Development Of E-services Research Articles

DiSSCo Transition Abridged Grant Proposal

The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) is a pan-European Research Infrastructure (RI) initiative. DiSSCo aims to bring together natural science collections from 175 museums, botanical gardens, universities and research institutes across 23 countries in a distributed infrastructure that makes these collections physically and digitally open and accessible for all forms of research and innovation. DiSSCo RI entered the ESFRI roadmap in 2018 and successfully concluded its Preparatory Phase in early 2023. The RI is now transitioning towards the constitution of its legal entity (an ERIC) and the start of its scaled-up construction (implementation) programme. This publication is an abridged version of the successful grant proposal for the DiSSCo Transition Project which has the goal of ensuring the seamless transition of the DiSSCo RI from its Preparatory Phase to the Construction Phase (expected to start in 2025). In this transition period, the Project will address five objectives building on the outcomes of the Preparatory Phase project: 1) Advance the DiSSCo ERIC process and complete its policy framework, ensuring the smooth early-phase Implementation of DISSCo; 2) Engage & support DiSSCo National Nodes to strengthen national commitments; 3) Advance the development of core e-services to avoid the accumulation of technical debt before the start of the Implementation Phase; 4) Continue international collaboration on standards & best practices needed for the DiSSCo service provision; and 5) Continue supporting DiSSCo RI interim governance bodies and transition them to the DiSSCo ERIC formal governance. The Project’s impact will be measured against the increase in the RI's overall Implementation Readiness Level (IRL). More specifically, we will monitor its impact towards reaching the required level of maturity in four of the five dimensions of the IRL that can benefit from further developments. These include the organisational, financial, technological and data readiness levels.

E-Government Development in European Countries: Socio-Economic and Environmental Aspects

The purpose of the paper is to analyse the relationship between digitalisation of public services (e-government) and ESG factors (environmental, social and economic factors). As public administration is a major stakeholder influencing sustainable development and state governments are aiming to digitise their services, there is a need to better understand the effect of the digital revolution on ESG. This article aims to study the relationship between the E-Government Development Index (EGDI) and ESG factors in 26 European countries. The linear ordering method TOPSIS (Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution) was used for the study, followed by the Perkal index and the method of optimal predictors’ selection—the Hellwig method. The study is based on the Eurostat data (in the period 2003–2020), and the analysis includes ten variables: Share of environmental taxes in GDP; Exposure to dust air pollution; Greenhouse gas emissions by source sector—carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, etc. (energy, industry, agriculture, forestry, waste management) (thousands of tonnes); Passenger transport volume in relation to GDP; At risk of poverty or social exclusion; Percentage of people satisfied with their financial situation among people aged 16+; Share of the ICT sector in GDP; Unemployment rate of people aged 20–64; Research and development expenditure in all sectors; GDP per capita. The in-depth analysis offers a matrix that represents the relationships between environmental taxes and the development of e-government. The main finding reveals statistically significant relationships between the EGDI and aggregate variables representing the environmental, social and economic spheres. It indicates a genuine, positive impact of digitalised administrative processes on sustainable development. It also seems to confirm that investments in digital infrastructure and government e-services bring multiple long-term benefits and contribute directly to all three domains relevant to the sustainability of modern development. The results of the analysis can be found useful by governments and governmental institutions as informing digitalisation strategies aimed at balancing the development of e-services and their support infrastructure. Nowadays, when planning strategic actions, one should take into account the social, economic and environmental impact of the digitalisation processes.

Building smart living environments for ageing societies: Decision support for cross-border e-services between Estonia and Finland

Rapidly aging societies are exerting pressure on the public and private sectors to provide e-services as integral parts of age-friendly smart living environments (SLEs). It is also recognized that interoperable cross-border e-services can reduce this societal challenge, particularly in more ‘individualistic’ countries in Northern and Western Europe such as Estonia and Finland. This study primarily provides decision support for multiple stakeholders involved in the development and provision of interoperable cross-border e-services and related cross-border data exchange between Estonia and Finland. Given the high complexity of the research questions, this study adopted a constructivist, sociotechnical approach that combined cognitive mapping and the decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) technique. Based on two real-world cases, data were collected from two panels of experts who represented regional stakeholders involved in building e-services and age-friendly SLEs in Estonia and Finland. The study results include a multicriteria analysis framework of the context factors and recommendations for determining effective intervention strategies.

