Development Of Generic Technologies Research Articles

R455A Refrigerant as a Prospective Working Fluid in Refrigeration Systems for Gastronomy Furnishings

The general development of technology and universal access means that gastronomy furnishings can be found in every corner of the world. Therefore, it is important to develop these devices and the machines that constitute them. We are talking about refrigeration systems located inside gastronomy furnishings. The R404A refrigerant, popular in recent years, is being withdrawn from use due to its harmful impact on the environment. Modern synthetic refrigerants or natural refrigerants can be used as alternative substances. In modern solutions, it is expected that devices and all cooperating elements have the lowest possible harmful impact on the environment and the user while, at the same time, having the highest possible energy efficiency. First, tests were carried out with the R404A refrigerant. Then, the working medium was replaced without changing any element of the refrigeration system with the modern R455A refrigerant. The system was tested in terms of the operating parameters achieved and in terms of electricity consumption. It was found that there is an alternative R455A refrigerant operating in the refrigeration system of catering furnishings, which provides the system with an average of 34% better energy efficiency than the reference refrigerant R404A. It was also found that the time needed to achieve the set working conditions decreased. An alternative refrigerant allows a refrigeration system to be built based on components available on the market or one that can be used as a direct replacement for the old refrigerant.

РИНОК СКРАПЛЕНОГО ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗУ АВСТРАЛІЇ: ІСТОРІЯ, ШЛЯХИ ТА ПРОБЛЕМИ СУЧАСНОГО РОЗВИТКУ

The purpose of the conducted research is to analyze the formation and features of the modern development of the Australian liquefied natural gas market (LNG) in conditions of global instability. It is noted that one of the key factors in the success of LNG exports from Australia is the development of gas collection, transportation, and storage technologies. The country plays an important role in the regional and global energy market due to its ability to provide reliable energy supply. It is noted that despite the significant geographical distance from the main sales markets, Australia occupies a leading position in the export of liquefied natural gas gas not only in Asia – The Pacific region, but also in the world. The territorial differentiation of the export flow of LNG from Australia and their dynamics for the period from 2016 to 2021 is analyzed. It is substantiated that the dynamics of Australia's LNG exports depends on several factors, in particular, the demand for gas on the world market, competition from other countries, the volume of investment in production capacities, level of general technological development and geopolitical factors. Several of Australia's largest LNG projects are explored in detail. The Gorgon LNG project (is one of the largest in the world. The operators are Chevron, ExxonMobil, Shell, and others); the "Wheatstone" project (operator Chevron); the "Pluto" project (operator Woodside Petroleum, one of the largest Australian oil and gas companies); the "Prelude FLNG" project (operator Shell innovative LNG production project, where a floating plant with gas storage and liquefaction is located). Problematic aspects restraining the dynamics of the growth of the liquefied natural gas market in Australia are singled out, the climate factor due to significant volumes of CO2 emissions and non-restoration of natural reserves. Also, problematic issues include price fluctuations in the world market and financial instability, technical problems or infrastructure deficiencies in transportation and storage, significant competition in the world market, etc.

Using Nominal Group Technique to Identify Key Ethical Concerns Regarding Hearing Aids With Machine Learning

Purpose: Machine learning (ML) in new-generation hearing aid technology presents a beneficial opportunity for development in audiology. It is, however, important to balance new applications against the audiologist's professional ethics to protect the client from any harm. This study aimed to identify the key ethical concerns related to the latest digital hearing aid technology that incorporates ML that could potentially impact the client and/or the audiologist. Method: A nominal group technique was conducted with the audiologist to generate and prioritize a list of key ethical concerns related to human data interaction, with specific focus on hearing aids. Results: Five categories were identified in relation to the potential impact on the client: (a) privacy and confidentiality, (b) relationship and trust, (c) nonmaleficence, (d) informed decision making, and (e) financial gain. An additional five categories were identified in relation to the potential impact on the audiologist: (a) privacy and confidentiality, (b) professional responsibility, (c) relationship and trust, (d) financial gain, and (e) trust technology. Privacy and confidentiality were ranked as the highest priority that should be considered when supplying clients with the latest hearing aid technology. Conclusions: Hearing aid technology has evolved considerably, and audiologists need to keep abreast of and master the general technological developments and the associated ethical challenges that may arise. Discussions on the ethics related to ML and hearing aid fittings will help identify the key ethical concerns involved and, thereby, enhance the ethical sensitivity of the profession.

Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Economic Development

The economic growth pattern in China is changing from high-speed development to high-quality development. In order to promote high-quality economic development, it is necessary to promote the transformation and upgrading of all aspects of social reproduction. Artificial intelligence has promoted high-quality economic development in China from the aspects of innovation effect, technology spillover effect, factor improvement effect, and technology optimization effect. However, there are still several problems in China’s AI development, such as the lack of core technologies, privacy and security, as well as the lack of high-tech talents. To this end, China should advance basic theoretical research and key generic technology development to improve the self-reliance of science and technology, as well as optimize the development environment of the industry and improve the relevant laws and regulations as well as the ethical norms system. A system to train high-quality personnel and a mechanism that allows personnel flow should be established to promote high-quality economic development.

Forensics as a Science and Practice

<p>Modern forensics is a science that has been dynamically developing in recent years, which is related both to the general development of science and technology and to the needs of the judiciary and law enforcement agencies. The main feature of forensics is its interdisciplinarity. All the facts presented cause that the identity of modern forensics is changing. It is, in a way, a natural process. However, it poses a great danger of disintegrating this science. The article presents a discussion on the constantly changing paradigm of forensics, its goals and tasks. Such important theoretical issues have a large impact on forensic practice, primarily on expert opinions, teaching forensics and knowledge of forensics by lawyers.</p>

Vertical controlled landing on 67P / Churyumov-Gerasimenko

With the increasing interest of small body science due to its important role in the puzzle of the solar system formation, missions to small bodies are studied and developed in preparation for future exploration. Together with the operational experience gained and the general rapid technology development, landers and surface mobility elements enable more and more an enhancement of the scientific mission return by collecting in-situ measurements or samples of the surface. Hence, the descent and landing operations become a vital part in a successful execution of the mission.In this paper, a descent strategy for a vertical landing on small bodies is presented. A controlled descent and landing sequence is proposed as opposed to ballistic descents used in previous small body landers (Ulamec and Biele, 2009). The analysis aims for a generic investigation of the surface accessibility of a small body on the example of the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko. A vertical controlled descent trajectory concept is proposed and applied to all surface facets of the downscaled ESA polyhedron shape model (released in 2015 (ESA, 2015)). The trajectories are assessed by their duration of descent, Δv need and their surface accessibility with respect to safety distances to the surface and the canyon walls.The analysis results in Δv need ranges between Δvmin=0.7 m s−1 and Δvmax=3.1 m s−1, the duration of descent between tmin=65 min and tmax=275 min. If a minimum distance of 175 ​m to the canyon surface or walls is considered as safe, 90% of the comet’s surface is accessible with the described implemented strategy.

Development of Carbon Fiber Production Technologies. A Review

The general development and current state of technology for producing carbon fibers is considered. The potential of improving the performance of carbon fibers and the promising areas of development of technologies for the production of carbon fiber materials are evaluated.

Mapping product and service innovation: A bibliometric analysis and a typology

Research conducted in the innovation field lags behind organizations’ general technological development and innovativeness. Literature that previously depicted innovation types in developed markets is markedly different from progressively publicized emerging market innovation types. While capital-abundant firms tend to engage in respective pioneering and incremental innovation loops, resource-constrained firms and firms in emerging countries may partially free-ride on existing products and services through innovations such as copycat and frugal. To date, there have been no attempts to holistically consolidate product and service innovation types into one overarching typology. Using novel methods of text mining and co-citation analysis, this study systematically maps three decades of product and service innovation scholarship to provide a typology of eight major product and service innovation types. This is further supported by case study analysis to demonstrate how these innovation types fit into the cost vs market novelty matrix. This study is unique in its methodological proposition to systematically review the innovation scholarship of more than 1,400 articles through comprehensive, quantified, and objective methods that offer transparent and reproducible results. The study provides some clarity regarding the classifications and characteristics of the innovation typology.

