Development Of International Standards Research Articles

Dysphagia in neurological disorders

Neurogenic dysphagia is a disorder with impaired swallowing, which is caused by various disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuromuscular transmission, or muscles. Dysphagia is one of the most common and at the same time the most dangerous symptoms of many neurological disorders. Patients with dysphagia often have severe disability, a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia, and significantly increased mortality rate. Despite the availability of many diagnostic screening methods, clinical scales, questionnaires, and instrumental diagnostic methods, the issue of neurogenic dysphagia is underestimated, especially in the early stages. As a result, patients do not receive timely treatment and prevention of dysphagia and associated complications. Validation of available diagnostic scales, development of international protocols and standards for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dysphagia and associated complications are important to establish a unified and evidence-based approach for patients with dysphagia.

Dysphagia in neurological disorders

Neurogenic dysphagia is a disorder with impaired swallowing, which is caused by various disorders of the central and peripheral nervous systems, neuromuscular transmission, or muscles. Dysphagia is one of the most common and at the same time the most dangerous symptoms of many neurological disorders. Patients with dysphagia often have severe disability, a higher risk of aspiration pneumonia, and significantly increased mortality rate. Despite the availability of many diagnostic screening methods, clinical scales, questionnaires, and instrumental diagnostic methods, the issue of neurogenic dysphagia is underestimated, especially in the early stages. As a result, patients do not receive timely treatment and prevention of dysphagia and associated complications. Validation of available diagnostic scales, development of international protocols and standards for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of dysphagia and associated complications are important to establish a unified and evidence-based approach for patients with dysphagia.

Enhancing consumer protection in cryptocurrency transactions: Legal strategies and policy recommendations

Enhancing consumer protection in cryptocurrency transactions presents a critical challenge due to the decentralized and often opaque nature of the cryptocurrency market. This abstract explores the legal frameworks and mechanisms aimed at safeguarding consumers engaging in cryptocurrency transactions, focusing on key issues, challenges, and recommendations for improvement. Consumer protection in cryptocurrency transactions is a pressing concern due to the prevalence of fraud, hacking, and market manipulation. The lack of regulatory oversight and the pseudonymous nature of transactions make it challenging for consumers to seek recourse in cases of fraud or misconduct. To address these challenges, legal frameworks have been developed at both national and international levels. At the national level, some countries have implemented consumer protection laws that apply to cryptocurrency transactions, such as requiring exchanges to comply with anti-money laundering (AML) and know-your-customer (KYC) regulations. However, the effectiveness of these laws is limited by the global nature of the cryptocurrency market and the difficulty in enforcing regulations across borders. Internationally, organizations like the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) have issued guidelines to combat money laundering and terrorist financing in the cryptocurrency sector. These guidelines recommend that countries implement AML and KYC measures for cryptocurrency exchanges and wallet providers. While these recommendations are a step in the right direction, implementation remains a challenge, particularly in countries with limited regulatory capacity or political will. To enhance consumer protection in cryptocurrency transactions, several recommendations can be considered. These include increased collaboration between regulators and industry stakeholders, the development of international standards for consumer protection in cryptocurrencies, and the establishment of a regulatory framework that balances innovation with investor protection. Additionally, consumer education and awareness campaigns can help individuals make informed decisions when engaging in cryptocurrency transactions. In conclusion, enhancing consumer protection in cryptocurrency transactions requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses regulatory gaps, promotes international cooperation, and empowers consumers through education and awareness. By implementing these recommendations, policymakers and industry stakeholders can work together to create a safer and more transparent cryptocurrency market.

SARS-CoV-2 Neutralization Assays Used in Clinical Trials: A Narrative Review.

Since the emergence of COVID-19, extensive research efforts have been undertaken to accelerate the development of multiple types of vaccines to combat the pandemic. These include inactivated, recombinant subunit, viral vector, and nucleic acid vaccines. In the development of these diverse vaccines, appropriate methods to assess vaccine immunogenicity are essential in both preclinical and clinical studies. Among the biomarkers used in vaccine evaluation, the neutralizing antibody level serves as a pivotal indicator for assessing vaccine efficacy. Neutralizing antibody detection methods can mainly be classified into three types: the conventional virus neutralization test, pseudovirus neutralization test, and surrogate virus neutralization test. Importantly, standardization of these assays is critical for their application to yield results that are comparable across different laboratories. The development and use of international or regional standards would facilitate assay standardization and facilitate comparisons of the immune responses induced by different vaccines. In this comprehensive review, we discuss the principles, advantages, limitations, and application of different SARS-CoV-2 neutralization assays in vaccine clinical trials. This will provide guidance for the development and evaluation of COVID-19 vaccines.

