Development Of Distributed Systems Research Articles

PLANNING FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DRINKING WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM NETWORK IN SUNGAI PINYUH

The increasing water demand due to population growth and territorial expansion has significantly outpaced the natural water supply in Sungai Pinyuh, Kalimantan Barat. This sub-district, part of the Mempawah Regency, faces challenges such as insufficient access to clean water, deteriorating pipe infrastructure, and environmental pollution affecting water quality. To address these issues, a study has been undertaken to plan a comprehensive development of the drinking water distribution system in Sungai Pinyuh, guided by the Regional Regulation of Mempawah Regency No. 3 of 2014. The planning utilizes EPANET software, a tool developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), which allows for the simulation of dynamic conditions in the water distribution system. EPANET helps create detailed maps of the pipe network, determine pump and reservoir locations, and specify pipe characteristics. The software’s ability to simulate various scenarios, such as changes in demand or disruptions, is crucial for ensuring a reliable water supply. The analysis incorporates primary data from field observations and secondary data from population statistics and existing water supply documents. The proposed distribution system will employ HDPE pipes of various diameters and a pump with a capacity of 200 L/s and a head of 5 meters. Simulation results indicate that the system's velocity, ranging from 0.3 to 0.72 m/s, and other parameters, such as head loss and pressure, are within acceptable limits. Additionally, reservoir capacity planning is based on the maximum daily water demand, with a calculated capacity of approximately 3,347.839 m³ to ensure adequate supply. This study provides a strategic framework for improving the drinking water distribution system, addressing current deficiencies, and preparing for future needs.

A source of entangled photons based on a cavity-enhanced and strain-tuned GaAs quantum dot

A quantum-light source that delivers photons with a high brightness and a high degree of entanglement is fundamental for the development of efficient entanglement-based quantum-key distribution systems. Among all possible candidates, epitaxial quantum dots are currently emerging as one of the brightest sources of highly entangled photons. However, the optimization of both brightness and entanglement currently requires different technologies that are difficult to combine in a scalable manner. In this work, we overcome this challenge by developing a novel device consisting of a quantum dot embedded in a circular Bragg resonator, in turn, integrated onto a micromachined piezoelectric actuator. The resonator engineers the light-matter interaction to empower extraction efficiencies up to 0.69(4). Simultaneously, the actuator manipulates strain fields that tune the quantum dot for the generation of entangled photons with corrected fidelities to a maximally entangled state up to 0.96(1). This hybrid technology has the potential to overcome the limitations of the key rates that plague QD-based entangled sources for entanglement-based quantum key distribution and entanglement-based quantum networks.

Effects of gestational hypothyroidism on mouse brain development: Gabaergic systems and oxidative stress

Hormonal imbalance during pregnancy is a risk factor for neuropsychiatric impairment in the offspring. It has been suggested that hypothyroidism leads to dysfunction of cortical GABAergic interneurons and inhibitory system development that in turn underlies impairment of the central nervous system. Here we investigated how gestational hypothyroidism affected offspring GABAergic system development as well as redox regulation parameters, because of previous links identified between the two. Experimental Gestational Hypothyroidism (EGH) was induced in CD-1 mice with 0.02% methimazole (MMI) in drinking water from embryonic day 9 (E9) until tissue collection at embryonic day 14 (E14) or E18. We examined GABAergic cell distribution and inhibitory system development gene expression as well as redox relevant gene expression and direct measures across all embryos regardless of sex. Intrauterine restriction of maternal thyroid hormones significantly impacted both of these outcomes in brain, as well as altering redox regulation in the placenta. GAD67+ neuronal migration was reduced, accompanied by a disruption in gene expression influencing GABAergic cell migration and cortical inhibitory neural system development. EGH also altered embryonic brain gene expression of Gpx1, Nfe2l2, Cat levels in the dorsal E14 brains. Additionally, EGH resulted in elevated TBARS, Gpx1 and Nfe2l2 in the ventral E18 brains. Furthermore, EGH downregulated placental Gpx1 gene expression at E14 and increased protein oxidation at E18. These findings support the hypothesis that sufficient maternal thyroid hormone supply to the fetus influences central nervous system development, including processes of GABAergic system development and redox equilibrium.

