constitutional norms is sub-optimal.

Management of Occupational Risk Prevention of Nanomaterials Manufactured in Construction Sites in the EU.

Currently, nanotechnology plays a key role for technological innovation, including the construction sector. An exponential increase is expected in its application, although this has been hampered by the current degree of uncertainty regarding the potential effects of nanomaterials on both human health and the environment. The accidents, illnesses, and disease related to the use of nanoproducts in the construction sector are difficult to identify. For this purpose, this work analyzes in depth the products included in recognized inventories and the safety data sheets of these construction products. Based on this analysis, a review of the recommendations on the use of manufactured nanomaterials at construction sites is performed. Finally, a protocol is proposed with the aim of it serving as a tool for technicians in decision-making management at construction sites related to the use of manufactured nanomaterials. This proposed protocol should be an adaptive and flexible tool while the manufactured nanomaterials-based work continues to be considered as an “emerging risk,” despite the expectation that the protocol will be useful for the development of new laws and recommendations for occupational risk prevention management.

Нагородна справа як об’єкт адміністративно-правового регулювання: поняття та зміст

Актуальність. Практичне виконання положень Концепції реформування нагородної справи в Україні істотно актуалізує проблематику визначеності поня-тійного апарату, одним із елементів якого є нагородна справа. Саме відсутність легального визначення наго-родної справи у законодавстві України зумовлює різ-ні підходи до його тлумачення на практиці у процесі застосування нагородного законодавства. Наслідком цього є ототожнення її із системою нагород, нагородною системою, нагородною практикою, нагородною політи-кою тощо. Представники різних галузевих правових наук поглиблено, на жаль, феномен нагородної спра-ви не досліджували, а здебільшого зосереджувалися на окремих проблемах різновидів нагород, нагородної процедури, співвідношенні нагороди з іншими видами заохочень тощо. Саме відсутність наукових ґрунтов-них тематичних досліджень, безпосередньо присвя-чених нагородній справі, зумовили й «дефект» дефі-ніційного ряду й проєктів нормативно-правових актів з проблематики нагородної справи. Тобто понятійна прогалина нагородного законодавства стосовно визна-чення основного «понятійного» фундаменту залиша-ється, а отже, й різноваріативність нагородної практи-ки також, що негативно впливає й буде зберігатися й у майбутньому. Отже, нагальна потреба корегування «базового» понятійного нагородного апарату, насам-перед стосовно визначення нагородної справи, яке б охопило її зміст, визначає вектори наукових тема-тичних фахових досліджень і, зокрема, цієї роботи. Метою роботи є – на підставі опрацювання «базових» тематичних наукових, нормативних джерел сформу-лювати визначення поняття «нагородна справа», яке б охоплювало весь її зміст, й обґрунтувати доцільність закріплення його для використання як офіційної дефі-ніції. Об’єкт дослідження формують суспільні відно-сини, що виникають у зв’язку із використанням наго-род, що виникають у сфері нагородної справи. Предмет дослідження – теоретико-методологічні положення щодо розуміння нагородної справи, її змісту, співвід-ношення із суміжними поняттями, а також форму-вання наукового базису для нормативних визначень. Методи дослідження, які використовувалися, форму-ють систему загальнонаукових та спеціальних методів наукового пізнання, серед яких: діалектичний, порів-няльно-правовий, логіко-юридичний, семантичний, експертних оцінок, прогнозування, моделювання. Під час написання роботи опрацьовувалися наукові, нор-мативні, публіцистичні тематичні джерела, які тією чи іншою мірою пов’язані із нагородною справою, а саме: роботи Є. Трофімова, М. Титаренко, А. Майдебури, Д. Коритько та інших. Результати дослідження. Уза-гальнюючи все вищезазначене, можна запропонувати авторське визначення нагородної справи як регламен-тованої нормами права історично сформованої з ура-хуванням нагородних традицій офіційної публічної діяльності, безпосередньо пов’язаної із впроваджен-ням та застосуванням державних нагород за заслуги особи (колективу осіб) перед державою, українським народом, а також реалізацією гарантій такої діяльно-сті. Таку діяльність умовно варто поділяти на два види: основну (безпосередньо пов’язану із впровадженням та застосуванням державних нагород) та додаткову (організаційне, матеріально-технічне, інформаційне забезпечення такої діяльності). Нагородну справу вар-то розглядати як елемент єдиного тематичного суміж-ного понятійного ряду, відмежовуючи від нагородної системи держави, системи нагород, нагородної політи-ки, нагородної практики, нагородних традицій, наго-родної культури, нагородної ідеології, нагородної про-цедури, нагородної юстиції та нагородних матеріалів (нагородних документів), нагородного права, нагород-ного законодавства. Враховуючи її тісні зв’язки з ін-шими нагородними явищами, нагородну справу варто розглядати як складник нагородної системи України. Запропоноване визначення варто використовувати як у наукових дослідженнях з проблематики нагородного права, так і закріпити як норму-дефініцію, упорядку-вавши тим самим понятійний термінологічний апарат й усунувши передумови для помилкового ототожнення суміжних нагородних явищ.