A high-efficiency development mode of shale gas reservoirs in mountainous areas based on large cluster horizontal well engineering

With the basic characteristics of conventional horizontal wells, the so-called complex wells including horizontal extended-reach wells, multi-lateral horizontal wells, U-shaped wells, cluster horizontal wells, etc., are advanced well types for the efficient development of low-permeability, unconventional, deep-water, and deep oil and gas reservoirs, which have been highly concerned all over the world. Significant progress at home and abroad has been made in relevant researches and practices and is expected to play an important role in the efficient development of shale oil and gas. To meet the basic needs of environment & safety, land conservation, cost reducing and efficiency improving, it is urgent to create a unique and efficient mode for developing shale gas. Therefore, an efficient shale gas development mode for mountainous areas and an engineering and technical support system are presented based on large cluster horizontal-well engineering. An equation is thus obtained for calculating the maximum number of horizontal wells arranged allowably in “Well Factory” on a single platform. The general research and development of large extended-reach well technology are analyzed by expounding the basic concept of an extended-reach well and its drilling extension limit. And a calculation method is thus established to predict the maximum measured depth of open hole in extended-reach drilling. Moreover, some relevant research results and their significance for downhole tubular mechanics & mechanical extension limits in extended-reach drilling are also briefly introduced in this paper. The conclusions are drawn that, by following the idea of “integration of geology and engineering” in oil and gas development, these research results have a foreseeable application prospect in shale gas development in the mountainous areas in the future, and will contribute to new progress in China's “Shale Revolution”.

Labours of Love and Convenience: Dealing with Community-Supported Knowledge in Museums

This writing utilizes the case study of a specific project, namely adopting a Digital Asset Management System (DAMS) based on open source technologies at the Art Institute of Chicago (AIC), to describe the thought process, which along the way led to the discovery of Linked Data and more general technology development practices based on community participation. In order to better replicate such a thought process and its evolution into a broader strategy that goes beyond technology, this paper will begin by describing the problem that the Collection IT team at AIC had been initially tasked to resolve, and its technical implementation. After that, the paper will treat the strategic shift of resources from a self-contained production and review cycle toward an exchange-based economy. The challenges, both external and internal, posed by this change will be addressed. All the while, the paper will highlight perspectives and challenges related to the museum sector, and the efforts of AIC to adopt views and methodologies that have traditionally been associated with the library world. A section is dedicated to ongoing efforts of the same nature among museums.

Technological models of development and their applicability to a Baltic states

Abstract Purpose – To study the possibilities of a theory to establish a modern theory of economic growth, including the factors of institutions and changes in technologies. These factors are a set of rules with high coercive force to the agents’ action, which form a particular mode/model of their adaptation, together with other institutions. Findings – The research results may enrich an economic theory and practice in the area of business models applicability in Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia. The findings may assist an economic community to influence the general technological development within the national institutional systems. Practical implications –The so-called institutional macroeconomics as a practical discipline (which has a very close connection with behavioural macroeconomics) may assist to explore the economic growth in a Baltic States from the point of view of changing institutions (firms, business community), labour markets and information.

Qualitative Evaluation of IoT-Driven eHealth

This article explains that eHealth has major potential, and its adoption may be considered necessary to achieve increased ambulant and remote medical care, increased quality, reduced personnel needs, and reduced costs potential in healthcare. In this paper, the authors try to give a reasonable, qualitative evaluation of IoT-driven eHealth from theoretical and practical viewpoints. They look at associated knowledge management issues and contributions of IoT to eHealth, along with requirements, benefits, limitations and entry barriers. Important attention is given to security and privacy issues. Finally, the conditions for business plans and accompanying value chains are realistically analyzed. The resulting implementation issues and required commitments are also discussed. The authors confirm that IoT-driven eHealth can happen and will happen; however, much more needs to be addressed to bring it back in sync with medical and general technological developments in an industrial state-of-the-art perspective and to recognize and get timely the benefits.