Customs handling and sustainable development of enterprises

The aim of the paper is to present the essence of customs handling in the context of sustainable development of enterprises and to discuss its selected instruments of a pro-ecological nature, i.e., e-customs services. Thus, with a view to achieving this objective, the research hypothesis has been formulated as follows: the so-called pro-ecological solutions for handling customs administrative procedures, being familiar with them and their practical application, not only influence the facilitation of export and import transactions, but can also stimulate sustainable development management of enterprises. The article includes a theoretical part, as well as a practical one, in which examples of e-customs services offered in customs handling and benefits resulting from their use are indicated. The findings of the considerations of the paper are presented in the conclusion. The research was based on descriptive and comparative analysis, preceded by a review of sources from the subject literature. In the author’s opinion, transferring selected elements of customs handling from traditional processing to the model which takes advantage of modern information and communication technologies (ICT) helps companies to implement the idea of sustainable development. Information technologies play a key role in reducing the negative impact on the environment, and their development has created numerous new opportunities for customs handling, which are used by customs authorities with increasing success. It is important that over the coming years, the development of e-services for customs handling is continued, thus not only contributing to an improvement of the quality of business services but also the implementation of other aspects that are also crucial from the point of view of sustainable development of enterprises.

TECHNOLOGICAL DETERMINANTS OF THE INVESTMENT CLIMATE IN POLAND AND BELARUS

The article provides a detailed analysis of the most significant technological factors that determine the investment climates of Belarus and Poland.
 According to the authors, the main technological determinants influencing investment decisions include: Global Innovation Rankings, R&D financing, level of introduction of advanced technology, digitalization of the economy, development of e-services and maturity of technology transfer mechanisms. The research shows, that among the factors of technological development there are both positively and negatively affecting the investment climate of the studied countries. The authors proved that despite the similar past and the commonality of a number of trends in the development of the technological environment of investment activity, Belarus fails to keep pace with Poland in the level of innovation development. This suggests that Polish investments are beneficial for Belarus not only from a financial, but also from a technological point of view.

E-state building: legal approaches

Over the last decade, e-government has evolved tremendously from being a problem in itself to a cross-cutting transformational issue that supports governments' ability to deliver on promises. Defined differently by different actors, e-government usually refers to the use of information and communication technologies to change the relationship between citizens, businesses and different branches of government. This involves much more than just translating government services to digital platforms. Rather, e-government has become a form of interaction between government and non-governmental stakeholders. It is a process that requires a common government (or interagency) strategy, planning, resources, and political will. It is now important for governments to look at their achievements, identify and focus on the medium- and long-term issues that will emerge in the next decade. E-government basically uses information and information technologies and entails the development of e-services and the provision of quality information to citizens. It also seeks to increase transparency and accountability and create effective public institutions. This development has led to an increase in the amount of information that government agencies need to collect, send and pluralize. European governments are encouraged to invest in the development of e-government and provide citizens with access to their information flows. Europe has adopted the Public Sector Information Directive because it is seen as a resource that can stimulate innovation and national development. Governments around the world are enacting freedom of information laws to facilitate access to government information. However, it will also require a robust information management structure that includes archiving and recording information, common specifications to facilitate the exchange of information between government agencies, business process analysis to identify important information, and management of the entire information contingent. This study is aimed at revealing legal approaches to e-government, the concept of e-government in Ukraine and the world, tools for the introduction of the digital state, as well as the prospects and transition of the state apparatus in real time.

The specificity of the digital transformation of the public sector

In this article we focus on identifying the specificity of digital transformation within the public sector. The aim of the article is to present the main mechanisms resulting from the introduction of digital innovations that have changed the functioning of the public sector. Starting from a discussion on the technological requirements of digital transformation, we briefly characterise the use of computers and the Internet in public administration, resulting in the development of e-services and administration. The main part of the article is devoted to discussing the specificity of the implementation of the new digital technologies in public administration, focusing mainly on artificial intelligence and blockchain technologies. Our thesis is that the impact of innovative digital technologies on the operation standards and structure of public administration should be analysed through the prism of interrelated mechanisms of datafication and platformisation, characteristic for the digital economy. The adopted methodology, which is based on an analysis of the subject literature and an analysis of new technology implementations in public administration in EU countries, indicates the pilot, random and non-transformational nature of these implementations, partly due to the lack of well-established methodologies to study and assess the maturity of digital transformation within the public sector.