The Choice of Organizational and Technological Solutions Based on the Modeling Option

The construction industry in Russia, whose activity affects the economic development of the country’s economy, is changing. This is expressed in the development of new laws, building codes, rules and relevant organizational and technological solutions at the level of construction production.In this regard, construction production needs to improve organizational and technological solutions, taking into account modern regulatory requirements and production conditions. The selection of traditional methods for updating these decisions is an urgent task that requires proper research.The analysis of organizational and technological decisions of the organization and technology of construction production showed that organizational models of construction production need to be refined and optimized in accordance with the new realities that the participants in the construction industry have encountered.This primarily concerns construction organizations operating in conditions of destabilizing production factors.Construction managers, including engineers and technicians, need to pay close attention to organizational and technological solutions at various stages of the implementation of an investment construction project, especially when drawing up a work schedule.An important task when using the theory of experimental design is the selection of factors and the determination of their influence (values) during the experiment.In this regard, the author conducted research to plan and conduct theoretical experiments based on the method of expert survey. Also, given the totality of factors that are random in nature and affect the result, the object for research described in the article (construction production) is considered in the form of a black box cybernetic system.Research conducted by the author will allow:- prevent the emergence of destabilizing factors in the construction industry;- improve the effective functioning of the construction industry;- elimination of the risk of construction in progress.The final choice of organizational and technological solutions based on variant modeling using simulation and other methods will improve the quality of technical and economic indicators of both construction production and the investment project as a whole.

Teenagers, Sexting, and the Law.

The phenomenon of teen sexting emerged as a result of the proliferation of digital technology. More than 40 studies have established that teen sexting occurs relatively frequently and is a rising trend, commensurate with the ubiquity of smartphone ownership in teens. Studies have shown that sexting is associated with incidences of increased sexual behavior. US state laws on sexting vary widely, from decriminalization to misdemeanor charges or prosecution for child pornography with harsh sentences. Teen behavior and digital invention have outpaced the development of new laws, and this has the potential to have dire legal ramifications for teens. Separating consensual sexting from nonconsensual sexting and actual child pornography is a critical next step for law enforcement agencies and policy makers to catch up to technology. In this article, we argue that consensual teen-to-teen sexting does not warrant law enforcement involvement but rather is a health and education issue that is better addressed at home, in schools, and in primary care.

Ethics, genetics and public policies in Uruguay: newborn and infant screening as a paradigm.

Uruguay is a middle-income country and the smallest in South America. Its population is under 3.3 million. The demographic and epidemiological characteristics are similar to those of developed countries, with a high burden associated with congenital anomalies. Infant mortality rate (IMR) decreased from 37/1000 live births, in 1980, to 8.8/1000, in 2013. This is largely explained by medical and social policies. IMR related to congenital anomalies, however, remained unchanged for the last 30years. Therefore, programmes for prevention of congenital disorders were developed, such as the National Newborn Screening Programme. Mandatory, universal, free infant screening was implemented two decades ago. The Ministry of Public Health created the Comprehensive Plan on Birth Defects and Rare Diseases (PIDCER), to develop a strategic public policy tool enabling comprehensive, universal, quality care during their entire lifetime. Recent national legislation created provisions for newborn and infant screening, including for congenital hypothyroidism, phenylketonuria, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, cystic fibrosis and medium-chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase, via blood spot test, otoacoustic emissions, systematic physical examination and hip ultrasound. We discuss how this programme was implemented, the current situation of rare diseases, the institution managing disability in Uruguay and the development of new laws based on the MPH's PIDCER. It illustrates how Uruguay is developing public policies in the genomic era, based both on science and bioethics.

Ad sanctitatem mortuorum: tomb raiders, body snatchers and relic hunters in late antiquity

In late antiquity there emerged new laws that sought to protect the dead through the prevention and punishment of crimes that contravened the sanctity of the body and its resting place, including the profanation of cadavers, tomb violation, and grave‐robbery. On a more personal level, individuals used epitaphs to convey their wishes to be left undisturbed after burial, and family and kin members began searching for new ways to commemorate the memory of loved ones that did not put their mortal remains at risk. At the same time, the increasing popularity of the cult of saints and martyrs put greater emphasis on the importance of relics as objects of veneration, which in turn led to elaborate strategies of acquisition, including the exhumation, transporting and dismembering of the dead. All of these developments were inspired in some degree by a growing awareness of the body as a symbol of God's eternal love for mankind. Yet paradoxically, literary and archaeological evidence confirms that grave‐robbing was a relatively widespread phenomenon during this time. The question for historians, therefore, is one of legitimacy: in what instances was the violation of tombs considered acceptable or legitimate, and by whom? In answering this, we can learn a great deal about the cultural and religious factors that underpinned the development of new laws and customs concerning the treatment of the dead.

