Development Of Geothermal Power Plant Research Articles

The economic feasibility approach of the development of geothermal power plant 2 x 20 MW

The development of a geothermal power plant project can be implemented if the project is feasible and can provide benefits from the economic side. In this study, the economic feasibility calculation for the development of a 2 x 20 MW power plant project was carried out based on economic indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Pay Out Time (POT). The discounted cash flow method is used in determining the economic feasibility. The calculation results obtained for this power plant development project is not feasible because the NPV is US$ -31,336 million, IRR is 7.11% and POT is 0 year. Due to the uneconomical results obtained, a sensitivity analysis was carried out on the tariff price, drilling costs, and Engineering, Procurement, Construction, and Commissioning (EPCC) costs. With electricity tariffs regulated based on Presidential Regulation Number 112 of 2022, it is found that the resulting taxes in the area are not economical and there is needed for tariff adjustments, namely at a minimum price of 15 cents/kWh and 18 cents/kWh so that the project is economical. However, this price could not be realized because the price far exceeded the highest benchmark price set. Meanwhile, with these uneconomical and unfeasible results, a scenario of a loan was carried out to get better results with an NPV is US$ 528,000, IRR is 10.46% and POT is 28 years. Therefore, with a loan scenario, the project can be obtained as feasible.

The Urgency of Social Aspects in Environmental Assessment: A Case Study of a Sustainable Geothermal Power Plant Development in Banyumas, Indonesia

For every large-scale development with the potential to have a significant and essential impact, there must be an environmental assessment first. Geothermal Power Plant Development (GPPD) in Banyumas is classified as a large-scale project. Therefore, an environmental assessment was also carried out before the project started. The initiator has owned the Environmental Management Effort (EM) and Environmental Monitoring Effort (EME) since 2011. Due to a change in planning, the EM and EME were updated again in 2016. Even though the GPPD has the environmental management and monitoring plans, it faces an ongoing resistance from the community during the implementation of the exploration stage. This action may disrupt the exploration process. The purpose of this paper is to find out why there is social upheaval or rejection and demonstrations from society. This study was designed as qualitative research that is descriptive and analytic. Descriptive analysis was based on data, documents resulting from interviews and discussions with various stakeholders who know about cases of community demonstrations against GPPD exploration. The results of the study show that social environmental aspects receive less attention to the affected communities so that when environmental pollution occurs, the community overreacts to the GPPD construction implementers and the government. Supposedly, if the social environment aspect is carried out proportionally, then there will be no resistance from the community. In this case, the executors of the development have been bothered and even disrupted the development process itself. The social aspects that are less proportional are limited socialization, inaccurate ecological delineation, late recruitment of local workers, and insufficient involvement of NGOs.

Life cycle sustainability assessment and circularity of geothermal power plants

Geothermal power generation is expected to increase fivefold worldwide by 2040 compared to 2018. The upcoming growth of geothermal power plants (GPPs) requires assessments of its role in tackling climate change and other impacts within complex environmental, economic and social systems. This study presents the first literature review of GPPs, including comparisons among different GPP technologies, based on life cycle sustainability and circular economy perspectives. A total of 76 core literature studies on geothermal-related topics are reviewed, including technology choices, and critically discussed in terms of their environmental, economic, social and circular economy aspects. Firstly, seven life cycle environmental impact indicators (global warming, acidification, eutrophication, human toxicity, ozone depletion, photochemical oxidation, and cumulative energy demand) are compared both within GPP technologies and to other conventional electricity generation technologies (such as coal and hydro). Secondly, economic sustainability is considered via life cycle costing, and the results show that geothermal could be economically competitive when compared to solar photovoltaic (PV), hydro, and even wind energy sources. Thirdly, social aspects are discussed considering 15 articles that evaluated concerns such as public acceptance, technology safety and local employment rate, although none rigorously considered a life cycle approach. Lastly, a total of 12 articles were found linking the circular economy with GPPs and elaborating on some of the ‘9Rs’ framework. To improve the effectiveness of future research, studies should focus on fulfilling major data gaps in literature such as the lack of detailed documentation for specific materials and background process choices in life cycle assessment databases. The development of GPPs can be an important alternative in efforts to decrease climate change impacts and pursue cleaner energy sources in countries where geothermal energy is more easily available.

