Development Of Medical Instruments Research Articles

Analysis of the Medical Device Industry in German & US: Evidence from Medtronic and Siemens

With the increasing demand for medical care, the development and impact of the medical instrument industry receive widespread attention. This article analyzes the market, policies, and other relevant information of the medical instrument industry in the United States and Germany. In the 21st century, the United States has the world's largest medical device market and the most advanced medical device technology, and has a strict and efficient examination and approval agency led by the FDA. It is the country with the most development prospects and potential, and has given birth to several highly competitive and innovative medical device enterprises. Germany has a century-long history of producing high-quality medical devices, and is the third largest medical device market in the world, second only to the United States and Japan. Siemens is one of the few large medical device manufacturers in Germany, which plays an important role in promoting the development of medical device industry in Germany. Taking Medtronic and Siemens as examples, the development of medical instruments is of great significance for the development and stability of a country.

Role of animal experiment in acupuncture translational medicine

The basic biological research of acupuncture originates from clinical practice and serves clinical application. It is the fundamental idea of "acupuncture translational medicine". The animal experiment is indispensable in acupuncture translational medicine, which contributes to simplifying the complex factors affecting the clinical efficacy of acupuncture, observing the effect of the nociceptive stimuli and obtaining the invasive and off-body biomarkers. Focusing on animal experiment, the basic biological research can objectively reveal the structure and function of acupoints, obtain the parameters required by different stimulation methods and clarify the material basis which acupuncture works, so as to provide the references and evidences for acupoint combination and the selection of appropriate stimulation in clinical practice, as well as the development of medical instruments and new drugs.

Smart handheld device with flexible wrist and electrical bioimpedance sensor for tissue inspection.

With the evolving demands of surgical intervention, there is a strong need for smaller and functionally augmented instruments to improve surgical outcomes, operational convenience, and diagnostic safety. Owing to the narrow and complicated anatomy, the probe head of the medical instrument is required to possess both good maneuverability and compact size. In addition, the development of medical instrument is moving toward patient-specialized, of which the articulation positions can be customized to reach the target position. To fulfill these requirements, this study presents the design of a smart handheld device which equips with a low cost, easy control, disposable flexible wrist, and an electrical bioimpedance sensor for medical diagnosis. Prototype of the device is made and tested. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed device can provide accurate manipulation and effective tissue detection, showing a great potential in various medical applications.

Pilot study of minimum occlusive force of vascular clamps on arterial vessels in rats

Our aims were to determine the accuracy of an improved formula for determining the minimum occlusive force (MOF) of a vascular clamp on rats’ abdominal aortas, compare our findings with the calculated theoretical MOF, and provide reference data for clinical research and development of medical instruments that cause minimal damage. We created a vessel closure model and developed a formula for calculating the theoretical MOF of arterial vessels when they are occluded. This formula utilises the blood pressure in the blood vessel, its diameter, and the width of the vascular clamp. We then measured the actual MOF in 24 rat abdominal aortic segments with different diameters and different blood pressures and compared the theoretical and actual MOFs. Analysis of the experimental data showed a probability of 0.315, which means that, under the condition of normal distribution, the difference between the theoretical and actual MOF is not significant at the α = 0.05 level. Thus, the actual measured MOF tended to be consistent with the theoretical MOF calculated by the formula we developed. The improved formula will provide a reference for clinical research and development of medical instruments that cause minimal injury, thus contributing to the development of microsurgery.

Research on wireless sensor location technology for biologic signal measuring based on intelligent bionic algorithm

Biological signal measurement system based on wireless sensor network is a combination of traditional medical monitor and modern communication technology. It is of great significance for clinical application and the development of medical instruments, especially in family medical treatment. The application of intelligent bionic algorithm in wireless sensor network node location has become a hot topic in academic research. Traditional particle swarm optimization (PSO), as a common method to solve optimization problems, has great advantages in finding the optimal solution iteratively. However, the convergence speed of PSO cannot be adjusted dynamically according to the operation degree of the algorithm, therefore it is easy to go into the situation of finding the local optimal solution. To solve these above problems, this paper proposes a DV-Hop localization algorithm based on particle swarm bionic optimization, which improves the performance of traditional PSO algorithm from three aspects: population selection, inertia weight and learning factor. The simulation results show that, the algorithm can adjust the convergence speed dynamically, and jump out of the local optimal dilemma to the maximum extent, which improves the iterative accuracy of the algorithm for the biologic signal measuring system.