ELEKTRONINIŲ VIEŠŲJŲ PASLAUGŲ ORGANIZAVIMO KAIMIŠKOSIOSE VIETOVĖSE MODELIAI

State and local municipalities have certainly provided public services to every state resident. Public services have to transferrable by information and communication technologies to the electronic environment. Electronic public services are significantly important to the rural population, as this innovative supply method of public services allows some service without ever leaving home to get directly. Furthermore, the development of e-services in rural areas decreases societal and digital exclusion evolving and knowledge society development.The first part of research paper is oriented on the characteristics analysis of the organization of e-services in rural municipalities, and the second part – on public e-services organization model analysis. However, the high investment into the physical infrastructure of communications, which creates the possibility of information and communication technologies use in rural areas, includes social exclusion of rural residents because they do not need and the inner tendency to seek to use information and communication technologies. This circumstance creates barriers for faster people integration into the labor market. Moreover, these social groups of rural population with poor computer literacy reduce their access to e-services. The results of scientific literature analysis suggest that the success of e-services organization in the rural municipalities of the necessary conditions is not only suitable for e-service users with level of computer literacy and available information and communication technologies infrastructure, but even with properly selected e-services organization model.Therefore, this research paper examines the theoretical e-service organization models and their organization in the rural municipalities. The object of research – electronic public service organization models. The aim – under the analysis of electronic public service organization models, to submit proposals for the improvement organization it in rural municipalities. The objectives of research: 1) to identify the peculiarities of e-service organization in rural municipalities; 2) to analysis the organization process of public e-services organization models. The following methods used in research paper: literature analysis and comparative analysis, the analysis of secondary statistical data, aggregation, logical analysis and synthesis, the graph depiction method.In summary of research paper presented a study results for making proposals that e-services organization features in rural areas in the fact that:1) e-services can be provided for different customer segments;2) not all e-services can be uniformly transferred to the electronic environment, and are identified five levels of e-services;3) organization of e-services can be added and applied by public and private institutions.In summary, the analysis of e-service models leads to the conclusion that all consider models describe what e-services can be provided for whom, and determine their electronic transfer level to users, in order to obtain e-services characterized by the process of organizing participants and the technology use. KEY WORDS: public electronic services, models of e-services, e-government, organization of e-services. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/ 10.15181/rfds.v12i1.681

Johtajien käsitykset e-palveluiden yleistymisen vaikutuksista hoidon tarpeen arviointitoimintaan – laadullinen tutkimus erikoissairaanhoidon yhteispäivystyksestä

Sähköisten terveydenhuoltopalveluiden (e-palvelut) yleistyminen muuttaa hoidon tarpeen arviointitoimintaa erikoissairaanhoidon yhteispäivystyksessä. Päivystyksellisellä hoidon tarpeen arvioinnilla tarkoitetaan ammattilaisen suorittamaa arviota potilaan tarvitsemasta päivystyshoidosta. E-palveluiden yleistyessä ihmiset arvioivat yhä useammin itse omaa hoidon tarvettaan sähköisillä työkaluilla ennen päivystykseen saapumista ja ilman kontaktia terveydenhuollon ammattilaiseen. E-palveluiden käyttöönotto on haasteellista ilman ymmärrystä teknologian, ihmisten ja toimintaympäristön välisistä suhteista. Tämän tutkimuksen tarkoituksena on kuvata johtajien käsityksiä 1) päivystyksen hoidon tarpeen arviointitoiminnasta, 2) e-palveluiden yleistymisen vaikutuksista hoidon tarpeen arviointitoimintaan, 3) e-palveluiden yleistymisestä aiheutuvaan toiminnan muutokseen varautumisesta ja 4) toiminnan muutoksen onnistumiseen vaikuttavista tekijöistä.
 Tutkimusaineisto kerättiin syksyllä 2019 teemahaastattelulla viiden yliopistosairaanhoitopiirin yhteispäivystyksen operatiivisesta johtamisesta vastaavilta hoitotyön johtajilta ja lääkärijohtajilta (n=10). Aineisto analysoitiin sisällönanalyysillä.
 Tulosten mukaan e-palveluiden yleistymisen vaikutukset kohdistuvat yhteispäivystyksessä ihmisiin ja toimintaan. Ammattilaisten työ, asiakkaiden toimintamallit sekä hoidon tarpeen arviointitoiminta muuttuvat ja päivystystoiminta kehittyy. Johtajat ymmärtävät e-palveluiden yleistymisen vaikutukset sosioteknisen lähestymistavan mukaisena, koko yhteispäivystystä koskevana toiminnan muutoksena. E-palveluiden yleistymisestä aiheutuvaan toiminnan muutokseen on varauduttu, mutta siinä on myös haasteita. Varautumista pyritään edistämään ja siihen tarvitaan tukea. Yhteispäivystyksessä toiminnan muutoksen onnistumiseen vaikuttavat esimerkiksi asenne, hyötyjen osoittaminen, toimintaympäristö ja resurssit.
 Edellytykset e-palveluiden käyttöönoton onnistumiselle yhteispäivystyksen hoidon tarpeen arviointitoiminnassa ovat optimistiset. Toiminnan muutokseen on tärkeää varautua ja huomioida muutoksen onnistumista edesauttavat ja estävät tekijät. Ilman riittävää taloudellista varautumista toiminnan muutoksen onnistuminen voi olla vaikeaa. Tuloksia voidaan hyödyntää e-palveluiden käyttöönotossa ja kehittämisessä yhteispäivystyksen hoidon tarpeen arviointitoimintaa tukeviksi sekä toiminnan muutosten ennakoinnissa ja johtamisen tehostamisessa.