Geoelectrical model of geothermal spring in Ie Jue Seulawah deriving from 2D VLF-EM and DC resistivity methods

Seulawah Agam is one of the volcanic areas in Aceh province, Indonesia, which planned for a powerplant constriction with an energy capacity expected to be approximately 230 MWe. This volcano has seven manifestations in the form of craters, hot water, and heated soil. The hydrothermal system in this volcano is controlled by a fault system which acts as a medium for the entry and exit of fluids. Therefore, understanding the local geology is required for geothermal power plant development, especially for the determination area for injection and production wells. In this research, we use the Very Low-Frequency Electromagnetic (VLF-EM) methods combined with electrical resistivity tomography data on the Ie Jue manifestation area to determine the shallow structure related to the manifestation. The VLF was made for 4 profiles with 700 m length for each VLF-EM profile and 300 m for electrical resistivity lines. We utilized the Karous Hjelt filter for qualitative interpretation, while Occam's algorithm was applied for 2D inversion of data for quantitative analysis of VLF-EM data. Based on the current density model, several vertical conductive anomalies can be well demonstrated at a distance of 300-400 m from the four VLF profiles. The conductive anomaly can also be seen in the resistivity data from the electrical resistivity. The results of the Occam model show that the depth of faults and fractures is seen at 30 m depth with low resistivity (below 100 Ωm). This anomaly is generally associated with outcrops in the field, such as fumarole and warm ground on the east side of the manifestation area. In addition, the 2D inversion model of VLF also shows the contrast of several fracture zones as a place for fluid to enter and exit the Seulawah volcano. Therefore, based on our result, it can be summed up that this method is effectively applied to geothermal in high terrain areas such as in Indonesia and can be used to suggest safe locations for injection wells and production of geothermal drilling.

Economic value of carbon sequestration in conservation forests for geothermal power plant development areas

The government commits to reduce emissions in the energy sector by using new and renewable energy by targeting the development of geothermal power plants (GPP) of 7,241.5 MW in 2025. Approximately 58% of geothermal potential is in forest areas with a carbon absorption function. This study will calculate the potential loss of carbon stock and the economic valuation of the carbon sequestration function in forest areas. The location of study is Mount Ciremai National Park (MCNP). The study was conducted on 4022.37 hectares which will be used as the location of the initial study and geothermal exploration area. The potential area of GPP location is divided into: avoid area, minimize area, restore area, and utilization area, considering the land slope level and zoning. The potential carbon stock lost due to the entry of the GPP project in MCNP is 168,311.99 tons of CO2, or 17.95% of the total potential carbon stock in the study area. The economic valuation of carbon stocks using the economic value of carbon is Rp. 5,049,359,810.00. This value is the cost of externalities as compensation for carbon loss from land conversion activity. It should include as input to the economic analysis of geothermal project development.

Social Acceptance: Mapping the Perspectives of Stakeholder in the Development of Geothermal Power Plants in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Social Acceptance: Mapping the Perspectives of Stakeholder in the Development of Geothermal Power Plants in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Agent based simulation with data driven parameterization for evaluation of social acceptance of a geothermal development: a case study in Tsuchiyu, Fukushima, Japan

Development of geothermal power plants and local geothermal energy initiatives have lagged due to the social problems such as conflicts with stakeholders such as Onsen (Hot Spa) owners, despite the abundant geothermal resources. Study area was Tsuchiyu Onsen in Fukushima prefecture, Tohoku (Northeast) District, Japan, where the Great East Japan Earthquake and Fukushima Nuclear Accident occurred in 2011, and the reconstruction and local initiatives of geothermal energy were still unclear. Agent-based modeling is an effective methodology for modeling and analysis of opinion formation. Parameter estimation method was proposed to extract appropriate parameters from various factors through a Bayesian Network. The characteristics of stakeholders and communities that affected opinion formation in the survey area were successfully extracted. Here we show the sufficient methodology to quantify the characteristics of each person using survey data, and to extract the parameters of the agent by data-driven inverse analysis. By using this methodology, we could reproduce opinion diversity, which is a property of opinion formation in real communities. This result suggests that the model replicates the actual formation of opinion in Tsuchiyu, where the economy was boosted by the construction of a binary cycle power plant.