Trial for the development of medical instruments obtaining bio-information non-invasively and easily

Trial for the development of medical instruments obtaining bio-information non-invasively and easily

Development of medical instruments for transplantation of hiPSC-derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells sheet by tissue engineering

Development of medical instruments for transplantation of hiPSC-derived Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) cells sheet by tissue engineering

Basic Study on Photoelastic Stress Measurement for Surgery Simulator using Gel Materials

Catheterization procedure is a typical example of minimally invasive medical treatment. This has the advantage that the physical burden on the patient can be remarkably reduced as compared with the conventional medical treatment method involving craniotomy or hemorrhage etc. However, on the other hand, since visual and tactile restrictions are limited at the time of surgery, physicians are required to have expert skill and many experiences. To raise the success rate of surgery irrespective of the amount of surgical experience, we have conducted a simple model using a glass tube and a simulation operation using an experimental animal, but they have low bio-reproducibility and ethical problems was there. In recent years, due to the development of new materials and the appearance of 3D printers, shape reproducibility has improved. A more desirable function of the surgical simulator is to visualize the force applied to the vessel wall surface by the catheter. This is because there is a danger of attracting vascular occlusion etc. when a large force is applied to the wall surface of the blood vessel. Therefore, it is considered important to quantitatively evaluate the operational feeling for simulated surgery. Therefore, we aim to manufacture a vascular surgical simulator with high bio-reproducibility that enables real-time stress measurement. In this research, stress visualization method using photoelastic effect is applied to surgical simulator. By using the photoelastic effect, it becomes possible to check the stress state of the entire field of view, and it is possible to obtain a stress state when a medical instrument such as a coil or a stent is inserted. Therefore, it is useful not only for training but also for the development of medical instruments. Heretofore, examples using PDMS and polyurethane elastomer as a surgical simulator material have been reported, but the longitudinal modulus of elasticity is high and it is unsuitable for a blood vessel model. Therefore, we focused on PVA hydrogel as surgical simulator material. PVA (polyvinyl alcohol) hydrogel is a material that can be expected to reproduce vascular tissue because its physical properties can be easily changed by changing the compounding ratio and degree of polymerization of powdered PVA. By changing the compounding ratio of powdered PVA in the range of 4-15 wt.%, We realized PVA hydrogel's longitudinal elastic modulus of 60-450 kPa. Since the longitudinal elastic modulus of human vascular tissue is 20-3000 kPa, PVA hydrogel is useful for reproducing soft vascular tissue. Further, the average photoelastic coefficient of PVA hydrogel is 2.30 × 10-9 Pa-1, which has a photoelastic coefficient greater than that of polyurethane elastomer which is a photoelastic material useful for photoelastic stress measurement. (photoelastic coefficient of polyurethane elastomer is 1.45 × 10-9 Pa-1.) Therefore, it was confirmed that it is a useful material for stress measurement using photoelastic effect. In this study, a simple blood vessel model was prepared using PVA hydrogel and simulated surgery using a catheter was performed. In addition, a photoelastic observation system was constructed for stress measurement, and a method for correcting the influence due to the presence of incident light, ambient light, and initial stress was examined. As a result, we successfully extracted and visualized the stress applied to the simple blood vessel model.

Pediatric oncologic endosurgery.

Despite increasing popularity of minimal-invasive techniques in the pediatric population, their use in diagnosis and management of pediatric malignancy is still debated. Moreover, there is limited evidence to clarify this controversy due to low incidence of each individual type of pediatric tumor, huge diversity of the disease entity, heterogeneity of surgical technique, and lack of well-designed studies on pediatric oncologic minimal-invasive surgery. However, a rapid development of medical instruments and technologies accelerated the current trend toward less invasive surgery, including oncologic endosurgery. The aim of this article is to review current literatures about the application of the minimal-invasive approach for pediatric tumors and to give an overview of the current status, indications, individual techniques, and future perspectives.

MIMO regulation control design for magnetic steering of a ferromagnetic particle inside a fluidic environment

As an important development of medical instrumentation, minimally invasive therapeutic operations have been recently introduced. The foremost element of minimally invasive techniques is navigating a micro-device through human body, especially inside blood vessels. A remote actuation over the micro-device is normally provided by electromagnetic actuators. In most applications, a control scheme is also required to initiate the actuation force, the magnetic propulsion, such that at every time step, the micro-device moves towards or along a given path.This paper contributes in development of the electromagnetic system model mostly used in magnetic navigation systems to be representable in control affine form. Next, a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) trajectory tracking controller is designed to conduct the auto-navigation of the device along a given path. This method is a generalised version of a ‘semi-global nonlinear output regulation’ introduced for single-input single-output (SISO) systems. Finally, the proposed scheme is examined for an iron particle moving in a fluidic environment. The simulation results show fast decay in deviation of the particle position from the reference path under some assumptions. This shows that the proposed scheme can be offered for medical applications.

