Development Of Gender Relations Research Articles

Conceptual levels of the managing of gender conflicts in the field of education in the framework of sustainable development of society

The resolution of gender conflicts should not be their cessation, but their management in order to obtain socially beneficial consequences of these conflicts. Such a conceptual understanding of the potential benefits of gender conflicts provides an alternative to understanding gender conflicts as inevitably destructive and harmful to society. The distinction between levels of gender conflict should not be made in order to institutionally suppress them, as has been the case in traditional society. Distinguishing the levels of gender conflict in a democratic society should be based on a conceptual vision of the possibility of exploiting the potential of multiple social identities of individuals, as well as managing gender conflicts through their explication and understanding. The UN Agenda 2030 program sets constructive goals – the goals of sustainable development, including the development of gender relations. However, the institutional means of achieving these goals must be subject to an adequate conceptual approach to understanding the essence of gender relations. This understanding is ensured by proper gender education.

Athlete’s life path in the perspective of gender athletes reporting opportunities in their sports after their sport carrier

Sport is the highlight of the male-female relationship system. We find that the concept of homogeneity is becoming more and more weakened, sport becomes unisex, which can strongly influence gender judgment in society. The "weaker sex" appearance and spread of the sport indicate that something has changed in the world, so thinking has to change also. Nowadays, there is a dual process in the field of sport: 1.) women appear in the traditionally masculine sports, and this plays an important role in the development of gender relations as mixed races arise; 2.) at the same time, men also appear in previously reserved areas for women, which they have not had opportunities so far (BÉKI, 2018). This phenomenon can be observed, though much slower in sports management. Yet in other sports roles, the gates for both sexes have not yet been opened in masculine and feminine sports. The study deals with how the status of an athlete will be transformed after sport if he/she wants to remain his or her sport in other sports roles - concentrating on coaching and judging roles – to represent his or her own sport. Particularly, we have been focusing on sports whose judgment is not socially acceptable to both sexes. The research sample is team and individual women athletes who are more than 14 years old. Research method is in-depth interview research (n = 145) and questionnaire research (n = 240). The results showed that female athletes are becoming more accepted in masculine sports, although more limited in their careers possibilities than men after an athlete’s life. Their athlete’s identity is strong, they want to stay in the sport on the civilian life as well.

Modern Russian family under the conditions of changing gender relations

The article is dedicated to analysis of the impact made by a considerable shift in the gender consciousness of Russians over the past two decades, in terms of the actual distribution of gender roles in family and the role of persisting gender stereotypes in the existing gender order of things, as well as the prospects for further development of gender relations based on sociological research. Research findings reveal contradictions between the gender consciousness and the actual distribution of family responsibilities. It emphasizes the importance of satisfaction with marital relations being a contributory factor for maintaining and strengthening family, which is largely and in part based on satisfaction with the distribution of domestic work. In the article the gender stereotypes and attitudes of young people are analysed, and the fact of a more widespread occurrence of egalitarian ideas of distribution of gender roles in family among young people in comparison with other age groups is revealed. Different attitudes to gender stereotypes among young people depending on their gender are also presented by the authors, in particular, a greater commitment to gender stereotypes of young men as compared to young women. The article states that young men more often share traditional attitudes to the distribution of gender roles in family, that is most likely a consequence of the conditions of gender socialization in family, and, perhaps to a degree a result of the media campaign launched to promote traditional gender roles and stereotypes as the cultural code improperly assigned to our people. The authors emphasize the need to study the impact of the lockdown regime on gender relations in family and thus on modern Russian family, since lack of data does not allow us to draw any reasonable conclusions about the impact of these emergency circumstances on the lives of various family types yet.

СВІТОГЛЯДНО-ФІЛОСОФСЬКА ПАРАДИГМА ЯК КОНТЕКСТ ГЕНДЕРНИХ ВІДНОСИН

Визначається зміст понять “парадигма”, “контекст”, характеризуються основні аспекти світоглядно-філософської парадигми як контексту гендерних відносин. Робиться висновок про доцільність акцентування уваги феміністичних організацій на утвердженні нових принципів та положень.

GREEK «ΦΥΣΙΣ» AS THE BASIS OF GENDER STEREOTYPES

Purpose. Considering the fact that the concept «by nature» formed the basis of diametrically different approaches to the interpretation of the place and role of women not only in Greek society, but determined the gender relations up to this time, the article examines the features of the interpretation of the term «nature» («φύσις») in Greek outlook and the impact of natural-philosophical ideas on the evolution of gender relations of Ancient period. Methodology of the study is caused by interdisciplinary approach, involving not only the use of scientific methods such as analysis, synthesis and generalization and so on. Basic principles of philosophical hermeneutics, hypothetical-deductive method and contextual analysis are used at the same time. Originality lies in the denial of existing idea in contemporary intellectual discourse that the concept «by nature» is a conceptual prerequisite for ensuring gender inequality. Against this background, it is shown that gender equality and inequalities are both caused by the dominant in the public worldview meta-narrative paradigm and specific features of interpretation of the concept «by nature» (or «nature»). So when nature is seen in physiological or empirical sense, it establishes a pattern of gender inequality. The same can occur in cases of dogmatization and mythologizing of empiricism, which appears on the ideological level as a meta-narrative. However, when the concept of «nature» acquires metaphysical meaning and is viewed as a kind of potentiality that is actualized in the presence of favorable conditions prerequisites of gender equality are emerging. Conclusions. Having considered the proposed by Greek philosophy approaches to gender interaction as a kind of stereotypes, we conclude that the development of gender relations in individual historical terms was caused by the specificity of the dominant narrative of life and world order.