Incremental Development Strategy of Geothermal Field Using Wellhead Unit Technology: Case Study Ulumbu Geothermal Field

Geothermal development in Indonesia is still dominated by the utilization of conventional geothermal power plants with large capacities. Generally, it requires a long time development phase and often experiences delays before an operation. This study aims to provide alternative field development options with an incremental development strategy. This study was conducted to show how a wellhead unit’s effective incremental development strategy compared to conventional power plants by applying the probability approach for the Ulumbu geothermal field’s case study in East Nusa Tenggara. Besides, this study also provides a comprehensive economic condition of the obtained revenue and project investment costs. Therefore, geothermal power plant development could be more feasible and minimize the barriers in the investment. The methods used in this study is a technical and economic approach, from total project investment cost and the financial return achieved for each development strategy. The technical analysis compares the power plant’s specific steam consumption (SSC) and the generated capacity. The total investment is determined for different development strategies of 40 MW (conventional) scenario 2×20 MW, 40 MW (incremental) scenario 8×5 MW, and 40 MW (incremental) scenario 16×2.5 MW using condensing power plant. The economic analysis shows P50 for the investment cost in millions of US$/MW is 5.84, 5.58, and 5.60, respectively. Regarding the tariff-based, which is 80% under Average Cost of Electricity Generation (BPP) of the relevant local grid, P50 for the Rate of Return is 16.85%, 17.33% 17.21%, respectively. Evaluation done by comparing investment cost, economic parameters, tariff variation, and risk assessment, for incremental development scenarios of 8×5 MW and 16×25 MW is feasible as development alternative scenario of Ulumbu field.

Keunggulan, Tantangan, dan Rekomendasi Kebijakan akan Pengembangan Energi Panas Bumi di Indonesia

As a country that sits on the Pacific Ring of Fire, Indonesia has become the second largest geothermal power producer in the world. Geothermal energy is a clean-renewable energy that can help the country in reducing greenhouse gas emissions and secure its electricity supply in the future. Through Rencana Umum Energi Nasional (RUEN), government of Indonesia has set the target of building 7200 geothermal power plant capacity by 2025. However, per 2020, Indonesia has only built roughly about 2100 MW geothermal power plant capacity. This study aims to highlight geothermal’s advantages compared to other renewable energies and to discuss the biggest obstacle that had caused the sluggish development of geothermal power plant. This study is also expected to give strategic recommendations to the government to solve the biggest obstacle in developing geothermal power plant. The advantages of geothermal energy are environtmentally friendly, not intermittent, capable to be the base load, and doesn’t need a large area. This study argues that the biggest obstacle in developing geothermal power plant lies the exploration phase. Some actions had been taken by the government of Indonesia to support the exploration phase but this study believes that there are still some solutions that the government can take in order to be more supportive of geothermal exploration phase in Indonesia such as establishing geothermal-exploration entity, implementing depletion premium, and removing fossil fuel subsidy. These recommendations are expected to be capable in helping the government to achieve 7200 MW by 2025.

POTENSI PEMANFAATAN CO2 DAN HIDROGEN SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR ALTERNATIF DI INDONESIA

Indonesia has various types of energy sources, either from conventional energy sources or from newand renewable energy sources. Currently, Indonesia has a program to construct of 35 GW of coal-firedpower plant, as well as an intensive development of Geothermal power plant, since it's reserve isabundant. The construction of these types of power plants has a potency to increase Green House Gas(GHG) production, and therefore it necessarily needs to be anticipated. In 2018, there was 543 millionton of CO2 produced in Indonesia and about a half sourced from power generation sectors. Referring tothe ratio of 1 to 1.5 of CO2 converted with the process of hydrogenation, this indicates a promisingamount of methanol can be obtained. However, there are some challenges need to be overcome toachieve this beneficiary. This paper encloses a description of each challenge, with the main descriptionis on the potency of implementation in Indonesia. Some models from existing development aredescribed, to identify the process of development. This information can be used as a consideration forthe implementation in Indonesia.Keywords: CO2 utilization, Metanol formation, Hydrogen, Green House Gas, Geothermal power plant,Gas power plant

Development of thermo-reporting nanoparticles for accurate sensing of geothermal reservoir conditions

The inaccessibility of geological reservoirs, both for oil and gas production or geothermal usage, makes detection of reservoir properties and conditions a key problem in the field of reservoir engineering, including for the development of geothermal power plants. Herein, an approach is presented for the development of messenger nanoparticles for the determination of reservoir conditions, with a proof of concept example of temperature detection under controlled laboratory conditions. Silica particles are synthesized with a two-layer architecture, an inner enclosed core and an outer porous shell, each doped with a different fluorescent dye to create a dual emission system. Temperature detection happens by a threshold temperature-triggered irreversible release of the outer dye, thus changing the fluorescence signal of the particles. The reported particle system consequently enables a direct, reliable and fast way to determine reservoir temperature. It also displays a sharp threshold for accurate sensing and allows detection at concentration ranges as low as few nanograms of nanoparticles per milliliter.