Development of e-services in the process of post-mining and post-industrial area management in the Silesia region

Purpose: the main purpose of this paper is to present the idea of a new e-service concerning post-mining areas, which is being developed in the Silesian Voivodeship and which is expected to increase their attractiveness. Design/methodology/approach: The new e-service is based on the development of a system for the inventory and valorisation of post-mining areas. In the course of the work, a field inventory of the areas is carried out, which involves collecting information on their location, configuration in relation to main transport routes, surface configuration and the manner of their management. These data are collected in a database system, which is additionally linked with algorithms enabling benchmarking, assessment of ecosystem services and evaluation of investment attractiveness. All of this will create a new e-service that will enable decisions to be made regarding their further use by various stakeholders. Findings: The value of post-mining and post-industrial areas in the processes of economic transformation of the Silesian Voivodeship and the needs of stakeholders for information regarding these areas. Research limitations/implications: The results provide a basis to improve the effectiveness of regional development planning, especially solutions for SME involvement and cooperation. The results confirm, that a detailed study of entrepreneurs' needs should be included as the main instrument for the implementation and for gaining reliable information on the effectiveness of implemented solutions in the field of innovation support. Practical implications: The Silesia Voivodeship has a large number of post-industrial areas, for which the state and degree of degradation is often undefined. Building new e-services for a region in transition is an important factor for its competitiveness. The OPI-TPP 2.0 service allows the valorisation of sites and additionally provides information to potential investors on the necessary planning, investment and environmental measures. Originality/value: The contribution of the research to the development e-services in post31 mining land management.

Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Estonia.

Estonia, with a population of 1.3 million, is the smallest country in the three Baltic States. As a post-soviet country, Estonia over the past 30 years has built up a new health care system, including the pharmaceutical sector. The GDP allocated to cover health care costs is significantly lower in Estonia compared to the EU average. Despite this, Estonia has excelled in the development of digital e-services in healthcare at both the domestic and international levels. The development and integration of the Estonian community pharmacy sector into primary health care has been influenced and affected by the liberalization within pharmaceutical policy and the lack of cooperation with the rest of the health care sector. Community pharmacy ownership and location matters have been prevalent. The promotion of the pharmacy services has mostly taken place on the basis of a professional initiative, as cooperation with the state has not been active. Possibly the professional fragmentation of the pharmacy sector may have played a negative role. The community pharmacy network in Estonia, especially in cities, enables fast and convenient access to the pharmacy services. Community Pharmacy Service Quality Guidelines support the harmonization of the provided services and patient-centered concept to enhance the patient role and involvement in their care. In recent years, community pharmacies in Estonia have also offered various extended services that are more or less integrated with the primary health care system. New developments may be affected by frequent changes in legislation and a shortage of professional staff in community pharmacies. The ownership reform of pharmacies in 2020 has so far not had a significant impact on the operation of pharmacies or the quality of services provided.