Environmental Pollution and Human Health: Estimation and Action, From Local to Global and Back

Environmental Pollution and Human Health: Estimation and Action, From Local to Global and Back

Detention Operations in Contemporary Conflicts: Four Challenges for The Geneva Conventions and Other Existing Law

Since the 9/11 attacks, States have been scrambling to find answers to difficult questions surrounding the detention of members of non-State groups. Four legal questions in particular have proven vexing to States: (1) who is subject to detention; (2) what process must the State provide to those detained; (3) when does the right of the State to detain terminate; and (4) what legal obligations do States have in connection with repatriating detainees at the end of the conflict? Nearly nine years since 9/11 two factors have prevented development of the law on these questions. First, some States, international organizations, and NGOs continue to insist that existing law adequately answers these questions. Second, where there is agreement that new law is needed, disagreement about how to develop the law has limited progress. This Article, by two former State Department lawyers, crystallizes the existing state of law to create the foundation for development of new law on these important questions. The first objective is to demonstrate that existing law inadequately answers the questions posed. The Article begins by demonstrating why the law of non-international armed conflict, the generally applicable legal regime for armed conflicts between States and non-State groups, does not provide clear answers to these questions. The Article then explains why other legal regimes — international humanitarian law for international armed conflict, municipal law and international human rights law — also fail to provide adequate answers at present. The Article’s second objective is to identify areas of convergence on these four questions that may form the basis for future legal development. The resistance of many to admitting further legal development is necessary is the legitimate fear that States will abuse legal uncertainty to engage in policies inconsistent with the spirit of international law. Immediate work on development of new law may ameliorate these fears. While a new treaty regime may be the ideal vehicle for development of new law, the Article recognizes that agreement on a new treaty is unlikely, and proposes an agreement on common principles by like-minded States as an interim step.

Prevention through design: The effect of European Directives on construction workplace accidents

Workplace accidents still occur with distressing frequency, particularly in construction. Industrialized countries have become increasingly aware of this situation and have adopted policies to attempt to deal with this issue. Such policies have led to the development of new laws and regulations with a view to improving workplace conditions. This paper first analyzes policies regarding accident prevention in the European Union, as initially stipulated in the European Framework Directive 89/391/EEC, and more specifically in Directive 92/57/EEC, on the implementation of minimum safety and health requirements at temporary or mobile construction sites, concentrating on prevention through design. Whilst designers previously had some responsibilities for reducing risk under common law provisions in many countries, this directive was the first explicit legislation to enforce particular duties upon them. The adaptation of the provisions in this directive to the national legislation of EU member countries is also studied. The second section of the paper analyzes the incidence rate of workplace accidents in the construction sector in each country from the year when these regulations came into force until the present time. Based on the evolution of these accident rates, the paper postulates the extent to which European policies have contributed to accident prevention in construction. It is now more than a decade since this legislation has been in force which provides a suitable period for a reflective analysis on it is impact.

Social and economic control of alcohol: the 21st Amendment in the 21st century

As a toast to success, a drowning of sorrows, a rite of passage, and the fuel for most social activities, alcohol plays a central role in our culture. Alcohol generates nearly $160 billion in US revenues annually and is a major source of tax revenue, making the stakes in the modern debate over its use, misuse, and regulation staggeringly high. Factor in the costs of alcohol-related illness and addiction, alcohol-related deaths, evolving social mores, legal precedents, and increasingly aggressive advertising and marketing and an already controversial subject becomes a heated, vigorous, and complicated battle. Synthesizing the divergent, interdisciplinary perspectives on alcohol sales, regulation, and consumption into a cohesive whole, Social and Economic Control of Alcohol: The 21st Amendment in the 21st Century draws on the expertise of key academic and legal figures to become the seminal volume in this burgeoning field of inquiry. Amidst a rapidly changing milieu of regulations, cultures, and emotions, it objectively re-examines issues surrounding the regulation and sale of alcohol with unparalleled breadth, depth, and unbiased focus. The book examines the foundation and basis for our current regulatory policy and how that foundation has shifted dramatically with changes in the law, marketing, consumer influence, and the impact of alcohol on society. With strong and relevant comparisons to historical studies and evaluations of past legislation, this book presents a critical analysis and definition of concepts and applications regarding alcohol control. Double-blind, peer-reviewed contributions outline specific concerns related to the development of new laws and policies, and consider how those policies may affect individuals, organizations, law, and society in general. Highlighting current findings and trends, this volume allows for a better understanding of the potential correlation and causal relationship between regulation, sales, and consumption patterns.