The right to health care in the system of social human rights

In the current academic literature, the right to health is considered in the context of a wide range of disciplines, including medical law, international law and social sciences. An important step in the formation of the legal framework for the right to health was the adoption of the WHO Constitution in 1946, which proclaimed that «the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is a fundamental right of every human being». This declaration became the basis for the further development of international health standards, including the 1966 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, which in Article 12 recognises the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health.
 Research and scholarship on the right to health covers various aspects of this issue, including analyses of national health systems, examination of international standards and their impact on national legislation, and development of recommendations to ensure equal access to health services. Despite the significant achievements in the development of international norms and standards, there are challenges related to their implementation at the national level, including the need to adapt national legislative and institutional frameworks to international obligations.
 Ukraine, like many other countries, is striving to meet international standards in the field of the right to health, while facing a number of challenges that require a comprehensive approach to reforming the national healthcare system. Scientific research plays an important role in this process, helping to identify gaps in legislation and practice, as well as to develop sound recommendations for their elimination.
 Given these aspects, this article aims not only to analyse the theoretical foundations of the right to healthcare, but also to highlight the practical steps and challenges that Ukraine faces on the way to its full implementation.

Modern problems of determining net realizable value in RAS and IFRS and ways to solve them

Thanks to the Federal Accounting Standard (FAS) 5/2019, net realizable value was introduced into Russian accounting for inventories. A similar value is also used in IAS 2. Despite the relatively long period of use of the specified value, its estimation still raises a number of questions when accounting and reporting according to both Russian and International Standards (hereinafter referred to as RAS and IFRS). These problems and ways to solve them are analyzed in this article. When carrying out research, methods such as analysis and synthesis, grouping method, comparison, analogy method, logical approach, systematic approach were used. As a result of the research carried out in this work, the main modern problems associated with determining the net realizable value in Russian and international accounting have been identified and proposals for their solution have been substantiated. The results obtained in this article will be useful to a wide range of readers interested in current issues relating to the regulations of RAS and IFRS, including the calculation of the net realizable value of inventories, can be used in the educational process of higher educational institutions, in the practical work of accounting departments of modern organizations, as well as in development and improvement of relevant domestic and international accounting standards.

Bibliometric analysis of global research on human organoids

The emergence and rapid development of human organoids have provided the possibility to replace animal models in treating human diseases. Intelligence studies help focus on research hotspots and address key mechanistic issues. Currently, few comprehensive studies describe the characteristics of human organoid research. In this study, we extracted 8,591 original articles on organoids from the Web of Science core collection database over the past two decades and conducted intelligence analysis using CiteSpace. The number of publications in this field has experienced rapid growth in the last ten years (almost 70-fold increase since 2009). The United States, China, Germany, Netherlands, and UK have strong collaborations in publishing articles. Clevers Hans, Van Der Laan, Jason R Spence, and Sato Toshiro have made significant contributions to advancing progress in this field. Clustering and burst analysis categorized research hotspots into tissue model and functional construction, intercellular signaling, immune mechanisms, and tumor metastasis. Organoid research in highly cited articles covers four major areas: basic research (38%), involving stem cell developmental processes and cell-cell interactions; biobanking (10%), with a focus on organoid cultivation; precision medicine (16%), emphasizing cell therapy and drug development; and disease modeling (36%), including pathogen analysis and screening for disease-related genetic variations. The main obstacles currently faced in organoid research include cost and technology, vascularization of cells, immune system establishment, international standard protocols, and limited availability of high-quality clinical trial data. Future research will focus on cost-saving measures, technology sharing, development of international standards, and conducting high-level clinical trials.