Pengembangan Strategi Pada Aktivitas Rantai Nilai Panas Bumi (Studi Pada PT Geo Dipa Energi (Persero))

Indonesia's geothermal potential is the second largest in the world. But in fact, the magnitude of its geothermal potential has not been utilized optimally. With investments and risks that are quite high, and a relatively long period of time makes investors do not much invest in this energy sector. Especially with the presence of single buyer, in this case is PT PLN (Persero). The issue of power purchase agreement between developers and PT PLN (Persero) is still become the biggest obstacle to the development of geothermal power plant. This study aims to formulate an appropriate strategy priority used by PT Geo Dipa Energi (Persero) in producing the optimal cost of generating electricity based on Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Regulation Number 50 of 2017 concerning Utilization of Renewable Energy Sources for Electricity Supply. Data collection uses judgment sampling techniques. External environmental analysis is carried out through PESTLE analysis, while internal environmental analysis is carried out through value chain analysis. TOWS analysis is conducted to provide an alternative strategies, that from choices of alternative strategies will be prioritized using AHP analysis. The results of the study produced the chosen strategy priority that is to conduct intensive coordination with PT PLN (Persero) in negotiations to develop a new prospect area.

Mataloko Geothermal Power Plant Development Strategy in order to Maintain the Sustainability of Supply and Demand Electric Energy in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara (A System Dynamics Framework)

One of Indonesia’s problem as an archipelagic country is unequally electrification ratio, especially in Indonesia eastern region. In 2015, the electrification ratio in Kupang is 58.67%. This figure is far below from Indonesia electrification ratio, which is 88.3%. At present, people of Kupang get their electricity supply from fuel energy power system, which is costly and has a bad impact for environment. Furthermore, Indonesia has many renewable resource that has not been fully utilized and this condition in line with acceleration program of electricity infrastructure development in Indonesia, considering that Kupang has a geothermal potential in Mataloko. This research aims to develop a dynamical model of Mataloko geothermal power plant 1 x 2.5 mw development strategy in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara from technical and economical aspect. We used system dynamics to modelling the existing electricity condition in Kupang as a base model to develop scenarios. We hope this scenario can be taken as consideration to develop a renewable resource power plant in order to fulfill the electricity demand. The result shows that geothermal potential in Mataloko is feasible to generate an electricity

Economic and Thermodynamic Analysis for Preliminary Design of Dry Steam Geothermal Power Plant (GPP) with Multifarious Gas Removal System (GRS) in Kamojang, West Java, Indonesia

Indonesia has great number of geothermal potential separated by two kind of potential, 16.13 GW for high enthalpy and 7.88 GW for low enthalpy speculative resources [4]. In the end of 2013, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources stated that Geothermal Power Plant (GPP) in Indonesia have been built about 1.34 GW in capacity and wanted to seriously develop geothermal potential up to 6.64 GW by 2025 [8]. Cost is one of famous obstacle in Indonesia's GPP Development. To reduce grand total cost of GPP, this paper will present the relation between thermodynamic and economic analysis in purpose to find the most economical gas removal system in GPP. By gleaning data at Kamojang Steam Field on behalf of PT Pertamina Geothermal Energy, this study will thermodynamically analyze and calculate a GPP preliminary design with software, named as Cycle Tempo 5.0. In additional, writers create motive steam calculator (based on C++ language) to enhance thermodynamic analysis for gas removal system (GRS) and adapted the results in Cycle Tempo 5.0. After thermodynamic analysis has been done, economic study will be undertaken by Net Present Value Analysis to compare the utilization cost of three different GRS and find which kind of GRS is more economical for nearly 30 years operation. For the result, Dual LRVP has higher performance than the others, spend less utilization cost and more economical for nearly 30 years operation. Moreover, the economic analysis for replacement of gas removal system shown in this paper too. In conclusion, GPP with Dual LRVP is proper to be developed in the future Geothermal Power Plant or to replace the existing GRS in some existing GPP in Indonesia.

