Development Of Hybrid Vehicles Research Articles

Virtual Multi-Criterial Calibration of Operating Strategies for Hybrid-Electric Powertrains

In hybrid vehicle development, the operating strategy has a decisive role in meeting the development goals, such as compliance with emission standards and high energy efficiency. A considerable number of interactions and cross-influences on other topics, such as emissions, on-board diagnostics, or drivability, must be considered during the calibration process. In this context, the given time constraints pose further challenges. To overcome these, approaches for virtualization of the calibration process are an effective measure. For this purpose, in the current study, a real engine control unit is embedded into a virtual simulation environment on so-called hardware-in-the-loop (HiL) testbenches, which allow virtual calibration and validation of the complete target vehicle. In this context, the paper presents a novel method for virtual calibration of operating strategies for hybrid-electric propulsion systems. This includes an innovative multi-criterial approach that considers the requirements of several development tasks, such as emission and OBD calibration. Measurement data for this optimization is generated on a HiL testbench setup tailored for the described methodology, including both the electrical setup and the simulation environment. To validate the selection of modeling approaches and the parametrization, the simulation environment is operated in open loop. The results of the open loop validation show promising behavior regarding the proposed use case. Finally, the presented methodology is evaluated regarding time and cost savings compared to a conventional approach.

Torque coordinated control of the through-the-road (TTR) 4-wheel-drive (4WD) hybrid vehicle under extreme road conditions

Vehicular safety is of considerable significance to the intelligent development of hybrid vehicles. However, the real-time stability control or reasonable torque distribution under the extreme road conditions remain a huge challenge due to the multiple uncertain parameters and difficulties to reconcile the handling and stability performance. To address the above problems for a through-the-road (TTR) 4-wheel-drive (4WD) hybrid vehicle, this study provides a handling and stability management (HSM) approach by incorporating the offline optimization rules and on-line model predictive control (MPC). Firstly, the vehicle dynamic model with seven degrees of freedom (7-DOF) is used to offline extract torque distribution rules (Offline-ETDR), and the online MPC feedback (Online-MPCF) is utilized to compensate the extra torque requirements for the poor effect under the extreme conditions. Accordingly, the offline optimization results and online correction are fused to provide the total torque demand given the real-time road condition detection. Finally, the real vehicle test are implemented to validate the effectiveness of the proposed torque coordination strategy. In comparison to the vehicle with no torque control strategy, the proposed method significantly improves the vehicle's cornering ability while also ensuring the high stability performance.

An Overview of Modelling and Energy Management Strategies for Hybrid Electric Vehicles

With the world’s energy reserves under strain and the requirements of national carbon emission regulations, the fuel efficiency and environmental friendliness of automobiles are becoming increasingly important. Due to the combination of long cruising range and energy efficiency, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have been adopted as a reliable option for improving fuel economy and reducing emissions. In order to fully exploit the advantages of hybrid electric vehicles, energy management and torque distribution have become the focus of control strategies for HEVs, while also ensuring battery life and meeting requirements for fuel consumption, emissions and driving performance. Therefore, a great deal of research has been carried out on energy management strategies and many approaches have been offered in the literature. This review provides a comprehensive assessment of the literature, highlighting its contributions and making a complete reference for scholars interested in hybrid vehicle development, control, and optimization.

Design and Development of Hybrid Vehicle using Four Different Sources of Energy

These days, where there are energy crises and the assets are depleting at a higher rate, there is a necessity for specific innovation that recovers the energy, which gets commonly squandered, and to find new sources of energy. Thus, if there should arise an occurrence of cars one of these valuable innovations are the HYBRID VEHICLES. By the actual name it tends to be surmised that a hybrid vehicle is an extemporization to the conventional gasoline run vehicle joined with the force of an electric engine. In this project, we created a working model of a system that can charge its battery from four different sources. This system can further be replaced with the existing electrical system of hybrid vehicle technology. Hence, improving energy efficiency and leading to even lower emissions than the conventional hybrid vehicle.

Paradoxical framing and coping process on sustainable new product development

Despite the extensive attention given to the paradox lens on sustainability issues in recent years, empirical research in the context of sustainable new product development is rather scant. Juxtaposing the paradox theory and framing literature, this study aims to examine how managers and firms perceive and respond to paradoxical tensions stemming from sustainable new product development. Given the paucity of existing research, this study utilizes a qualitative approach to examine how a large automobile company (Toyota Motor Company) addresses the tensions that arise in its hybrid vehicle development. The findings show that both positive and negative framing emerged in the development of hybrid vehicles. Furthermore, the study reveals how management deployed reframing strategies to tackle these tensions. This study contributes to the growing body of research on sustainability through a paradox lens and provides empirical and theoretical insights into the nature and management of paradoxical tensions in the pursuit of sustainability, particularly in the context of film-level innovation activities.