Roadmap Modeling and Assessment Approach for Defense Technology System of Systems

Advanced defense technology plays a crucial role in safeguarding national safety and development interests. Aiming to handle the problems of current research and development (R&D) management approaches faced with the rocketing complexities of system of systems, the authors propose a novel roadmap modeling and assessment methodology through studying the driving forces of general technology development and analyzing realistic requirements of defense technology management in this article. First, a requirement decomposition framework is designed based on multi-view theories and text-mining tools are used to construct a multi-layer knowledge-flow network model. Second, the contribution rates of requirement elements at different levels are evaluated using a multi-criteria decision-making approach and the node importance is assessed based on the topological structure of multi-layer network. Third, it is utilized to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approaches that illustrative examples of the technology requirements in maritime security strategy investigating and a dual-layer knowledge-flow network consists of patents that belong to the “Coherent Light Generator (CLC)” classification from the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) database and the related academic papers from Web of Science. Finally, the contributions, potential applications, and drawbacks of this work are discussed and research outlooks are provided.

Influence of Work Discipline, Career Development and Job Satisfaction on Employee Performance Directorate General Research and Development of Ministry Research, Technology and Higher Education

This causal research aims to find out information about possible employee performance that is influenced by work discipline, career development, and job satisfaction.The survey method used in this study is data that has been analyzed by path analysis after all variables are incorporated into the correlation matrix. Data were collected from 113 employees as randomly selected samples.The result of the research found that: (1) work discipline has a positive effect on employee performance, (2) career development have positive effect on employee performance, (3) job satisfaction have positive effect to employee's performance, (4) work discipline has positive effect to job satisfaction, 5) career development has a positive effect on job satisfaction, and (6) work discipline has a positive effect on career development.The results showed that work discipline, career development, and job satisfaction are the determinants of employee performance

МЕГАТРЕНДИ РОЗВИТКУ ГЛОБАЛЬНИХ ІННОВАЦІЙНИХ МЕРЕЖ

Under the megatrend, we mean large-scale technological, economic, social, political changes that occur slowly, but in the long run, when they are rooted, they substantially and permanently affect most of the processes in society. Such relative stability in the trajectory of the main forces of change can predict some elements of medium and long-term future changes. The article investigates such megatrends of the development of global innovation networks as the structural nature of the global innovation system, the development of systemic interconnections in the field of innovation, the interaction of national innovation systems and global, the internationalization of innovation activity, and the paradigm of "open innovation". The methodological principles and structural elements of the concept of the national innovation system are determined in the paper, the connection of national innovation systems with the phenomenon of internationalization of the innovation sphere is explored. The theoretical principles of the phenomenon of internationalization of innovation activity are investigated, as well as the preconditions for the emergence of the concept of "open innovation" and its current trends have been established. The concept of open innovation is an important precondition for the emergence and functioning of global innovation networks. The paper analyzes the genesis and specificity of the phenomenon of global innovation networks, outlines their structure and dynamics. It has been determined that global innovation networks play an important role in the development of the modern world economy, as they stimulate international cooperation in the innovation sphere, transfer of knowledge to the world economy and general scientific and technological development and growth of world production.

Priority Sequence of Generic Technologies Commercialization: Take Biotechnology for an Example

With the establishing and improving of generic technologies development system in various countries, the obstacles which block the development of generic technologies have been transferred from basic R & D sessions to the downstream sessions, which refer to industrial applications. The research on integrating priority sequence of generic technologies commercialization in the stage of knowledge diffusion is desiderated. Given the limitation of generic technologies classification perspective based on bottom-up tree structure, using social network analysis method, this paper puts forward a method which identifying industrial generic technologies reversely by observing the sharing of proprietary technology to generic technologies from the top of technology tree, in order to pinpoint generic technologies with market conditions and those still need to be studied, moreover, to provide a scientific evaluation method for government intervention in the diffusion of generic technologies. In order to achieve this research, we take biotechnology as an example to conduct empirical test.

