Development Of External Relations Research Articles

STRATEGIC INTERESTS OF THE REPUBLIC OF TURKEY IN THE REGION OF THE MIDDLE EAST AND NORTH AFRICA

The coming to power in the Republic of Turkey of Prime Minister and later President Recep Tayyip Erdogan led to a change in the ideological foundation of the state, the rejection of the ideology of Kemalism and the transition to the ideology of neo-Ottomanism with an active foreign policy in the Middle East and North Africa. The strengthening of Erdogan's power contributed to a change in Turkey's foreign policy and the development of external relations with the Islamic worlds and, first of all, with the Arab countries. The neo-Ottoman ideology has become a key element in Turkey's foreign policy strategy in the Arab region. Prerequisites for changing the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey in the Middle East and North Africa are complex. After the political party Justice and Development came to power, it led to the desire for neo- Ottoman revanchism and the rejection of the "zero problems with neighbors" political vector. Also, through various reforms, the leader of Turkey, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, managed to neutralize the political opposition and the Turkish military, who historically were the external arbiters of Turkish political life. The strengthening of Erdogan's political position inside Turkey allowed him to change the external political course of his country. After the start of a series of revolutions in the Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa, Turkey felt that it could regain in this region the lost political and economic positions that it had lost after the fall of the Ottoman Empire. After that, Turkey began to position itself as an important military, political and economic player in the region, competing with such countries as Israel, Egypt, Iran and Saudi Arabia. This vector of development of Turkey's foreign policy showed that the country no longer seeks to pursue a policy close to the interests of the United States and the European Union, and began to distance itself from the Western world, becoming the dominant political and military player in the Middle East, North Africa and other regions. This trend showed that the Republic of Turkey has already declared itself as a regional power that other political players need to reckon with.

ВНЕШНИЕ СВЯЗИ СУБНАЦИОНАЛЬНОГО УРОВНЯ УНИТАРНЫХ СТРАН КАК ЭЛЕМЕНТ ЕВРОПЕЙСКОЙ ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ АРХИТЕКТУРЫ

In the second half of the XX century the researches have started to perceive regions both as a level of governance and as actors in the political process (I. Duhachek, M. Keating, etc.). A distinctive feature of the modern period is the active involvement of unitary subnational regions in political activity, which is especially evident in the example of the European Union. The objective of the research is to consider the external relations of the subnational regions of the unitary EU member-states as an element of the political architecture of this integration entity. A systematic and structural-functional approach is used to analyze the reasons for the development of external relations at the subnational level within the framework of integration unification, systematize these relations by groups and consider the degree of their embeddedness in the political architecture. The entire complex of external relations of subnational-level regions is divided into four groups depending on the number and level of actors. The analysis of these reasons, taking into account the groups of external relations, allowed us to confirm the hypothesis that the external relations of subnational regions of unitary countries (both asymmetric and symmetrical) within the EU can be considered as part of the EU political architecture. The embeddedness analysis of these links in the EU decision-making process allowed us to conclude that the external relations of the subnational regions of the unitary EU member-states have become part of the EU political architecture

Perception of the East and the tasks of Far Eastern policy of Russia in the views of V.N. Kokovtsov and P.A. Stolypin

Activity of V.N. Kokovtsov and P.A. Stolypin, associated with the situation of Russia in the Far East after the defeat in the Russo-Japanese War, was held in the conditions of the need to solve the tasks of restoring the fighting capacity of the Russian army, improving the defense capability of the Far East and integrating this region within the empire. Under these conditions, the understanding of the importance of supporting the eastern regions of the Russian Empire was expressed, in which there was great potential for socio-economic development, while recognizing the need to avoid military clashes in Asia. V.N. Kokovtsov was involved in the Far Eastern and became Wittes successor as finance minister, since this ministry continued to play a decisive role in Eastern politics. Witte focused on the development of external relations between Russia and the Asian states and the desire to strengthen Russias influence in the Far Eastern region, and then the eastern policy after the Russo-Japanese War was more oriented toward the development of the eastern territories of Russia. With the growing awareness of the importance of the internal eastern regions of Russia, the negative attitude towards the eastern states with which Russia bordered was strengthened. In general, the governments program for the economic development of the Far East gave impetus to the development of the region.

THE COHERENCE OF EU LAW: THE PROMOTION OF INVESTMENTS VS. THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

THE COHERENCE OF EU LAW: THE PROMOTION OF INVESTMENTS VS. THE PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS

Morocco's Expanding Towns

The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of the 1960 census figures for t e cities of Morocco, and to discuss major changes in urban population data in recent years. Urban development in Morocco is proceeding at an ever-increasing tempo. The expansion in the Moroccan population which?with an annual increase of more than 3 per cent?has taken on the characteristics of a 'demographic explosion', has had its most noticeable effect in the towns. While the population as a whole has doubled in 28 years, the urban population has doubled in only 16 years. Although measurements of growth are possible with various parameters such as employment, growth in area and functions, etc, this paper views urban population primarily in quantitative terms {Population Legale du Maroc, 1961; Noin, 1962). We should not, however, lose this opportunity of drawing attention to certain problems connected with the rapid increase in the urban population which has made a notable difference to the geographical picture of the country. There are, first of all, the changed relations between town and country, due chiefly to the movement of country people into the urban centres, quite irrespective of the employment situa? tion ; this is a characteristic feature of all under-developed countries. This phenomenon can be explained chiefly by the increasing difficulties of a poor peasantry. There are also wide regional differences in urban development, which is by no means homogeneous in Morocco. Some towns have expanded only moderately, while others have had a very rapid increase in population. We must emphasize in this connection the relative decline of the traditional capitals of the interior (Fez, Marrakesh) at the expense of the modern towns of the Atlantic coast (Kenitra, Rabat, Casablanca). A change in the centres of activity of the country has, in fact, taken place with the development of external relations, especially with France, the colonizing power until 1956. It is noteworthy that one-third of the population of the country is concentrated in the Atlantic coastal areas, on a proportion of territory that is less than one-tenth of the total area, with a denser grouping around the industrial and urbanized axis of Casablanca-Kenitra.