A modelling framework to support the development of last-mile urban freight distribution systems based on the use of cargo bikes

Nowadays there is a growing interest in cargo bikes to mitigate the detrimental effects of urban freight transport, since the last-mile segment of freight delivery process is being challenged to reduce the number of vehicles, the distance travelled and the environmental impacts. This paper presents a modelling framework that, starting from the key reference units (freight demand, deliveries, and vehicles) and defining the relationship among stakeholders and choice dimensions, can support the implementation of freight distribution systems based on cargo bikes. In detail, the work follows a general approach and is focused on the estimation of the share of demand that can be satisfied by cargo bikes, freight flows in terms of number of deliveries and trips, obtained by assigning freight demand to the transport network. The model has been applied to the test case of the city of Ravenna by implementing several scenarios.

A modelling framework to support the development of last-mile urban freight distribution systems based on the use of cargo bikes

Nowadays there is a growing interest in cargo bikes to mitigate the detrimental effects of urban freight transport, since the last-mile segment of freight delivery process is being challenged to reduce the number of vehicles, the distance travelled and the environmental impacts. This paper presents a modelling framework that, starting from the key reference units (freight demand, deliveries, and vehicles) and defining the relationship among stakeholders and choice dimensions, can support the implementation of freight distribution systems based on cargo bikes. In detail, the work follows a general approach and is focused on the estimation of the share of demand that can be satisfied by cargo bikes, freight flows in terms of number of deliveries and trips, obtained by assigning freight demand to the transport network. The model has been applied to the test case of the city of Ravenna by implementing several scenarios.

A Data–Physics-Driven Modeling Approach of Key Equipment for Large-Scale Distribution Network Simulation

Fueled by pressing global climate concerns, the integration of large-scale renewable distributed generation sources, including distributed wind power and photovoltaics, along with electricity substitution loads into the distribution network has been accelerated to diminish carbon emissions. This shift introduces significant challenges and necessitates the advanced operation and control of distribution systems to accommodate these changes effectively. Against this backdrop, there is a growing expectation for an open and scalable central control mode, equipped with compatible interfaces, to offer a visionary development platform for the grid. This platform is anticipated to meet the evolving needs of future distribution system development, ensuring adaptability and forward compatibility. The aforementioned platform requires open, scalable, and interface-compatible models of key distribution network equipment as its foundation. To address the challenges presented, this paper proposes a data–physics-driven modeling approach for automating simulations in distribution systems. This method employs a simplified and standardized system of linear differential equations with undetermined coefficients to capture the common physical characteristics of specific device types. The models designed through this approach are notably open, allowing for real-time data to refine undetermined coefficients and accurately depict the dynamic behavior of equipment over various periods. Their scalability also stands out, rendering them apt for large-scale distribution network simulations. The paper elaborates on models for distributed photovoltaic, wind turbine, energy storage, and electric vehicle, and demonstrates their application within an IEEE-33 node distribution network topology built on Python.

Study of distribution network loss allocation with high photovoltaic penetration ratio

With the rapid development of renewable energy, the penetration ratio of photovoltaic (PV) in the distribution network is getting higher and higher. The fair and reasonable allocation of high loss caused by high PV penetration in the distribution network is of great significance to the healthy development of distribution systems. In order to study the loss allocation in distribution networks with high PV penetration, based on the cooperative game theory, combined with the power flow algorithm, the power flow and loss of the 72-node active distribution network in agricultural and pastoral areas were analyzed. Three scenarios were included: no PV, low PV penetration, and high PV penetration. The allocated loss of the distribution network with high PV penetration and multiple distributed generators was computed. The results show that the loss allocation method, which takes into account the power as well as the network topology, is applicable to distribution networks with multiple distributed generators. In distribution networks with high PV penetration, distributed generators are the main cause of high loss. If the network contains the extreme reverse power flow concerned in this paper, the loss allocated to DGs accounts for more than 95% of the total network power loss.