Extreme high energy storage efficiency in perovskite structured (1-x)(Ba0.8Sr0.2)TiO3-xBi(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.16) ceramics

Dielectric materials with high power density, fast charge and discharge rates, and high energy-storage density are urgently required due to the rapid development of hybrid vehicles and pulse power boosting technology. In this work, the novel environment-friendly (1-x)(Ba0.8Sr0.2)TiO3-xBi(Zn2/3Nb1/3)O3 (0.04 ≤ x ≤ 0.16) [(1-x)BST-xBZN] ceramics were designed and synthesized by traditional solid-state reaction method, exhibiting ultrahigh energy efficiency and super stability against temperature. The results show that the recoverable energy density (Wrec) and the energy efficiency (η) of the (1-x)BST-xBZN ceramics are increase sharply then decrease slightly with increasing of x value. The 0.88BST-0.12BZN ceramic demonstrated a recoverable energy density of ≈ 1.62 J/cm3 and an extreme high energy efficiency of ∼ 99.8 % at 225 kV/cm at room temperature. These extreme high efficiency and high breakdown strength would make (Ba,Sr)TiO3-based lead-free ceramic systems might be good candidate for high power energy-storage applications pulsed power systems.

Bridging Old and New Technologies: The Role of Hybrid Vehicle Development in the U.S. Market

Incumbent firms face difficulties adopting new and disruptive technologies. To cope, these firms seek stepping stones to successfully connect old and new generations of technology. By analyzing the...

Effciency in Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Development

Effciency in Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Development

A novel technique and detailed study of concepts of low-cost hybrid vehicle design

In today’s scenario, the number of vehicles sold versus time is rapidly increasing and is almost linear. So, the vehicle traffic has become very dense, leading to pollution and poor fuel efficiency in city driving conditions. According to our study, more pollution and fuel wastage occurs at ‘stop and go’ conditions meaning frequent vehicle start from stand still. As we know, engines operate in fuel rich conditions at very low rpm’s (idling and stop-go conditions) resulting in poor combustion efficiency, thereby leading to fuel wastage and pollution. Declaration of stringent pollution norms by Government and other Green environment care organisations has made Automotive OEM’s to have their focus on design and development of Hybrid vehicles, downsizing of engines and longer gear ratios transmission. Even though engine downsizing and longer gear ratios results very good fuel efficiency and lower emissions, on the other hand we lose on cruising power and driving comfort. So, these ideas have also been a trade-off between Power and Performance.

Investigation of the energy management and powertrain systems effects on hybrid vehicle performance

Reduction of greenhouse gas emission and fuel consumption is one of the main goals of automotive industry leading to the development of hybrid vehicles. Energy management, energy storage and transmission systems are the significant factors that affect hybrid vehicle performance. In this paper different powertrain system component combinations effects are investigated on fuel consumption, air pollution and performance of hybrid vehicles in various driving cycles. Results are compared in different traffic conditions, such as a newly established Teh-car, NEDC and FTP driving cycles. Hybrid vehicle simulation results are compared for various transmission and energy storage systems by using ADVISOR. Results indicate the effectiveness of proposed controller over real world driving cycles. Also, the optimal powertrain configuration which improves fuel and emissions efficiency is proposed for each driving condition. Finally, the effects of batteries' initial state of charge are investigated on hybrid vehicle performance to evaluate fuel consumption and emissions.

MODELLING AND CONTROL OF POWER-SPLIT HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE USING FUZZY LOGIC METHOD

Nowadays, automotive manufactures increasingly have lead to development of hybrid vehicles due to energy consumption growing and increased emissions. the power-split hybrids due to the simultaneous using of speed and torque couplings has integrated advantage of series and parallel hybrid systems and minimize their disadvantages , however the power-split hybrids control strategy is far more complex than other types. Generally the control strategy tries to use the optimize operating point of HEV components such as ICE, TM, MG, batteries and etc. in this research the using of fuzzy logic control method is considered to increase optimize the power-split Hybrid components operation. The power-split HEVs model have been built with ADVISOR-Matlab/Simulink Software for an C class car based on TOYOTA Prius Model, and the simulation results showed significant improvements in fuel consumption and performance and as well as emissions

Application of Electrical Circuit Simulations in Hybrid Vehicle Development

This paper describes the application of electrical circuit simulations in intelligent power module development for hybrid vehicles, electric vehicles, and fuel cell vehicles. The limitations of the conventional design and simulation systems are discussed, and efforts for overcoming these limitations are described. The introduction of a physics-based insulated-gate-bipolar-transistor model with a surface-potential MOSFET core into the design flow is described. Finally, future expectations for necessary simulation technology development are given.