Case study on the orientation of phaco hand pieces during steam sterilization processes

Steam sterilization is an essential part of infection prevention. The literature shows that sterilization of medical instruments containing channels is not trivial. Phaco hand pieces have a simple configuration: a device contains a channel with a constant radius. No literature was found indicating whether the sterilization conditions on the inner surface of a phaco hand piece are influenced by the orientation of the hand piece. To determine whether the orientation of a phaco hand piece influences the results of a sterilization process of this device. A qualitative case study, including experiments, is performed with a protocolled combination of steam sterilizer, process, phaco hand piece, orientation of the phaco hand piece, and wrapping. In this specific case, the orientation of the hand piece influenced the result of the steam sterilization process; in vertically (upright) oriented phaco hand pieces with free water drainage, sterilization conditions are reproducibly established. In the same process, in horizontally oriented or vertically oriented hand pieces without free drainage, these conditions are not established in a reproducible way. In the investigated combination of sterilizer, process, load, loading pattern and wrapping, phaco hand pieces have to be oriented vertically (upright) with free water drainage to obtain steam sterilization conditions on the inner surface. It is likely that instruments with comparable configuration and dimensions will yield comparable results. It is therefore recommended that this issue is considered during the development of medical instruments and during performance qualifications of such instruments.

Optimal Configuration for Electromagnets and Coils in Magnetic Actuators

Recently, the development of medical instrumentation has advanced less invasive therapeutic operations. Micro device navigation through the human body, especially blood vessels, is an important part of minimally invasive techniques. Remote actuation is critical in order to manipulate the micro object inside the body. To achieve remote control within the cardiovascular system, magnetic propulsion offers an advantage over conventional actuation methods eliminating carry-on power supplies. A general magnetic propulsion system is composed of several electromagnets assembled with different orientations and positions. For remote actuation, the magnetic field produced plays an important role in initiating appropriate induction on micro devices. The effect of the electromagnets' arrangement is studied in this paper. Moreover, an optimization criterion is introduced here by which the performance of two effective but different structures is compared. Finally, the optimum structure, which improves actuator efficiency in micro scale applications, is discussed.

Fluorescence Diagnosis Using Enzyme-Related Metabolic Abnormalities of Neoplasia

Early cancer diagnosis is of the most crucial factors determining proper patient management and long-term survival. Thus, there is considerable interest in developing more reliable methods for cancer diagnosis. Fluorescence diagnosis using metabolic alterations of neoplasia has emerged as a powerful new biomedical tool. It is characterized by superior sensitivity and selectivity over other methods, and it offers the possibility to obtain molecular information required to determine the state of the disease. Furthermore, important advancements have been made in generating deeper three-dimensional images in vivo by exploiting tissue transparency in the near-infrared region and fluorescence-mediated tomography, which might render fluorescence diagnosis less invasive. From basic principles in optics and molecular biology to the development of medical instrumentation and the launching of clinical trials, we have comprehensively compiled the basic information required to clearly understand fundamental aspects of fluorescence-based diagnosis.

A112鼻腔式CPAPモデル内流れの可視化

In the design and development of medical instrument, safety, functionality, derating to the patient, etc. are problems of the prime. In order to realize them, the engineering viewpoint is important factor. The problem concerning the fluid dynamics is often included in it, and improvement based on the detailed analysis has been required. Nasal continuous positive airway pressure equipment (Nasal CPAP) for newborn infant with respiration disorder using the principle of fluidics is one of the typical devices concerning the fluid dynamics. Nasal CPAP has been improved in order to reduce the burden to the newborn infant. However, the optimization of the shape does not advance for the improvement on the operating condition, and it limits the movement of the newborn infant in the mounting. With the aim of the miniaturization of the equipment a simple model of it using at present is made, and by the examining characteristics by the visualization of internal flow, the directivity of future improvement is examined.

診療機器の進歩に思うこと

診療機器の進歩に思うこと

Development of Medical Instrument and Patient

Development of Medical Instrument and Patient

Trends of development of medical instruments and apparatuses (as reflected in the exhibits at the international “Health Care — 90” exhibition)

Trends of development of medical instruments and apparatuses (as reflected in the exhibits at the international “Health Care — 90” exhibition)

Some trends in the development of medical instrumentation

Some trends in the development of medical instrumentation

Mental Attitude for Research and Development of Medical Instruments

Mental Attitude for Research and Development of Medical Instruments

The Development of Medical Instruments and the Application to The Study of Flat Crucian Carp

The Development of Medical Instruments and the Application to The Study of Flat Crucian Carp