Human Capital in Republican and New China: Regional and Long-Term Trends

ABSTRACTIn recent decades it has been debated whether China’s growth performance is primarily driven by capital accumulation (more inputs) or rather by an increase in Total Factor Productivity (TFP) growth (better technology and institutions). The answer to this question may offer a glimpse into the future trends of China’s economic growth. If the perspiration factors are dominant, one should expect a slowdown in the growth of the Chinese economy in accordance with the traditional Solow model. If, however, TFP growth drives per capita GDP growth, one can expect a strong convergence of China toward the technological frontier. In this paper we combine historical, long-term analysis with quantitative methods to find out whether the effect of (both human- and physical) capital and TFP on growth changed over the last 90 years. While partly relying on existing data, lack of information required us to estimate a new dataset on human capital for the provinces of China between 1922 and 2010 which allows us to decompose the observed economic growth into accumulation driven and TFP driven parts. We find that general technological development improved steadily over the course of the 1990s and 2000s.

Data and Information Handling in Assembly Information Systems – A Current State Analysis

Products become more complex as the general technology development reaches new levels. These new technologies enable manufacturing companies to offer better products with new functionalities to their customers. Complex products require adequate manufacturing systems to cope with changing product requirements. In general, manufacturing of this type of products entails complex structured and rigid IT systems. Due to the system's complexity and comprehensive structure, it becomes challenging to optimize the information flow. There are improvement potentials in how such systems could be better structured to meet the demands in complex manufacturing situations. This is particularly true for the vehicle manufacturing industry where growth in many cases have occurred through acquisitions, resulting in increased levels of legacy IT systems. Additionally, this industry is characterized by high levels of product variety which contribute to the complexity of the manufacturing processes. In manual assembly of these products, operations are dependent on high quality assembly work instructions to cope with the complex assembly situations. This paper presents a current state analysis of data and information handling in assembly information systems at multiple production sites at a case company manufacturing heavy vehicles. On basis of a certain set of characterizing manual assembly tasks for truck, engine and transmission assembly, this work focuses on identifying what data and information that is made available to operators in terms of assembly work instructions and the importance of such data and information. This work aims to identify gaps in the information flow between manufacturing engineering and shop floor operations.

A Data-Driven Holistic Approach to Fault Prognostics in a Cyclic Manufacturing Process

The complexity of manufacturing systems is increasing due to the increased requirements related to the variety and quality of the products, their complexity, and due to the general technological developments. In turn, the data related to the manufacturing processes is growing in size and in complexity. This presents new challenges for real-time monitoring, diagnostics, and prognostics of the processes. The challenges are addressed by new tools, methodologies, and concepts, collectively referred to as Big Data. The paper deals with the use of advanced methods for prognostics of infrequent faults on available but highly dimensional manufacturing process data. A holistic approach, which includes data generation, acquisition, storage, processing, and prognostics, is shown in a case of a plastic injection moulding process. Real industrial data acquired from five injection moulding machines and the Manufacturing Execution System within a period of six months is used. It is shown how the approach is able to tackle the high dimensionality and the large size of the data to create and evaluate prediction models for prognostics of the unplanned machine stops.

Global Innovational Networks: Sense and Role in Development of Global Economy

The starting point for this research is the authors’ hypothesis that global innovational networks play an important role in the development of the modern global economy because they stimulate international cooperation in the innovational sphere, the translation of knowledge in the global economic system, and general scientific and technological development and production development. The purpose of this article is to verify this hypothesis, conduct a complex study on the phenomenon of global innovational networks, and determine their purpose and role in the development of the modern global economy. The methodological basis of this research is founded on the logical modeling of economic systems and methods of structural and functional, systemic, and problem analysis. In the process of the research, the authors studied examples of global innovational networks created based on modern Europe that include countries from all over the world, namely, Horizon 2020, ERA.Net RUS, and Eurocores (European Collaboration Research). The authors also conducted complex analysis of statistical information on various global innovational networks, the dynamics of the quantity of innovational projects, realized participation in global innovational networks, and the significance of the global innovational indexes of countries of Western Europe (Great Britain, Germany, France, and Italy), Central and Eastern Europe (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Latvia) and Russia in 2005-2014. The authors provide a sense of global innovational networks, including their peculiarities and advantages; build a structural and logical model of the global market of innovations; and determine the role of global innovational networks in the development of the modern global economy.