Assessment of the synthetic inertial response of an actual solar PV power plant

As the large-scale integration of renewable energy grows, inertia in power systems is reduced, which causes the rate of change of frequency to increase and worsens the frequency nadir during disturbances. There is, therefore, an urgent need to accelerate the development of international standards and regulations that require solar PV systems and other renewable installations to also contribute to stability in the network by emulating inertia. Spain is a pioneer in this field: it is currently the only country that includes the synthetic inertia technical requirement in its grid code. In this context, the present paper analyzes the synthetic inertial response of a PV system model that forms part of an actual PV power plant in Spain under two scenarios, according to its grid code: i) when measurements are conducted at the power conversion PV system level and hence only its control algorithms are executed; and ii) when measurements are conducted at the power plant level and the power plant controller also influences the response of the entire installation. Among its aims, this paper seeks to thoroughly assess the response of an actual PV power conversion system that has the capability of actively contributing to frequency regulation in a network and to critically analyze the suitability of having a power plant controller when the PV facility contributes to power-frequency control by means of an inertial response. The results reveal, at the power conversion PV system level, that the inertia emulation module significantly reduces the response times of the installation to changes in frequency -by more than 68% in the worst case under frequency increases, and by 73% under frequency decreases, thus contributing to more rapid power-frequency regulation in the network. However, at the power plant level, the power plant controller disturbs the PV power conversion system’s behavior and causes the opposite effect: response times increase -up to more than 7% in the most unfavorable case when the inertia module is enabled.

Current Areas of International Labor Organization Activity for the Progressive Development of International Labor Law

Introduction. The article presents an analysis of the current activities of the International Labor Organization (hereinafter reffered to as the ILO) on the unification of existing and the development of the latest international labor standards for two categories of workers. In particular, we would like to draw attention to the lack of international legal labor standards for professional athletes and the necessary norms to protect their labor rights. In international law, there are a number of universal and regional international legal acts dedicated to professional sports, for example, the International Convention against Apartheid in Sports of 1985, the International Convention against Doping in Sports of 2005, the Council of Europe Convention against Doping of 1989. However, there are no issues of regulating the work of athletes and protecting their labor rights in international legal acts.Another issue that requires the closest attention from the ILO in terms of the progressive development of international labor law is the regulation of remote (remote) work. The article examines various forms of remote work, and also presents a comparative legal analysis of the status of a homeworker and a remote (remote) worker in accordance with ILO documents. Materials and methods. The methodological basis of the study was the following general scientific and special methods of cognition of legal phenomena and processes: the method of system-structural analysis; formal-logical method.Research results. As a result of the research, the authors found that there is a need to develop an ILO Convention, as well as an appropriate Recommendation that would consolidate the minimum labor rights of athletes with their subsequent extension in employment contracts of a private legal nature. Regarding the legal regulation of remote work, the authors also propose to allocate remote workers into a separate category of workers on a par with homeworkers and domestic workers.Discussion and conclusion. In modern professional sports, workers of various nationalities are represented, consequently, the ILO needs to progressively develop new international standards for the labor rights of athletes at a universal level, in particular, it is proposed to adopt a Convention on the peculiarities of work in professional sports. Since a homeworker and a remote worker are essentially not identical concepts, therefore, the ILO Convention No. 177 on Home Work of 1996 cannot be extended to regulate the work of remote workers, therefore it seems appropriate to develop an appropriate Convention.

THE ESSENCE OF DOUBLE TAXATION IN TRANSFER PRICING

The article is devoted to the study of the essence and nature of double taxation in the conditions of transfer pricing. The crux of the problem is that profits from transfer transactions may be subject to taxation in both countries where the related parties are located. This can create complications and misunderstandings between countries, as well as cause conflicts between businesses and tax authorities. The main goal of solving the problem of double taxation in transfer pricing is to create a stable and transparent system that satisfies the interests of all parties. International standards and dispute resolution mechanisms play a key role in achieving this goal, ensuring a fair and clear playing field for all participants. In the further development of transfer pricing and the fight against double taxation, it is important to continue the development and implementation of effective international standards, as well as to strengthen cooperation between countries and enterprises. Only in conditions of mutual understanding and cooperation will it be possible to ensure an effective and fair transfer pricing system that considers the interests of all parties.