Improving the Inside: Gender, Property and the 18th-Century Self

This article looks at questions of politeness, conduct and civility in the 18th century to explore how individuals imagined owning themselves as market actors and as members of an emerging civil society. It focuses on how they managed the contradictions of participating in the capitalist market without being branded as gamblers. It argues that a moral economy of rational improvement and a disciplined self was crucial to this process, to counter the fragility of self-ownership and the unpredictability and riskiness of property not based on land ownership. This disciplined and rational self-ownership was inextricable from the development of gender relations, which rested on the division between the public and private spheres, and from the disavowal of ‘bad femininity’ from the account of property.

The social psychology of gender: how power and intimacy shape gender relations

1. Understanding Gender. 2. Dominance and Interdependence. 3. Development of Gender Relations. 4. Content and Origins of Gender Stereotypes. 5. Descriptive and Prescriptive Stereotyping. 6. Self-Sustaining Prophecies. 7. Obstacles to Gender Nonconformity. 8. Sexism in the Workplace. 9. Love and Romance. 10. Sex. 11. Gender and Violence. 12. Progress, Pitfalls, and Remedies.

Legislating Gender, (Re)producing Rights: An Analysis of African Case Law

This article considers the development of gender relations in Africa by using examples from various African countries of the ways in which case law is interacting with international developments on human rights to produce policy changes with respect to such matters as health care, sexual health, inheritance and other policy areas of particular interest to women. Developments vary between countries, but there are clear trends. Various court cases are discussed and the relationship between law, policy and practice is also considered.

Conceptualising Gender in a Swedish Context

This article tries to illuminate the political conceptualisation of gender in twentieth‐century Sweden. It is argued that the notion of gender is partly shaped through a conceptual similarity between an older societal structure with patriarchal principles, marked by a strong gender division of labour, called brukssamhällen (rural industrial communities) and the Swedish welfare state. The local ‘spirit of compromise’ of rural industrial community life survived the industrialisation as an idea, especially the ideas of inclusiveness and the importance of welfare for social cohesion, based on gainful employment. These ideas have also affected the conceptualisation of gender during the twentieth century. This development is brought to light in analyses made by feminist historians, specifically concerning the development of gender relations within the labour movement as well in the general debate.

Nationalism and Suffrage: Gender Struggle in Nation-Building America

HE DEVELOPMENT OF gender relations in the modern era is never free from the influence of nations and nationalism (McClintock 1993); nations reflect the impact of gender strug­ gles as well. In this article I examine the white women's suffrage movement from 1848 to 1918 and conclude that a core within the suf­ frage leadership practiced a nationalism based on exclusive citizenship that was conditioned on whiteness. I see these politics as nationalist­ embedded within the women's experience and conceptions of America­ as well as racist. This nationalism was realized through an alliance between white American women and men that subordinated gender con­ flict-even as suffrage leaders sought to improve their position as women. In the process, these leaders advanced the cause of women's suffrage while furthering the exclusion and oppression of nonwhite women and men. Aldon Morris observes that social scientists have tended to underempha­ size the political consciousness of dominant groups (1992, 363). In this article I attempt to explain some of the unmarked political consciousness of the dominant American group-what I term its nationalism-and how gender struggles both affected and reflected that nationalism. I begin with a brief review of literature on the relationships between white and nonwhite women, then offer a conception of national identity that undergirds the gender argument, before presenting a historical case. I focus on the mainstream of the suffrage movement and the leaders of its core organizations: the trend within the movement that was most success­ ful in achieving the explicit political goals of suffrage. 1

Gender and the Hunter-Gatherer Archaeological Record: A View from the Thukela Basin

In this paper I argue that it is imperative for archaeologists to incorporate a gender focus in their research. Coupled with this however, must be the notion that both women and men were active participants in the making of history. It is submitted that adopting this approach will enable archaeologists to develop a deeper understanding of human history. I then present my views concerning the development of gender relations in Thukela Basin 7000-2000 BP hunter-gatherer society. I argue that the early stages of this occupation were characterized by male dominance which then became the site of considerable struggle which resulted in women improving their positions and possibly attaining some form of parity with men. Thereafter, I respond to Wadley's critique of my interpretation of gender relations in Thukela Basin, arguing, among other things, that her understanding of gender and kinship relations in hunter-gatherer societies is defective and consequently that her critique is flawed. * Received July 1992, revised August 1992