Analysis on Patent Level and Technological Competitiveness in Green Car Area

Green car related makers are pursuing a development of environment friendly vehicles to respond to greenhouse gas regulations and they are expected to make short-term technological developments for mileage improvement. It is projected that the drive of commercialization of high mileage vehicles such as hybrid vehicles and electric vehicles would be accelerated, and that incentive programs by governments would be reinforced to promote these vehicles. Using patents related to green cars, patent trend by country and technological area, patent activity index, technology distribution by patent applicant’s nationality, and patent levels were analyzed. In the result of analysis, Japan and USA were found to be advanced in capital competitiveness and intangible capital competitiveness, and Korea had a relatively higher patent level compared to its capital competitiveness. Korea was analyzed to have a relatively high patent level of hybrid vehicle, while its patent level of clean diesel vehicles and fuel cell vehicles were lower than other advanced countries. Patent competitiveness level of Japanese and American companies was very high, and Korean companies also had a high competitiveness level. Most companies have focused on the development of hybrid vehicle so far, and they are expected to move their focus to the development of fuel cell vehicle and electric vehicle.

Virtual Integrated Development Environment for the Components Design of Eco-friendly Vehicle

Recently, the global automobile market is rapidly changing in the paradigm to next-generation automobiles with high-efficiency and eco-friendliness due to rising oil prices and strengthened environment regulations. Accordingly, the automobile vendors around the world are competing in development of hybrid vehicles, plug-in hybrid vehicles, fuel cell vehicles, electric vehicles and such various vehicles. Before developing the components that such vehicles are comprised of, however, it is very important to predict/assess the performance of the components when used to construct such vehicles using the components to be developed. Yet, it is very difficult to design considering the operational characteristics at the vehicle level during the design stage of the components, or conduct testing/evaluation considering vehicle characteristics. To resolve such issues, this study involved using MATLAB/Simulink, one of the simulation programs widely used by system engineers to construct performance evaluation environment for eco-friendly vehicles, and using 3D rendering tool of Multigen Creator to construct virtual driving environment so as to construct the performance evaluation environment for components of the vehicles. The constructed virtual driving simulator could be utilized for designing core components for Eco-friendly Vehicles, and verifying the performance per vehicle unit.

하이브리드 굴삭기의 에너지 관리 제어에 관한 연구

According to the successful development of hybrid vehicle, hybridization of construction equipments like excavator, wheel loader, and backhoe etc., is gaining increasing attention. However, hybridization of excavator and commercial vehicle is very different. Therefore a specialized energy management control algorithm for excavator should be developed. In this paper, hybridization of excavators is investigated and a new energy management control algorithm is proposed. Four control parameters, i.e., lower baseline, upper baseline, idling generation speed, and idling generation torque, are newly introduced and a new operating principle using those four control parameters is proposed. The use of Genetic Algorithm for the optimization of the four control parameters from the view point of minimization of fuel consumption for standard excavating operation is suggested. In order to verify the proposed algorithm, dedicated simulation program of hybrid excavator was developed. The proposed algorithm is applied to a specific hydraulic excavator and 20.7% improvement of fuel consumption is achieved.

Current state of military hybrid vehicle development

Hybrid vehicles are common in the marketplace for passenger cars and commercial applications such as delivery trucks and transit busses. One of the biggest justifications for hybrids is their fuel efficiency. With fuel costs as high as $100 per litre in the battle field it is remarkable that there are no deployed hybrid military vehicles. This is not due to a lack of investment in research and development, since much work has been done. The goal of this survey paper is to summarise past research in both the commercial and government sectors towards achieving a military hybrid vehicle and provide recommendations for a path forward. Special attention is given to drive cycles and the unique requirements that impact military hybrid vehicle design.

Research on Design and Testing of a Novel Power Source for Hybrid Vehicles

In auto industry extensive use of traditional IC engines and fossil fuel as power source has lead to serious environmental problems and social issues. Development of hybrid vehicles is a hopeful technology to solve above problems. As a vital part of IC engine-electric hybrid vehicles, power source should generate electricity efficiently. Supported by National High-tech R&D Program (863 Program) a novel Internal Combustion Linear-Generator Integrated Power System (ICLG) is researched in this paper. ICLG mainly consists of four-stroke free-piston engine, linear motor, reversible electrical energy storage device, and control unit and has the potential to convert the chemical energy of fuel to electrical energy efficiently. Achievements for improving efficiency, such as minimizing the energy transmission and conversion link, movement control of piston by adjusting electromagnetic force, optimization of thermodynamic cycle, and sub-cylinder or sub-cylinders mode, are analyzed and validated by testing. Testing results show that the generating efficiency is about 32%, which can be improved by further study. ICLG is hopeful to be the new generation power source of hybrid vehicles which has the character of power saving and environmental protecting.