Harmonizing international quality standards for Andrographis paniculata: A comparative analysis of content determination methods across pharmacopeias

The quality standards for Andrographis paniculata, a widely used medicinal herb, exhibited significant variations across different pharmacopeias. In this study, we compared the HPLC content determination methods and total lactone content of A. paniculata samples from different regions, as specified in the Chinese (CP), United States (USP), European (EP), Thai (TP), and Indian pharmacopeias (IP), as well as the Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica Standards (HK). We aimed to assess the differences and similarities among these pharmacopeias and harmonized international quality standards for A. paniculata. The analysis revealed variations in sample preparation, liquid chromatographic conditions, fingerprint profiles, and total lactone content among the different pharmacopeias. Specifically, the CP and HK methods exhibited superior sample preparation and chromatographic separation. Further comparing the content of 20 A. paniculata samples with the CP, USP, EP and HK methods showed consistent determinations for the same components, indicating similar detection capabilities. The discrepancies in total lactone content primarily stemmed from differences in the number and types of detected compounds. Moreover, the acceptance criteria exhibited a stringency in the order CP > HK > EP > USP. In conclusion, this comparison analysis of content determination in CP, USP, HK, EP, TP and IP provided a scientific foundation for the international standardization and trade regulations of A. paniculata. It also served as a valuable reference for the development of international quality standards for other medicinal herbs, facilitating the harmonization of global pharmaceutical standards.

Development of international legal standards in the field of economic and social human rights: Historical and legal analysis in the context of scientific discussion in the journal “Human Rights Quarterly”

The relevance of the study is conditioned by the lack of scientific consensus on the legal content and possible ways to implement social and economic human rights and the intensification of discussions around them in scientific and public discourse. The purpose of the study is a historical and legal analysis of the process of development of international legal standards in the field of economic and social human rights, options for their rationing in the text of international treaties that were developed based on the results of discussions in the late 1940s-early 1950s. The study involved archival materials of meetings of the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights, which was based on the use of a set of methods of qualitative and quantitative analysis, synthesis, and a comparative legal method. The conducted research gave grounds to come to several reasoned conclusions. On the one hand, the analysis of individual papers and fairly broad scientific discussions helped to identify several main conceptual approaches to understanding the processes of developing and consolidating the most important legal norms that are aimed at regulating the sphere of economic and social human rights at the international level. On the other hand, based on a study of the protocols of meetings of both the Third Committee of the UN General Assembly and the Commission on Human Rights, it was established that the process of developing and adopting framework international covenants, which aimed to consolidate fundamental, legally binding norms of law, went through different stages and covered different conceptual approaches of participants in this process. Given the analysis of modern studies on the subject matter, the prerequisites and components of the process of development of international legal standards in the field of economic and social human rights which regulate it to this day were identified. The findings are of value primarily for other scientific developments devoted to the field of human rights, but they can also be applied in the process of law-making in accordance with the field of law

Cohort profile: Data standards for cardiac rehabilitation structure and processes for the SWEDEHEART cardiac rehabilitation (SWEDEHEART-CR) registry.

Data standards for quality registries should be evidence-based and follow guideline recommendations. To optimally monitor quality of care, not only patient-level variables, but also centre-level variables need to be included. Here we describe the development of variables to audit the structure and processes in cardiac rehabilitation for patients after myocardial infarction, and the resulting data standards to be implemented in the Swedish quality registry for cardiac disease, SWEDEHEART. The methodology used for the development of international clinical data standards for the European Unified Registries for Heart Care Evaluation and Randomised Trials (EuroHeart) was followed. Based on national guidelines for secondary prevention, candidate variables were prepared, after which a multiprofessional expert group on cardiac rehabilitation selected key variables and assured face validity. An external reference group had the role of peer reviewing, ascertaining content validity and test-retest reliability. The process has resulted in 30 data standards to be introduced into the SWEDEHEART cardiac rehabilitation registry and administered on centre-level biannually. The data standards include measures of human resources, centre requirements and process-based metrics. Including registry variables which audit centre-level structure and processes is essential to improve benchmarking and standardize monitoring of quality of care, covering both services provided and patient outcomes.