White paper on the alignment and interoperability between the Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) and EU infrastructures - The case of the European Environment Agency (EEA)

The Distributed System of Scientific Collections (DiSSCo) Research Infrastructure (RI) is presently in its preparatory phase. DiSSCo is developing a new distributed RI to operate as a one-stop-shop for the envisaged European Natural Science Collection (NSC) and all its derived information. Through mass digitisation, DiSSCo will transform the fragmented landscape of NSCs, including an estimated 1.5 billion specimens, into an integrated knowledge base that will provide interconnected evidence of the natural world. Data derived from European NSCs underpin countless discoveries and innovations, including tens of thousands of scholarly publications and official reports annually (supporting legislative and regulatory processes on sustainability, environmental change, land use, societal infrastructure, health, food, security, etc.); base-line biodiversity data; inventions and products essential to bio-economy; databases, maps and descriptions of scientific observations; educational material for students; and instructive and informative resources for the public. To expand the user community, DiSSCo will strengthen capacity building across Europe for maximum engagement of stakeholders in the biodiversity-related field and beyond, including industry and the private sector, but also policy-driving entities. Hence, it is opportune to reach out to relevant stakeholders in the European environmental policy domain represented by the European Environment Agency (EEA). The EEA aims to support sustainable development by helping to achieve significant and measurable improvement in Europe's environment, through the provision of timely, targeted, relevant and reliable information to policy-making agents and the public. The EEA provides information through the European Environment Information and Observation System (Eionet). The aim of this white paper is to open the discussion between DiSSCo and the EEA and identify the common service interests that are relevant for the European environmental policy domain. The first section describes the significance of (digital) Natural Science Collections (NHCs). Section two describes the DiSSCo programme with all DiSSCo aligned projects. Section three provides background information on the EEA and the biodiversity infrastructures that are developed and maintained by the EEA. The fourth section illustrates a number of use cases where the DiSSCo consortium sees opportunities for interaction between the DiSSCo RI and the Eionet portal of the EEA. Opening the discussion with the EEA in this phase of maturity of DiSSCo will ensure that the infrastructural design of DiSSCo and the development of e-Services accommodate the present and future needs of the EEA and assure data interoperability between the two infrastructures. The aim of this white paper is to present benefits from identifying the common service interests of DiSSCo and the EEA. A brief introduction to natural science collections as well as the two actors is given to facilitate the understanding of the needs and possibilities in the alignment of DiSSCo with the EEA.

Development status of the tourism products in Jabagly village near the Aksu-Jabagly world heritage site

Tourism is one of the main sources of income in many countries; even some states depend highly on the tourism industry at present. The main purpose of tourism business activities is to create competitive tourist products in the international market. Achievement of these aims requires the development of the governmental regulation system, support of the tourism industry, the usage of promotion methods of tourism products. The article presents and assesses the state of development of the most necessary tourism products for the development of the tourism industry on the example of Aksa-Jabagly Nature Reserve in Kazakhstan. The results of the study show that if we consider the development level of the four most important tourist products, such as accommodation, transportation, tourist attractions and electronic service, then we can say that the level of their development and the conditions for providing quality services to tourists are relatively good according to the three previous indicators. Based on the analysis of the quality of electronic services in the field of research (the main criteria: telephone signal, Internet speed, electronic tickets, etc.), we found that the level of eservice development in this region is low, despite the fact that Kazakhstan has the potential of using highquality internet coverage in its current development status.

E-services and Local Authorities in Bulgaria

The present article aims to explore and pre­sent the development of e-services provided by Bulgarian municipalities. The main documents and regulations determining e-governance and e-services provided by the local governments in Bulgaria are presented. The websites of all 265 municipalities have been analyzed and the remote access services they provide have been evaluated. Attention is drawn to a group of func­tionalities that municipalities offer through their websites. These groups include: e-activities aimed at increasing governance transparency, remote communication capabilities and licens­ing opportunities. Municipalities which have their own e-services portals are reviewed. For local authorities with a separate portal an addi­tional study related to the relationship between the provision of e-services and the specific in­dicator and the relationship between the level of collection of vehicle tax and the introduction of a link between paid vehicle tax and technical inspection has been conducted.