Analysis of product efficiency of hybrid vehicles and promotion policies

The key aim of this study is to evaluate the product efficiency of current hybrid vehicles and suggest effective policies to promote hybrid vehicles in the Korean automobile market and development trends of hybrid vehicles. The efficiency levels for car models sold in Korea, including hybrid ones, were measured using the recently developed discrete additive data envelopment analysis (DEA) model that reflects consumer preference. The result of the analysis shows that current hybrid vehicles on the market are still at lower competitive advantage than traditional car models with conventional combustion engines and we can suggest a mix of incentive policies to promote the competitiveness of hybrid vehicles. In addition, we also identify two distinctive trends of hybrid vehicle development: environment-oriented hybrid vehicles and performance-oriented hybrid vehicles. It implies that the government should take account of development trends of hybrid vehicles to achieve the policy goals in designing support schemes and automobile companies that are willing to develop hybrid vehicles can also gain some insights for making strategic decisions.

Tethered and Untethered Vehicles: The Future Is in the Past

Underwater vehicle development in Canada has been underway for more than 40 years. Most of this work has been carried out in British Columbia. The developments include Manned Submersibles, ROVs and AUVs. The user of these vehicles includes offshore petroleum, telephone cable maintenance, science, surveying, salvage, and military. The enabling technologies for these integrations are mature. Today, some services may not be provided by relevant agencies with marine missions worldwide as they are short of the funding needed to discharge duties. There is the constant lament that there are not enough ships, people, or hardware. Perhaps if we are smart enough we can accomplish a portion of these tasks using advanced technology which may be considered today to be unconventional wisdom - namely robotics. Some may observe that many types of underwater vehicles already exist, or at least subsets exist. Therefore, some might wonder if they are any good and why are not more people using them? The reasons are that there is confusion regarding where to establish the boundary conditions for proper comparisons of performance. Also, all the potential vehicle integrations have not been fielded. An important aspect of acceptance limiting the use of vehicles is represented by the changes required in personnel establishment and training. We are in a period of transition and in these transitional periods false starts can be expected as the vision of the customer and the supplier is not necessarily clear because of lack of hands on experience. We sometimes see this lack of experience manifested in specifications which describe impossible-to-build vehicles. This paper presents the use of existing integrations which have contributed to the development of hybrid vehicles. This contributes to the capability to integrate systems to acquire the data to support the acquisition of data for the submission to the Internal Sea Bed Authority in accordance with Article 76. Article 76 provides instructions regarding how coastal states to exercise sovereign rights beyond the customary 200 nautical mile limit. The procedures for defining the outer limits of extended jurisdiction are based upon bathymetric and geological criteria. The procedures impose requirements to assemble, manipulate, visualize, and analyze a wide range of information in an accurate and well-documented fashion that is consistent with the reporting requirements of the International Seabed Authority. Underwater vehicles will be used to obtain some of the information required.

A Predictive and Battery Protective Control Strategy for Series HEV

Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) are superior to conventional vehicles from the standpoint of environmental issues. Many factors involve in designing HEVs such as fuel consumption, emission and performance. A major challenge for development of hybrid vehicles is coordination of multiple energy sources and converters, and in case of a HEV, power flow control for both mechanical and electrical path. This necessitates the utilization of appropriate control or energy management strategy. Furthermore, the durability extension of some critical components in the drive train such as batteries tends to be one of the substantial factors considered in designing control strategies for HEVs as replacement costs is a deterring factor for consumers. This paper proposes an improved power follower control strategy for series hybrid electric vehicles based on protection of the vehicle's battery and prediction of the future vehicles' path. First, a fuzzy predictive algorithm is integrated into a conventional power follower management system such that the future path information of the vehicle is taken into account for generation of the control signals. Then, the energy management system is augmented with a new tool to increase the state of the health (SOH) of the power train battery. Furthermore, since Valve Regulated Lead Acid (VRLA) batteries are of great importance in HEV technology, a new method based is used to optimize the charging current for these batteries, in order to decrease charging time and improve battery lifetime. This approach, which results in the extension of the battery life, is called Predictive and Protective Algorithm (PPA). The simulation results verify the effectiveness of the proposed controllers.