Development Of Hybrid Energy Systems Research Articles

Thermo-economic and performance analysis of a novel tubular hybrid high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell and thermoelectric generator

This paper proposes a novel tubular design for a hybrid high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC) and thermoelectric generator (TEG) system. The wasted heat from the fuel cell is captured by a thermoelectric generator to generate more electricity. Hence, the primary objective of the research is to determine the waste heat recovery performance of the TEG for thermal management of the tubular HT-PEMFC. A validated 3D numerical approach was employed to evaluate the performance of the tubular hybrid system with a tubular TEG integrated into the HT-PEMFC. A parametric study evaluates the impact of various TEG geometrical configurations and operational parameters on the system's performance. The results indicate that boosting the cell voltage improves the fuel cell efficiency, while decreasing the thermoelectric sizing has a notable impact on the TEG's performance. The TEG's conversion efficiency and output power are significantly impacted by changes in the angle ratio and the temperature of the cold side. Increasing the inlet temperature has a positive impact on thermoelectric power generation but leads to a reduction in fuel cell power and efficiency. Overall, the study highlights the importance of optimizing the operating conditions of hybrid tubular HT-PEMFC/TEG to achieve optimal performance and provides valuable insights for the design and development of hybrid energy systems that can potentially contribute to meet the increasing demand for sustainable energy solutions.

Development of Hybrid Energy System for a Remote Area in Kutch District of Gujarat State, India

ABSTRACT Remote areas, having scattered populations, do not have access to electricity. Providing electricity to such areas through conventional methods is not feasible. Such areas are rich in renewable energy resources. To generate electricity by a single renewable-based resource, huge battery storage will be required due to their intermittent and unreliable nature. The integration of multiple renewable energy resources with batteries and diesel generators minimizes not only the emissions but also the irregularity and huge economics. The present paper reports the results of developing a suitable hybrid energy system (HES) for the electrification of a cluster of five villages located in the Kutch district of Gujarat state, India. A particle swarm optimization algorithm is developed using MATLAB software for finding optimal system size which can fulfill the study area’s load demand of 1,548 kWh/day with a peak demand of 285 kW uninterruptedly. The most optimal configuration with the load following strategy is found as PV/Biomass/Diesel Generator/Battery. It is observed that the cost of energy is INR 9.33/kWh and lifecycle cost is INR 60,838,166. PSO-optimized system produces 24% less emissions as compared to HOMER optimized system. The paper also discusses the economic and environmental benefits of proposed HES over other possible hybrid scenarios. Through sensitivity analysis, it is estimated that 20% variation in the capital cost of PV affects the COE significantly.

Economic Verification of Hybrid Energy Utilizations with HOMER Pro

This study gives emphasis to the economic analysis of hybrid Energy systems which are gradually paid attention by researchers worldwide as a new way to cope with climate change and sustainable development. The economic cost is an important feature that restricts the development of hybrid energy system. The purpose of this study is to verify the economic characteristics of hybrid energy system with HOMER Pro software. Firstly, the economic characteristics of different single energy sources are investigated. Secondly, the economic performances of different hybrid energy systems are analyzed and compared. The research results show that our simulations based on HOMER Pro software have good agreement with those in reference cases. In the future, a unified economy evaluation will be carried out for these hybrid energy utilizations.

Cost Optimization and Development of Hybrid Energy Systems for Rural Areas in Ethiopia with a Balance of Their Energy Need and Resources Availability (A Case Study—On Tuludimtu)

Abstract This article presents a feasibility of standalone energy system comprising of wind and solar energy systems have been studied in order to implement in Tuludimtu town. In doing so Tuludimtu has been selected as a case site; consequently the wind speed (at 25 m) and the estimated solar radiation data of this town has been analyzed in such a way that, it would be easy for using HOMER software. The results show that; the wind energy potential is reasonable, with average wind speeds of approximately 5.15 m/s. However; the solar energy potential of the site can be classified as excellent as in the town the daily average solar irradiation is more than 6.24 kWh/m2/day. As a result the cost of energy of the designed energy system is found to be in the range of $0.35/kWh to $0.39/kWh which makes the system competitive in the Ethiopian’s energy system.

Original Framework for Optimizing Hybrid Energy Supply

This paper proposes an original framework for optimizing hybrid energy systems. The recent growth of hybrid energy systems in remote areas across the world added to the increasing cost of renewable energy has triggered the inevitable development of hybrid energy systems. Hybrid energy systems always pose a problem of optimization of cost which has been approached with different perspectives in the recent past. This paper proposes a framework to guide the techniques of optimizing hybrid energy systems in general. The proposed framework comprises four stages including identification of input variables for energy generation, establishment of models of energy generation by individual sources, development of artificial intelligence, and finally summation of selected sources. A case study of a solar, wind, and hydro hybrid system was undertaken with a linear programming approach. Substantial results were obtained with regard to how load requests were constantly satisfied while minimizing the cost of electricity. The developed framework gained its originality from the fact that it has included models of individual sources of energy that even make the optimization problem more complex. This paper also has impacts on the development of policies which will encourage the integration and development of renewable energies.