A personalized regression model for predicting thermal sensation based on local skin temperature in moderate summer conditions

Personalized thermal sensation models play a crucial role in ensuring occupant's thermal comfort satisfaction and improving building energy efficiency. However, an adaptive and accurate personalized model that can be easily implemented in real life is still challenging. This paper investigates the influencing factors of thermal sensation vote (TSV) and proposes a personalized regression model that only uses a single local skin temperature as the key indicator. A survey is conducted with forty subjects aging from 20 to 59 years old. The relationship among ambient temperature, skin temperatures, and subjective TSV is analyzed. The forehead temperature is recommended as the key indicator for prediction because it exhibits a strong correlation with ambient temperature and TSV, and it is easy to capture. Furthermore, the impact of individual characteristics on TSV is investigated. The proposed model effectively captures and compensates for individual differences by incorporating subjects' set point skin temperature and body fat percentage (BF%). The proposed model can be readily applied in real-life scenarios due to its minimal requirement for occupant’s feedback and its higher accuracy compared to other models. Specifically, it exhibits a significantly lower Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of 15.8 %, 9.4 %, and 65.2 % compared to the Support Vector Regression (SVR) model Zhang's model and Zhou's model. Moreover, the proposed model showcases the lowest mean absolute error among the compared models. This approach of developing a personalized regression model based on local body temperature holds promise for future international ergonomic standard development.

The Cruel Optimism of International Prison Regulation: Prison Ontologies and Carceral Harms

This article examines the development of international human rights standards and oversight mechanisms directed at addressing the negative effects of imprisonment. We identify this as the rules-based prison-regulation project, widely endorsed by international organizations and legal scholars. However, with a focus on the United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners, we argue that this project has inherent limitations, as it is based on (a) a reductive understanding of carceral harms and (b) a rule-centric ontology of prisons. By challenging these foundations, we explore whether the project exemplifies “cruel optimism” (Berlant, 2011), where the pursuit of improved prison regulation could inadvertently hinder societal flourishing. We argue that the continuous search for new and better prison standards may perpetuate rather than alleviate the problems associated with imprisonment unless accompanied by explicit strategies for countering prison growth and dramatically reducing prisoner numbers, for building the democratic power of prisoners and communities targeted by imprisonment, and continual linkages between prison conditions and the wider political-economic institution of imprisonment. We conclude that engaging with prisons as sites of relational power in practice must underlie any quest to reduce the harms of imprisonment.

Analysis and Research on the Differences in Observed Data of Sand–Dust Weather between China and Mongolia

The difference in meteorological factors (such as weather phenomena, wind speed, and visibility) of sand–dust weather between China and Mongolia from 2011 to 2021 was analyzed using meteorological observational data and international exchange of meteorological observation data. Additionally, consistency analysis was performed by integrating satellite retrieval products with meteorological observation data. The results showed that the average annual frequency of sand–dust weather in Mongolia was significantly higher than that in China. In China, the sand–dust weather was mainly characterized by floating dust or blowing dust, while in Mongolia, it was primarily characterized by blowing dust or a sand and dust storm. The average annual wind speed and visibility during sand–dust weather in Mongolia were relatively higher than those in China. Based on the dust grade standard of China, when the floating dust occurred in Mongolia, there were cases with wind speed > level 3 and visibility > 10 km; when the blowing dust or sand and dust storm occurred in Mongolia, there were cases with wind speed ≤ level 3 and visibility > 10 km. In China, the sand–dust weather mainly occurred in the spring, while the sand-dust weather occurred frequently throughout the year in Mongolia. The number of days with dust lasting for 2 days or more in Mongolia exceeded that of China, and Mongolia had a significant impact on the sand–dust weather in China. According to the ground observation data and satellite retrieve products during the dust events, all dust events that significantly affected China and Mongolia during the same period from 2021 to 2022 were classified into three categories; among them, the proportion of types of large-scale sand–dust weather phenomena observed by both satellite and ground observation stations was significantly higher (6 times). By integrating ground observation data and satellite retrieval products and following the dust grade standard of China, the consistent correction of sand–dust weather phenomena was carried out. This laid the foundation for the future development of international dust grade standards and provided technological support for improved dust forecasting services in the Asian region.