A combined energetic and economic approach for the sustainable design of geothermal plants

The perspectives of future development of geothermal power plants, mainly of small size for the exploitation of medium–low temperature reservoirs, are discussed and analyzed in the present paper. Even if there is a general interest in new power plants and investments in this sector are recognized, the new installations are reduced; the apparent advantage of null cost of the energy source is negatively balanced by the high drilling and installation costs. A key element for the design of a geothermal plant for medium temperature geothermal source is the definition of the power of the plant (size): this is important in order to define not only the economic plan but also the durability of the reservoir. Considering that it is not possible that the development of geothermal industry could be driven only by an economic perspective, the authors propose a method for joining energetic and economic approaches. The result of the combined energetic and economic analysis is interesting particularly in case of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) power plants in order to define a suitable and optimal size and to maximize the resource durability. The method is illustrated with reference to some particular case studies, showing that the sustainability of small size geothermal plants will be approached only if the research for more economic solutions will be combined with efforts in direction of efficiency increase.

Geothermal power plants: Evolution and performance assessments

This paper traces the technical development of geothermal plants from the very beginning, focusing on the efficiency of the geothermal-to-electrical energy conversion. The plants at Larderello (Italy) and Wairakei (New Zealand) are examined in some detail. Included are discussions and analyses of little-known plants in Africa and on the Italian island of Ischia that pioneered the development of geothermal energy conversion systems beyond the dry steam plants in Tuscany. Presented are important milestones in geothermal power plant development that opened the way to worldwide expansion of the use of geothermal resources for electricity generation. It is shown that while there has been a slight trend toward higher efficiency over the years, the improvement is less than has occurred in conventional fossil-fueled power plants. The efficiency gains result mainly from more elaborate conversion systems whose extra capital costs may not be justified in all cases. Nevertheless, the data show that geothermal power plants can be designed and built to achieve high efficiencies, comparable to or even greater than conventional plants when appropriate economic conditions and incentives exist.

How to Move forward to New Development of Geothermal Power Plants in Japan

How to Move forward to New Development of Geothermal Power Plants in Japan

Investment cost for geothermal power plants

Stepwise development strategy is considered a suitable method for securing a cost-effective way for the development of geothermal power plants. This strategy has been in use in Iceland for the last decade. Geothermal high-temperature fields are developed in steps of 20–30 MW. About 6 years are required for each step in the development. Parallel development of several fields in a country might be preferable, especially when a rapid increase of the generation capacity is required in that country. The capacity factor of geothermal power plants depends on the mix of power plants serving the electricity grid. Where geothermal power plants can be operated as base load, the capacity factor is usually in excess of 0.9. The investment cost of geothermal power plants is divided into the cost of surface equipment and activities and the cost of subsurface investment. The surface costs include the cost of surface exploration, and the plant and steam-gathering system, while the cost of subsurface investment is that of drilling. Surface equipment costs can be estimated with the same accuracy as other construction works at the surface (buildings, roads, bridges), whereas higher uncertainty might be associated with the cost of drilling. Analyses of the surface costs of five power plants in Iceland show that the investment cost of the surface equipment is linear with size, in the range 20–60 MW. Surface costs were found to be about 1000 USD/kW with a relative error of 10%. Stefánsson (Stefánsson, V., 1992. Success in geothermal development. Geothermics 21, 823–834) published a statistical study of the drilling results in 31 high-temperature fields in the world. Using these results, it is possible to estimate the expectation value and its limits of error for the subsurface investment in an arbtitrary geothermal field. The results obtained for the range 20–60 MW are summarized as follows: Expectation value Range within one standard deviation USD/kW USD/kW Surface cost only 977 762–1192 Total cost in a known field 1267 1062–1692 Total cost in an unknown field 1440 1122–1992

Result of the preliminary geological investigation of natural steam fields in Indonesia

To meet the rising demand of electricity, the Indonesian Government has been forced to look for different sources of energy beside the hitherto known « conventional ones å. Since the Indonesian Island Arc is extremely volcanic, development of geothermal powerplants might provide the solution for the electrification of the rural areas. In the broad context of the recently launched Indonesian Five Year Plan, the Institute of Power Research in Jakarta, with the cooperation of the Bandung Institute of Technology, has started with a systematic investigation and geological mapping of the known existing steam fields. In 1968, several spots in Java have been singled out for closer investigation: four of these have been considered potentially favorable. These are the Dieng volcanic mountains in central Java, Mt. Tampomas and surroundings, the solfataric field of Kawah Kamodjang and the Hot Spring area of Tjisolok in western Java. Except for the solfataric field of Kawah Kamodjang, geological conditions of the other fields, structural as well as stratigraphical, are found to be promising. In these areas, a thick sedimentary series of Tertiary age ranging from sandstones to shales and marls which can play the role of reservoir and cap rocks, were intruded by magmatic stocks during the last phases of volcanism in Java. Besides, these areas are dissected by young faults which might lead to the formation of commercial steam-traps.