Online Monitoring of Iron Ore Pellet Size Distribution Using Lightweight Convolutional Neural Network

An improved U-Net based convolutional neural network (CNN) is proposed in this paper for online size monitoring of iron ore pellets. The proposed CNN model is a lightweight version of U-Net. In the proposed model each convolution block of the encoder subnet consists of a concatenated <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\times 1$</tex-math> </inline-formula> and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$3\times 3$</tex-math> </inline-formula> filter kernel, a batch normalization layer, and a ReLU nonlinearity. The proposed CNN model efficiently detects the pellets even under variable illumination conditions and images with overlapping pellets. The proposed model is evaluated using images of iron ore pellets acquired at the discharge end of a pelletizer disc. The proposed CNN model performs satisfactorily using <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 39% less learnable parameters, and <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\sim$</tex-math> </inline-formula> 16% reduced computational cost than the original U-Net model. The proposed model outperforms the conventional U-Net, different variants of U-Nets, FCN, and SegNet in weighted IoU, BF Score, global accuracy, SSIM, and PSNR. Experimental validation also shows a good agreement between the obtained pellet size distribution and the manual sieving result. This makes the proposed algorithm suitable for online pellet size-distribution measuring instruments. This method provides a more accurate and fast size monitoring system for iron ore pellets, ideal for real-time industrial applications. The image dataset and source codes are available at the below given link. https://github.com/aryadeo/Pellet_Size_Distribution. <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Note to Practitioners</i> —Due to the advent of digitalization in industries, several attempts are being made to use innovative industrial monitoring systems in steel manufacturing plants. Most of the pellet plants in steel industries use human supervision for pellet growth monitoring. In this paper, a camera-based pellet size distribution monitoring method is proposed. A novel deep learning-based algorithm is used for the detection of pellets from the captured image followed by computation of pellet size analysis. Due to low computational complexity and better accuracy, the proposed method is suitable for online pellet size distribution system development compared to other previously proposed methods. However, protection from the harsh industrial environment is required for the uninterrupted and continuous operation of the system. As a future scope, the obtained pellet size information can be used as one of the control variables in designing a control system for the automated operation of the pelletizer disc.

A comprehensive resilience evaluation method for power distribution systems based on weighted Page-Rank algorithm

Resilience evaluation plays a critical role in the decarbonized development of modern power distribution systems since it objectively assesses how the distribution system performs in the face of stochastic renewable generation, increasing load demand, and promising to cut carbon emissions. This study proposed a comprehensive resilience evaluation method for regional distribution systems. The proposed resilience evaluation system comprises three sub-groups: performance, economy, and connections. To improve the objectivity of the proposed evaluation method, the weighting factors are calculated based on the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and weighted Page-ranking algorithm, respectively. Specifically, AHP is adopted to calculate the weighting factors for different metrics. At the same time, the original Page-ranking algorithm is improved according to the importance of the buses and then used to calculate the weighting factors for different buses within the same metric. The proposed method is applied to a real-world distribution network in China. Numerical results show that the proposed method can objectively evaluate the overall resilience level of the distribution network, including the source side, the network, and the load side. The evaluation results can help the decision-makers to make resilience enhancement in an economical and targeted way.

