Development Of Emotional Expression Research Articles

Soft hearts and hard souls

AbstractOne of the most fundamental claims of the Cognitive Theory of Metaphor is the direction of mapping from concrete to abstract. The pervasiveness of this path of semantic change has been widely accepted among researchers interested in the study of the history and development of emotional expressions. Whereas most studies focus on the analysis of one specific target domain (i.e., one emotion or one family of emotions), less attention has been paid to the reconstruction and analysis of the set of diachronic changes that affected one single source domain. Within this framework, in this paper I have used data extracted from standard Old English dictionaries and thesauri, in order to propose a complete analysis of the set of Old English adjectives for different textural properties of physical objects (such as roughness, smoothness, softness and hardness). I am especially interested in the reconstruction and analysis of the paths of semantic change (from concrete to abstract) illustrated by this section of the Old English vocabulary. Broadly speaking, apart from the original senses for physical texture, these adjectives developed secondary meanings in the fields of feelings and emotions, which I have classified into three categories:physical sensations(such as weakness and pleasantness),sensorial sensations(such as auditive, visual or gustative sensations) andemotional sensations(such as grief, anger, compassion and empathy). Furthermore, the resulting figurative meanings (which I have analysed in terms of metonymic, synaesthetic and metaphoric extensions) can also be grouped into positive and negative sensations. The present paper supports the idea that the origin of our understanding of abstract concepts is deeply rooted in our physical experiences. This is indeed a conceptual pattern showed by the diachronic evolution of Old English adjectives for texture. This paper concludes with some remarks on the social and cultural changes that prompted some of these semantic changes, paying special attention to the Christianization of Anglo-Saxon England and the introduction of Christian values.

Age-related differences in the acute pain facial expression during infancy.

The ontogenetic perspective on the development of emotional expressions in infants holds that infants' facial and vocal expressions evolved to serve crucial communicative functions in infancy and contribute to infants' survival. Infants' facial expressions should be contextualized by their own developmental stage rather than presuppositions from verbal populations. The overall aim of this paper was to examine age differences in the temporal patterning of elucidated facial expressions in the first minute following vaccination injections. One hundred infants were videotaped longitudinally (2, 4, 6 and 12 months) from 2007-2012during their routine vaccination appointment over the first year of life and five major negative facial configurations were identified using BabyFACS. In the current study, facial configurations were graphed in 5-s epochs for 1-min post-vaccination and subsequently analysed for facial expression by time effects using Repeated Measures ANOVAs at each age. Clear differences in temporal patterns were displayed as infants aged. ANOVA analyses indicated significant facial expression by time interactions at each age. Facial expressions illustrating intense/moderate distress and sensory overload were prominent in the first 15s at the 2-, 4- and 6-month vaccination. However, expressions showing regulation of distress occurred progressively earlier over 1min post-needle in older infants, suggesting a significant shift in regulatory capacity of pain-related distress occurs after 6-months of age. An important developmental milestone was identified in infants' ability to regulate distress at 6months. Supporting parents' infant pain management is particularly critical in the first months of life as infants' initial facial expressions appear to be more reflective of an organism overwhelmed by distress.

PRINCIPLES OF IMPLEMENTATION AXIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO CULTURAL DEVELOPMENT EMOTIONAL EXPRESSION TEENAGERS

The problem of axiology is the subject of great attention in the crucial moments of life. The main goal of treatment researchers to this problem was the education of emotional reflection among the younger generation. Axiological approach, turned to value-semantic sphere, provides focus formation process and the integrity of the functioning of all mental spheres of personality; it activates its self-awareness, and establishes connection between consciousness and behavior. Adolescent behavior is based on the principle of the unity of personality, culture, and activity, which allows us to talk about the importance of cultural development of emotional expression. The expression is based on the experience as a process taking place on the emotional and intellectual level of human consciousness, in most cases not noticeable to others. His intellectual outcome is the experience, and the emotional spectrum of emotions. And, if a positive result was achieved, the visible result is a high level of culture of emotional expression.

The Development of Emotional Expression and Understanding in Young Children

The Development of Emotional Expression and Understanding in Young Children

Development of emotional expressions in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Chimpanzee infants, like human infants, exhibit some emotional expressions in the first days of life, and additional expressions develop over the first months of life. We know relatively little about the influence of the rearing environment on the development of emotional expression in chimpanzees (or in human infants). The specific aim of this study was to assess whether early rearing had an effect on development of emotional expressions in chimpanzees.

Development of emotional expressions in young chimpanzees: The influence of early experience and individual differences

Feather pecking (FP) can cause feather loss, resulting in physical injuries, which may lead to cannibalism. FP appears to be a redirection of foraging behavior, which intensifies when hens have difficulty coping with stress and fear. Dynamic environmental enrichment (EE) may allow expression of natural foraging behavior thus reducing conspecific pecking behavior and alleviating hen injury. Three treatments (plastic box: BOX; hay bale: HAY; and no enrichment: CON) were randomly applied to 30 identical floor pens (10 hens/pen; 10 pens/trt). At the pen level, hen behavior, and the number of severe FP (SFP), gentle FP (GFP), aggressive pecks (AP), and enrichment pecks (EP) were recorded from video prior to (21 wk) and after (24 wk) treatment implementation, and when hens were 27, 32, and 37 wk of age. A manual restraint test (MR) was performed immediately after behavioral observations and levels of blood serotonin (5-HT) and glucocorticoids (GC) measured. Short-term (ST) and long-term (LT) analyses identified the impact of EE over the ST (21 vs. 24 wk of age) and LT (21 vs. all other ages) at the pen level. At the pen level, HAY (3.18 ± 0.33) tended to reduce GFP compared to CON (4.10 ± 0.34) over the ST (P = 0.15) and LT (P = 0.09), but did not impact the number of SFP, or AP over the ST or LT. More EP was observed in HAY (3.56 ± 0.14) than BOX (1.61 ± 0.18) throughout the study (P < 0.0001). More HAY hens perched (P = 0.05) at 24 wk (0.28 ± 0.12) compared to 21 wk (0.19 ± 0.11), and more HAY hens (3.69 ± 0.25) performed dust bathing compared to CON (4.14 ± 0.22, P = 0.05) throughout the study. CON performed more struggles (1.13 ± 0.04, P = 0.04) and were quicker to vocalize (4.87 ± 0.07 s, P = 0.05) during MR than HAY (latency to vocalize(s): 5.16 ± 0.05; number of struggles: 0.96 ± 0.05), counter-intuitively suggesting CON were less fearful. Treatment did not affect 5-HT or GC. HAY appears to be a promising EE for mitigating GFP in non-cage laying hens. Future studies should examine the impact of EE on individual, rather than group-level responses. These results suggest that the presence of a hay bale is stimulating and may reduce GFP while encouraging hens to redirect pecking towards a dynamic and manipulable EE.