Tradycje i przyszłość administracji publicznej w zakresie rozwoju e-usług

1. Aleksiejczuk A. (2015), Determinanty rozwoju e-usług w administracji publicznej w Polsce, „Ekonomia i zarządzanie”, Nr 1, s. 32-43. ISSN 2080-9646. Google Scholar

An extended model for assessing E-Services of Iranian Universities Websites Using Mixed MCDM method

Since the university is considered one of the most pivotal hubs for developing science and knowledge, it is expected to take e-services development more seriously in comparison with other organizations and agencies. Such a strategy helps universities deliver online services with higher quality based on users’ (such as students, professors, staff) requirements. As websites are seen as the preliminary and fundamental infrastructure of e-services, regular assessment of websites is so crucial for leveraging websites’ quality. Different studies have been conducted for assessing e-services of university websites but each study has assessed limited dimensions of websites in a specific territory. In this paper, an extended model is proposed for assessing readiness of e-services of Iranian university websites which is able to evaluate wider dimensions of websites by considering various and wider indexes and indicators in comparison with previous studies. Firstly, the most effective indexes and indicators for assessing e-services of university websites are extracted from previous studies such as security, trust, content and information quality, responsiveness quality, website design, participation, support and maintenance, services and usability. As assessing readiness of e-services websites is a Multi Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) problem, Hybrid MCDM methods are proposed to determine the importance of indexes and indicators. The indexes and indicators are assigned weight and ranked by Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) and PROMETHEE methods respectively. A pairwise comparison questionnaire was distributed between 80 experts selected based on a purposive sampling technique to collect quantitative data. The model was applied for assessing the readiness of 21 top-leading Iranian university websites aimed at recognizing the strengths and weaknesses of e-services. The readiness of university websites is obtained by calculating the readiness values of indexes and indicators. Findings show that Tarbiat Modares University and Amirkabir University received the highest and lowest readiness values respectively. Finally, some useful recommendations are proposed to enhance the websites’ quality. The practical implication of the research is providing some useful guidance for website designer and university decision makers for further development of e-services websites in accordance with user’s requirements and demands.

Development of e-services with the implementation of microservice architecture – results of research in AMM Systems

Development of e-services with the implementation of microservice architecture – results of research in AMM Systems

E-government services in Romanian cities: A look from the inside

How good the e-government services of local governments are is usually ascertained through their success in attracting users. This paper looks at the other part of the equation. Our research aims to find out how successful the implementation of e-government services in Romanian local government is in the eyes of those tasked with rolling out these services.
 As such, we surveyed heads of IT departments in the largest city halls in Romania (the county seats and the capital, Bucharest) to see how their IT professionals implemented e-government services and what their opinion was on E-government progress at a national level. We found that eService development was not a priority for Romanian city halls and that, with one exception, e-government did not appear prominently in their strategic development plans.

Organizational Structure for the e-Government Coordination and Interoperability Framework: Case Study of Tunisia

A clearly defined institutional framework for e-government planning and implementation is the main precondition for the development of e-services. Usually one of the main tasks of this coordination is to set up an organisational framework enabling planning and implementation of e-government development. The main risks regarding developments of the e-government architecture for e-services in Tunisia are that different technology projects managed by different organisations and regulated by different laws are creating a set of incompatible components of the state information system, which might need extra efforts of system development in the future. This is why the establishment of a clearly defined institutional framework and coordination mechanisms are of utmost importance. Sustainable and interoperable e-service development and data exchange are based on a clear organisational setup for developing and running the systems. The following description intends to provide a framework for the organisational setup in e-government services development and implementation.

The Governance Landscape of Geospatial E-Services—The Belgian Case

Geospatial data and geospatial e-services require governance and coordination between different governmental organisations. This article aims to understand what governance, and specifically what coordination, is used in Belgium for geospatial e-services and data. The Belgian case, with a focus on the regions and federal administration, is researched by making use of a document analysis, interviews with key stakeholders and an online survey. In contrast to the federal and Walloon administration, the Flemish administration and the Brussels Capital Region administration have a clearly developed governance model. Flanders combines hierarchy with network governance, whereas the Brussels administration is known for its hierarchical way of working. The transposition of the INSPIRE Directive had a strong influence: The Brussels Capital Region became more network-oriented, and the Walloon Region developed a form of network governance. The federal level, however, struggles to make the connection between geospatial data and e-services. From an inter-organisational perspective, the coordination can be labelled as a weak form of network governance: Cooperation exists, but only in a few areas. Nevertheless, geospatial data are exchanged within and between regions and the federal level. Geospatial e-services are also developed but there is a clear influence of the degree of organisational coordination on the development of geospatial e-services.