Development Of Electronic Instrumentation Research Articles

Thado Bhaka: A Source of Social Intercourse

Thado bhaka is one of the popular genres of folk songs in the Gandaki region. The territory of the Gandaki region is extended from Budhigandaki in the east to Kaligandaki in the west. Thado bhaka is the diminishing musical genre. The habitual and experienced performers of thado bhaka are dying out. These days a handful of people from the old and new generations are capable of performing it. This article aims at introducing thado bhaka connecting it to its history, nature, and style. Observation, interview and secondary sources were used to collect information for this study. It is found that thado bhaka has a typical tune, language, style and meaning and become an identity of the Dura people of the Gandaki region. However, the study has pointed out some influences on its originality because of the growing wave of modernisation, especially after the development of electronic instruments.

Electronic Inspirations: Technologies of the Cold War Musical Avant-Garde by Jennifer Iverson

Reviewed by: Electronic Inspirations: Technologies of the Cold War Musical Avant-Garde by Jennifer Iverson Paul Schreiber, Sandi-Jo Malmon, and Colin Coleman Electronic Inspirations: Technologies of the Cold War Musical Avant-Garde. By Jennifer Iverson. New York: Oxford University Press, 2019. (New cultural history of music.) [320 p. ISBN 978-0-19-086820-8. $24.95] Jennifer Iverson's Electronic Inspirationsfocuses on one decade, the early 1950s through the early 1960s, centered around Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR), also known as the West German Radio studio in Cologne. Iverson traces three main themes. 'First, the WDR studio was absolutely central to the evolving Cold War musical ecosystem. Second, the WDR studio engendered a heterogeneous, laboratory-like working culture. Third, the WDR studio contributed to a cultural process of reclamation, which served to mitigate the Cold War's despairing, threatening shadows' (p. 2). Iverson goes on to argue that electronic studios were a place 'where wartime ideas were appropriated and technologies were repurposed' (p. 3). Herbert Eimert, a composer and musicologist, was the director of the WDR electronic studio. Eimert collaborated with Werner Meyer-Eppler and Robert Beyer in founding WDR. As a scientist, Meyer-Eppler had expertise in acoustics, psychoacoustics, and experimental physics. Beyer, a composer and recording engineer, was also active in the development of electronic instruments. The electronic studio was funded in 1951 and ready for use in early 1953. Among the aims of the studio was to create a timbrel utopia, a place where 'composers could control every aspect of the sound' (p. 27). The founders were eager to reestablish Germany's reputation as a leader in music 'by being the first to advance technological and artistic progress by means of electronic music' (p. 8). However, they first needed to catch up with the French composer Pierre Schaeffer, who had an electronic music studio in Paris, Radiodiffusion Française (RDF) since the mid-1940s. The scope of this book is more than just WDR; as it covers a host of studios and composers from Europe and the U.S. who play various roles in avant-garde and electronic music. As composers began to work with the studio equipment, they found it cumbersome and limiting. Many composers lacked the training to understand how to use the equipment. Beyer understood this problem and helped to create a host of technical collaborators who helped composers understand and learn to use these new machines and realise their compositions. Throughout the book, Iverson, in part, focusses on these invisible collaborators 'who make the creative work of the composer possible' (p. 29). In addition, Iverson presents various conversations and discourse among the multiple impresarios, composers, and technicians as they strive to solve problems related to compositional ideas, musical form, science, and the new technologies in the studio. There are various graphs, charts, and tables scattered throughout the book which, at times, can be cumbersome and difficult to read. The book consists of six chapters, an introduction, an epilogue, and a handy 'Glossary of Actors' (p. 241) to help you keep track of various individuals referenced in the book. Chapter 1, Origins Creating a Laboratory. 'In 1948, Eimert began producing his famed Musikalisches Nichtprogramm, a bimonthly broadcast aimed at educating listeners on the concepts of the "new" music that had been suppressed or unknown during the war' (pp. 23–24). Through this radio broadcast, Eimert influenced what the German public learned about new music. A laboratory-like collaboration between composers, technicians, and the machines was what Eimert perceived as the best working environment. Harold Bode's Melochord, a dual-manual keyboard, was used in all the early experiments in 1952. Because of the sound produced for [End Page 370] radio plays (Hörespiel), Iverson argues that radio plays are the direct precursors of electronic music and that there is a substantial overlap between radio-play sound effects and high-art electronic music. Iverson makes a case that technician Heinz Schütz created the first composition (Morgenröte) at WDR that was cannibalised by Eimert and Beyer in their compositions. Chapter 2, Kinship Cage, Tudor, and the New Timbral Utopia. John 'Cage and the Europeans repelled each other like oil and water because Cage's...

DADF (Digital Automatic Direction Finder)

ADF or Automatic Direction Finder is one of the basic navigation machines which works based on the waves at low and medium frequencies. Tuning capacitors and selecting the appropriate circuit for each band embedded in receiver and is controlling by signals which are sending from the user from the controller section. Electromechanical systems of current receiver has reduced system performance in terms of size, weight, maintenance and accuracy of performance, and increases construction costs and the development of electronic instrumentation compared to the existing systems, the proposal design is based on electronic devices. In addition, due to the advantages of digital implementation in terms of accuracy, cost and ease of manufacturing, processing and detection of mixed signals, the choice of frequencies and the angle transmitter calculating is implemented by the digital transmitter.

Avanços tecnológicos na prática ortopédica: análises de membros superiores e inferiores

A Biomecânica, atualmente, é caracterizada por novos procedimentos para análise do movimento humano e por novas técnicas de medição, armazenamento e processamento de dados, contribuindo para os avanços na prática ortopédica. A temática proposta no presente trabalho baseia-se na aplicação da biomecânica ortopédica em diferentes quadros clínicos, através de avaliações quantitativas do movimento dos membros superiores e inferiores, além da criação de novas técnicas de medição. Três exemplos são mostrados neste artigo: (I) análise tridimensional do movimento de abdução do ombro; (II) análise da marcha de indivíduos com lesão no ligamento cruzado anterior; e (III) o desenvolvimento de instrumentação eletrônica para dispositivos de auxílio, ou seja, bengalas e muletas instrumentalizadas para o estudo das relações de força entre os membros superiores e inferiores, durante a marcha de pacientes com lesão ortopédica e neurológica.

Process and outlook of the acoustic intensity technique

The development of electronic instrumentation and microphone technology as well as statistical methods of signal processing allows us to measure the acoustic intensity vector with good precision in a broad freqeuncy range. The ability to measure acoustic intensity allows us to improve or simplify some basic measurements as, for instance, the sound power radiated by complex sources, absorption coefficient, transmission loss, etc. The determination of sound power flow makes it possible to improve the efficiency of noise control treatments. Another area of intensity measurement application is the exploration of basic properties of complex acoustic radiators and fields with complex boundary conditions. This paper presents a summary of achievements and projections in future applications.

Progress in electronic instrumentation

The development of electronic instrumentation is extensively influenced by materials availability and the economic environment. This article investigates those influences and looks at possible directions the industry might take

Waveform generation by enzymatic oscillators

The control of cell chemistry is being investigated through a multipronged approach combining the techniques of physics, chemistry, and biology with the development of electronic instrumentation and the application of analog and digital computers. An example of such metabolic control phenomena is provided by biological oscillators involving enzymatic reactions. These oscillators, which may exist in nearly every kind of cell and even in several forms in a single cell, reveal basic instabilities in biochemical reactions and metabolic control that may be of significance to health and disease. In addition, the high-frequency oscillations observed in simple enzyme systems may be models for the longer-period rhythms that regulate the activities of nearly all biological systems.