I) Based on a paper read to the British Section of the International Association for the History of Religions in London, Sept I8th. 1968. 2) See for example M. Black, The Development of Judaism in the Greek and Roman Periods, in the new Peake's Commentary on the Bible, Ed. M. Black and H. H. Rowley, London, 1962, p. 696; J. Bright, A History of Israel, London, 1960, p. 444; W. D. Davies, Contemporary Jewish Religion, New Peake p. 705; W. Eichrodt, Theology of the Old Testament, London, 1961 and 1967, vol. I, p. 487, II, pp. 2o8f.; S. B. Frost, Old Testament Apocalyptic, London, 1952 pp. 19f., 73 ff.; R. N. Frye, The Heritage of Persia, London, 1962, p. 128; R. H. Fuller, The Foundations of New Testament Christology, London, 1965, p. 34; T. H. Gaster articles on 'Satan' and 'Gehenna' in the Interpreter's Dictionary of the Bible, New York, 1962; E. O. James, Comparative Religion, Oxford, 1961, p. 218; H. Ringgren, Israelite Religion, E.T. by D. Green, London, 1966, pp. 315, 323, 336; H. H. Rowley, The Relevance of Apocalyptic, London, 1963, pp. 43, 73; D. S. Russell, The Method and Message of Jewish Apocalyptic, London, 1964, pp. 235, 258-262 reservations are expressed on pp. 385-7. 3) Parallels between the Messiah and S6Syant were noted by L. H. Mills, Zaraoultra, Philo, the Achaemenids and Israel, Chicago, 1906, p. 437; R. Otto, The Kingdom of God and the Son of Man, London, 1938, p. 251 and Von Gall argued that the post exilic Messiah was influenced by the S6Syant imagery, paoLLAe'lo i OEoi, Heidelberg, 1926, pp. 251 ff. On the other hand N. S6derblom argued that the two figures developed independently, La Vie Future d'apris le Mazdeisme, Paris, 191l, pp. 305-308. J. Duchesne-Guillemin, likewise, believes that the parallels between the two figures are vague and general, La Religion de l'Iran Ancien, Paris, 1962, p. 261. W. Staerk contends that the two are very different, since in Zoroastrianism the saviours are not related to the mythical figure of the Primordial Man and the Primordial King. Zoroaster and the other helpers, according to Staerk, are not returning figures of the primordial time;