Law and science drive technology in the war against bioterrorism

The US approach to defense against bioterrorism is necessarily constrained by existing legal frameworks. Biodefense research also responds to the development of new laws designed to address bioterrorism threats, but for the most part, technology is not driving the development of new law. While the biotechnology revolution has resulted in a wide range of biodefense applications, these can be used only within existing constitutional restraints and statutory frameworks. These rules, including safety precautions, privacy concerns, and compensatory systems, will continue to shape technologies to fit within those constraints. Several examples demonstrate that technology cannot be used in ways that threaten the legal foundations of our society. Thus technology is now being challenged to come up with more rule-sensitive approaches. In other areas, such as research priorities, progress toward an effective biodefense would be better served by prioritizing research according to scientifically based organizing principles. In order to reach the next level of effectiveness in biodefense, we must understand the complex interrelations of biotechnology and law.

Agreements to Waive or to Arbitrate Legal Claims: An Economic Analysis

As arbitration agreements have grown in use, they have become controversial, with many critics describing them as a disguised form of waiver. This paper presents an economic analysis of waiver and arbitration agreements and applies this analysis to the evolving arbitration case law in the Supreme Court and elsewhere. The paper examines the conditions under which parties have an incentive to enter into these types of agreement, and their welfare implications. It shows that, if parties are well informed, they will enter into waiver agreements when and only when litigation is socially undesirable, in the sense that the deterrence benefits provided by the threat of litigation fall short of litigation costs. Under similar conditions, they will enter into arbitration agreements when and only when the margin between deterrence benefits and dispute resolution costs is larger under the arbitral regime. These results suggest a presumption in favor of enforcing these agreements, especially where parties are informed. Exceptions to this presumption largely should be based on informational disparities. The theory developed in the paper is used to critically examine arguments against arbitration contracts, such as the claim that these agreements inhibit the development of new law, and to suggest a positive theory of the case law. Although the focus here is on waiver and arbitration agreements, the analysis has broader implications for the literature on the social desirability of litigation. The key implication is that the answer to socially undesirable litigation is not a wholesale reduction in the amount of litigation or the number of lawyers, but an expansion of markets in waiver and arbitration agreements.

Syostri (Sisters): the Moscow Sexual Assault Recovery Center.

The Moscow Sexual Assault Recovery Center, a composition of Russian and American women, convened in Moscow to discuss the creation of a Russian rape crisis center. Their objectives were: 1) to provide assistance, crisis intervention, and advocacy for rape survivors; 2) to educate the public about violence against women; and 3) to develop model programs for prevention and staff/volunteer training. After a 10-month evolutionary process, the center has developed as an institution with a board of directors, an office, a hotline, computers, office equipment, and a lending library. Moreover, the center is involved in a number of other projects, such as public outreach as an essential goal of the center. The center has also translated and distributed training literature. The organization is presently developing curricula for an education program in the schools; creating materials for model training programs for volunteers, counselors, police officers and medical personnel; and collecting information on women and rape in Russia. The Moscow Sexual Assault Recovery Center serves as an advocacy group calling for more effective enforcement of existing legislation as well as the drafting and development of new laws to protect the rights of victim.

Redistricting and the Courts

This article assesses the impact of three types of change factors—legal, political, and technological—on increases in litigation and judicial activism in the congressional and state legislative redistricting arena of the 1990s. Analyzing a data set composed of redistricting outcomes in the states, the author demonstrates that litigation challenging redistrictings is on the increase and that judicial activism has also grown. Judicial activism has occurred particularly where the courts have declared political impasses to exist and have imposed court-drawn plans. The author concludes by discussing new developments in law coming out of the recent redistricting litigation.

Child abuse and neglect in Japan: Coin-operated-locker babies

The coin-operated-locker baby is a type of child abuse that may be unique to Japan. The term refers to newborns who are placed, while alive or dead, in coin-operated lockers. This practice has been decreased by specific measures. It is likely that social and economic variables in Japan account for differences in the frequency and types of child abuse cases when compared to American or European societies as social conditions in Japan change the reported incidence of child abuse may increase in the future. Recently, the government of Osaka organized a group specifically designed to deal with the detection and protection of abused and neglected children. In 1993, they published a manual on how to deal with child abuse, but the Japanese judicial administration still uses old laws for abuse cases. The development of new laws is occurring in parts of the country now. This paper introduces the present status of coping with child abuse and neglect in Japan.