Research on the Protection of Rights for Defense Attorneys

In criminal proceedings, defense lawyers, as participants, play a crucial role in safeguarding the legal rights of criminal suspects. They not only serve as advocates for the rights of the accused but also influence the attainment of justice and the development of international legal standards. In the construction of a rule of law society, the value demonstrated by defense lawyers in criminal cases is becoming increasingly significant. This article, starting from the current state of the exercise of defense lawyers' professional rights, provides an in-depth analysis of the existing issues in the exercise of these rights. It further outlines the direction for optimizing the system, considering principles such as the balance between prosecution and defense and the protection of human rights.

Empirical Study on International Accounting Standards and Accounting Quality

This study explores the historical development of international accounting standards (IAS) and the initiatives of the prominent organizations involved in international standard setting. It also explains why countries differ in national standards, why the process of harmonization of standards among countries has been slow, and why countries should now converge their accounting standards. Many papers on IAS generally deal with the contents of the individual standards. This writer, however, believes that accountants, as social scientists, are also interested in tracing the development of social forms over time and comparing those developmental processes across cultures. Thus, this paper addresses the interest of accountants to learn how some contemporary events or institutions—like the IAS—came into being. In like manner, accountants are interested in finding out the varied reasons why the issue of coming up with a global set of accounting standards has taken a long while. Indeed, these are perspectives that substantially differ from those commonly presented in professional forum and scholarly exercises.

Вплив релігійних організацій на вирішення міжнародно-правових проблем в умовах глобалізації

The article reveals the mechanisms of influence of religious organizations on international relations and the dynamics of their influence on the solution of international legal problems in the conditions of globalization. In the conditions of globalization of world processes and growing tendencies towards interdependence in international relations, religion acts as an optimal mode of self-identification of individual countries, interstate associations and unions. Currently, we are observing the growth of the number of international religious organizations and foundations, religious parties and movements whose functioning and activities are of an international nature. Religious organizations develop and adopt their international agreements, which usually do not have a normative legal nature, but are taken into account by the world community and states during the development of new international legal standards on matters of religion. It was noted that the Christian influence affects the perspective of the evolutionary movement of the international legal system and ensuring its stability. Thus, the humanization of the legal systems of states through the prohibition of the death penalty, the rejection of cruel punishments and those that degrade human dignity, the softening of the conditions for serving punishments, and the expansion of the range of human social rights have a clearly expressed Christian color. The influence of religious organizations on international law can be traced at various levels of its existence and formation. The religious factor affects the development of law as a normative regulator, as well as a form of social and individual consciousness, a mode of spiritual development. It has been proven that modern religious doctrines are an important factor that determines both the specifics of the political process of an individual state and the trends of international life. The latter gives reason to assert that despite the fact that the process of modernization of religious organizations is taking place, in the 21st century they will continue to determine the nature of international relations in the future.

Developing rights-based standards for children having tests, treatments, examinations and interventions: using a collaborative, multi-phased, multi-method and multi-stakeholder approach to build consensus

Children continue to experience harm when undergoing clinical procedures despite increased evidence of the need to improve the provision of child-centred care. The international ISupport collaboration aimed to develop standards to outline and explain good procedural practice and the rights of children within the context of a clinical procedure. The rights-based standards for children undergoing tests, treatments, investigations, examinations and interventions were developed using an iterative, multi-phased, multi-method and multi-stakeholder consensus building approach. This consensus approach used a range of online and face to face methods across three phases to ensure ongoing engagement with multiple stakeholders. The views and perspectives of 203 children and young people, 78 parents and 418 multi-disciplinary professionals gathered over a two year period (2020–2022) informed the development of international rights-based standards for the care of children having tests, treatments, examinations and interventions. The standards are the first to reach international multi-stakeholder consensus on definitions of supportive and restraining holds. Conclusion: This is the first study of its kind which outlines international rights-based procedural care standards from multi-stakeholder perspectives. The standards offer health professionals and educators clear evidence-based tools to support discussions and practice changes to challenge prevailing assumptions about holding or restraining children and instead encourage a focus on the interests and rights of the child.What is Known:• Children continue to experience short and long-term harm when undergoing clinical procedures despite increased evidence of the need to improve the provision of child-centred care.• Professionals report uncertainty and tensions in applying evidence-based practice to children’s procedural care.What is New:• This is the first study of its kind which has developed international rights-based procedural care standards from multi-stakeholder perspectives.• The standards are the first to reach international multi-stakeholder consensus on definitions of supportive and restraining holds.