Development Of Instrumental Methods Research Articles

Способ регистрации движения грудной клетки при диагностике состояния сонного апноэ

The paper considers the actual problem of the development of instrumental methods of examination and diagnostics of carotid apnea. These methods don’t require the constant presence of health personnel and the expensive equipment. The authors proposed a method of registering movement of the chest using a micromechanical accelerometer with extremely small dimensions, low weight, power consumption and cost, along with sensor control oro-nasal flow and pulse oximeter, it allows the recognition of the type of apnea. During experimental studies, the accelerometer was placed on the chest, measuring the total vector acceleration due to the movement of the chest and the acceleration of free fall. Mathematical modeling of signal processing has allowed the optimal lowpass filter Butterworth 6th order, ensuring the selection of the useful signal. The article presents the results of measuring the acceleration along the x-axis and z-axis with continuous breathing and temporary stop. The results of measuring acceleration along three axes showed that the most significant for registration are the x-axis and z-axis. The use of proposed method of measuring the motion of the thorax by means of accelerometers allows to detecting the cessation of breathing, the time lag isn’t more than 0.5 seconds. This method can be used in addition to the pulse oximeter sensors and oro-nasal flow, which will provide registration apnea.

Application of the principles of green chemistry in analytical chemistry

The introduction of the dimension of green chemistry into the assessment of analytical methods should be a natural development trend in chemistry and should coincide with its general policy. Some of the principles of green chemistry - such as prevention of waste generation; safer solvents and auxiliaries; design for energy efficiency; safer chemistry to minimize the potential of chemical accidents; development of instrumental methods - are directly related to analytical chemistry.Analytical chemistry is considered to be a small-scale activity, but this is not always true in the case of controlling and monitoring laboratories whose number of runs performed is high. This makes an analytical laboratory comparable with the fine chemicals or pharmaceutical industry. The use of instrumental methods instead of wet chemistry, automation, and minimization is a new trend in analytical chemistry, making this branch of chemistry more sustainable. In this study, widespread separation methods are considered and an attempt is made to characterize them against the above-mentioned principles. Special attention is given to capillary electrophoresis (CE), which provides a very good opportunity to improve analytical chemistry by replacing many chromatographic methods that consume large volumes of solvents. The choice of different solvents and micronization in analytical chemistry is also discussed.

Diagnostic articulation tables

In recent years, considerable progress has been made in the development of instrumental methods for general speech quality and intelligibility evaluation on the basis of modeling the auditory perception of speech and measuring the signal-to-noise ratio. Despite certain advantages (fast measurement procedures with a low labor consumption), these methods are not universal and, in essence, secondary, because they rely on the calibration based on subjective-statistical measurements. At the same time, some specific problems of speech quality evaluation, such as the diagnostics of the factors responsible for the deviation of the speech quality from standard (e.g., accent features of a speaker or individual voice distortions), can be solved by psycholinguistic methods. This paper considers different kinds of diagnostic articulation tables: tables of minimal pairs of monosyllabic words (DRT) based on the Jacobson differential features, tables consisting of multisyllabic quartets of Russian words (the choice method), and tables of incomplete monosyllables of the _VC/CV_ type (the supplementary note method). Comparative estimates of the tables are presented along with the recommendations concerning their application.

Instrumental methods for investigating physical fields of biological objects

We give an analysis of the state-of-the-art and trends in development of instrumental methods for detection and amplification of the physical fields of biological objects in different wavelength ranges.

Use of thermal-neutron probes to measure thermal-neutron flux of distributions

At the present time considerable attention is being paid to the monitoring of energy release in the cores of nuclear reactors for various purposes [i]. Exact and reliable measurement of the neutron fields in reactor cores requires continuous improvement of old experimental methods and development of new ones. In-reactor measurements, however, always entail certain difficulties due to the difficult radiation and thermal conditions under which the detectors must operate, etc. In recent years there has been a great development of instrumental methods of measuring neutron fields, methods in which small fission chambers, electron-emission neutron, self'powered probes, thermal-neutron probes, etc. are used as the primary probes [2-5].

A New Frontier: Air-pollution Control

Activity in the field of air pollution in the United States has reached tremendous proportions. Any attempt to summarize this effort, even superficially, would require space beyond the present limits. As an illustration, the proceedings of only one three-day meeting (United States Technical Conference on Air Pollution, 1950) at which ninety-seven technical papers were presented occupies a book of almost 850 pages. Since that meeting, the amount of technical thought and effort devoted to the problem of air pollution has grown apace, so that the developments and accomplishments in the field occupy the complete attention of several special publications, as well as resulting in frequent articles in the general technical Press. Therefore, the present discussion will attempt to cover only those areas in the United States and Canada where definite accomplishment or significant developments have been made in air-pollution control. In addition, its scope is limited by the special interests and opportunities of the author. The legislative developments of the important areas are treated rather fully, because in most instances of reduced air pollution it was an effective ordinance backed by public opinion which brought about the result. The influence of meteorological factors upon the dispersion or accumulation of air pollutants has long been apparent, but an understanding of the fundamental factors, other than wind, is just being reached. These principles are discussed generally, and in specific application. The highlights of the Donora (Pennsylvania) smog of 1948 are covered, primarily to illustrate how the present warning system has been developed. A description of the control procedures and equipment presently in use there is given, together with a statistical analysis of the air sampling and meteorological data which had been collected. In the light of recent findings on the synergic effect upon laboratory animals of sulphur dioxide and sulphuric acid mist, both of which are believed to be frequent air pollutants, some speculative thoughts are presented. If further research bears out these findings, there will then be available the basis for an explanation of the physiological mechanisms acting in acute smog episodes such as Donora and London. Controls to prevent the emission of sulphur gases would then become necessary. The current air-pollution activity has stimulated the development of instrumental methods for the detection, determination, analysis and recording of atmospheric contaminants, and factors influencing their accumulation or dispersal, many of which are described or illustrated. A corresponding stimulation in the control-equipment field has resulted from stringent local demands. Specific examples of successful application are given, but emphasis is placed upon the enormous cost and technical difficulties which such installations present. A concluding section deals with the socio-economic aspects of the air-pollution problem in which an attempt is made to visualize the future of the air-pollution control movement.