Selection of a suitable energy management strategy for a hybrid energy system in a remote rural area of India

Renewable energy, a viable alternative of the world, can overcome the energy crisis that hinders growth of today's economies. The present work includes sizing of hybrid energy system using various energy management strategies. The energy management strategies considered in the present work are cycle charging strategy, load following strategy and peak shaving strategy. The sizing of hybrid energy system for all the mentioned strategies are carried out using genetic algorithm, particle swarm optimization and biogeography based optimization techniques by keeping energy index ratio at 1. The model also incorporates net present cost, cost of energy, renewable fraction and emissions of carbon di-oxide from diesel generator. From the analysis, it can be concluded that the 10th combination of cycle charging strategy is most cost effective as compared to other dispatch strategies. Seven unelectrified villages of Dhauladevi block of Almora district in Uttarakhand, India, has been selected for the development of hybrid energy system, comprising of renewable energy resources available locally along with the addition of diesel generator, for meeting the energy deficit. The results show that cycle charging strategy is most cost effective compared to load following and peak shaving strategies, with a minimum cost of energy value of 5.64 ₹/kWh.

Techno-economical assessment of renewable energies integrated with fuel cell for off grid electrification: A case study for developing countries

One of the development parameters of each country is the accessibility of its different regions to energy resources, especially electrical energy. Therefore, construction of new power plants is inevitable. Nevertheless, limited fossil fuel energy resources and environmental pollutant emissions further proves the necessity toward renewable energy use. To overcome intermittent nature of renewable energies such as solar and wind, development of hybrid energy systems has been proposed. In this study, the feasibility of wind and solar renewable energies was investigated for Khorramabad city as an example of a city in a developing country using HOMER (hybrid optimization model for electric renewable) software. First, data for wind and solar energies were collected from renewable energy organization of Iran. Second, Geographic Information System (GIS) maps were plotted for solar and wind energies of the country and Lorestan Province where the city of Khorramabad is located. Third for Khorramabad city, the amount of electricity generated by wind, solar, and fuel cell sources were investigated in different months of a year, the contribution of each unit in costs, the amount of costs associated to different power plants, and the amount of pollutant emissions from fuel cell using HOMER. The results indicate that the use of fuel-cell system is not recommended for Khorramabad or similar cities in developing countries due to low performance and high initial costs. On the other hand, using a combined system of wind energy, solar energy, and diesel generator will be economical and is recommended.

Development of hybrid energy system with cycle charging strategy using particle swarm optimization for a remote area in India

In recent years, renewable energy can be seen as one of the important prospect of today's research, as it is likely to enlighten the lives of millions of people by fulfilling demand of electricity in their daily life. The present work focuses on the development of optimal hybrid energy system sizing model based on comparative analysis of particle swarm optimization, genetic algorithm and Homer software for energy index ratio of 1. The model also incorporates renewable fraction, emissions of carbon di oxide from diesel generator, net present cost and cost of energy. The system is developed to supply the demand of 7 un-electrified villages of Dhauladevi block of Almora district in Uttarakhand, India with the help of the available resources of solar, hydro, biomass and biogas energy along with the addition of diesel generator, for meeting out the energy deficit. From the optimization results, minimum cost of energy and maximum renewable fraction are obtained as 5.77 Rs/kWh and 92.6% respectively.

SVPWM Based Converter for PMSG Based Wind Energy Conversion System

Abstract At present, the trend of electricity generation is taking a diversion towards renewable energy sources due to their availability, cleanliness and less pollution. The ever increasing power demand has led to the development of Hybrid energy systems for Distributed Generation applications. Most of these hybrid systems include Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS) because of the ease of generation and availability of wind. Many types of generators are designed for the WECS. Due to the advantages like higher efficiency and low maintenance of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator (PMSG) [1] , a PMSG based WECS is considered in this paper. It is also observed that, a very high number of appliances or loads are operating directly on DC. The potential to use DC directly from WECS requires proper rectification (from AC to DC) of power when considered for DC grid applications or for storage in batteries. Literature shows that, for the rectification process the researchers have applied basic Sinusoidal Pulse Width Modulation (SPWM) technique to the WECS or a WECS is designed with Brushless Permanent Magnet DC Generator (BLPMDC) to obtain DC power. In this paper a converter is designed for rectification of the power developed by the WECS and an attempt is made to apply Space Vector Pulse Width Modulation (SVPWM) for switching of rectifier to obtain a pure DC supply from WECS.

A Wind Turbine System Model using a Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG)

The ever growing interest in developing green energy worldwide has led to the development of hybrid energy system. Many hybrid energy systems do involve wind systems due to the availability and easy access of wind resource. This paper works on the development and the simulation of a wind farm adaptable to high voltage transmission network. It also implements a control of pitch angle using a PID controller, in order to stabilize rotor speed. Firstly a comprehensive analytical model of wind turbine has been presented and this was followed by the modeling of the wind farm under SimPowerSystem of Simulink. The simulated wind turbine system uses a Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) having a capacity of six (6) MW that supplies a distribution system at 33 KV. A load is connected at the end of the distribution network through a 20 km, 33 KV feeder. PID control system has been implemented to regulate the speed of the rotor vis-avis the wind speed variations. Results show that the speed regulation was very good. In permanent regime, the variation of rotor speed was almost insignificant despite the continuous variation of the wind speed within the interval of 12 to 15 m/s. At the same time, the active and reactive power obtained were in agreement with the simulation pre-set values. General Terms Modeling, Simulation, Wind Turbine, Wind Farm, Speed Control, pitch angle

特集「超電導と水素の複合エネルギーシステム」によせて

特集「超電導と水素の複合エネルギーシステム」によせて