Анализ и обобщение действующих требований по проектированию систем газораспределения в контексте оценки возможности автоматизации составных частей процесса построения оптимальной трассы газопровода

The paper provides an analysis of the complex problems of existing gas distribution networks. The current requirements of regulatory documentation for the stage of designing gas distribution networks are summarized and investigated, and a typical scheme of gas distribution networks is presented that meets the current requirements of the law. The main ways and principles of automation of the design processes of individual parts of gas distribution networks are given. The paper touches upon the shortcomings of the existing requirements for the development of gas supply schemes, the presence of which reduces the safety of existing gas networks and the rate of gasification of consumers, and contributes to the formation of the problem of the lack of technical feasibility of connecting a part of prospective consumers. The results of the study allow us to identify the main problems of existing gas networks, the imperfections of the current legislation and ways to solve problems to improve reliability, safety and optimize the economic component of the development of gas distribution systems.

Pumps as turbines for energy recovery in water distribution systems: a review

Energy recovery and pressure management are essential for achieving sustainable improvements in the development of water distribution systems. An alternative that has been studied worldwide is the use of pumps as turbines (PATs) replacing pressure-reducing valves to balance pressure control and energy production. This study aims to investigate the current and most recent literature regarding the use of PATs, addressing technical and economic implications that the technical-scientific community has studied so far. The search terms used in the Scopus and Web of Science databases were {‘pump as turbine’ AND ‘water supply network’, ‘water distribution network’ OR ‘water distribution system’}. In total, 59 papers were analysed, highlighting the operation of PATs as well as selection and location methods, along with the evaluation of electricity production, decreased leaks and especially a suitable cost–benefit ratio. This review indicates that PATs have been infrequently used in real systems. However, the application is greatly feasible from the technical and economic points of view, and in the case of a variable-speed PAT, the amount of energy produced is high. Future research should be directed towards the optimisation of new PAT settings so they can better deal with the operational variations in the systems.

Synergetic renewable generation allocation and 5G base station placement for decarbonizing development of power distribution system: A multi-objective interval evolutionary optimization approach

The growing penetration of 5G base stations (5G BSs) is posing a severe challenge to efficient and sustainable operation of power distribution systems (PDS) due to their huge energy demand and massive quantity. To tackle this issue, this paper proposes a synergetic planning framework for renewable energy generation (REG) and 5G BS allocation to support decarbonizing development of future PDS. The problem is formulated as a multi-objective interval optimization (MOIO) model, wherein the 5G BS siting and sizing are co-optimized with the REG capacity allocation and their operating strategies to minimize the total economic cost and carbon emissions of the PDS. The potential flexibility benefits achievable from 5G BS operation (as responsive load demands to PDS) are explicitly considered in the proposed planning formulation by accounting for the effects of both transmit power control and on-site energy storage battery dispatch. Moreover, we adopt an interval approach to capture the uncertainties involved in the system (including REG output, market prices, carbon emissions factor, and power/communication load demands). In order to solve the proposed MOIO problem efficiently, a constrained interval multi-objective optimization evolutionary algorithm based on decomposition (CIMOEA/D) is developed by combining constraint handling, interval-based Tchebycheff aggregation function and interval ensemble comparison, which could achieve Pareto optimal solutions and an interval-formed Pareto front to the problem with all the uncertain information fully preserved in the decision-making process. The proposed model is demonstrated on a modified IEEE 33-bus test case, and the simulation results verified the effectiveness of the suggested approach.

A comprehensive analysis of the electronic fare collection systems effectiveness implementation on public transit and prospective directions of its application in Ukraine

The object of research is the effectiveness of the implementation of electronic fare collection systems on public transit. Applying the electronic fare collection systems is a general trend in improving public transport services for users. In the pre-war period, the systems began to be implemented in many cities of Ukraine. At the same time, this activity was not of a systemic nature and at the current stage it is mainly considered as a means of ensuring more convenient conditions for the use of scheduled passenger transport services for passengers. The article focuses on a broader understanding of the effectiveness of the fare collection systems implementation, their role in ensuring the internal integration of the multi-modal public transport system, increasing the operational efficiency, providing the safety of transportation and increasing the attractiveness of public transit services for the population as a real alternative for the private cars to use. The implementation efficiency of the electronic fare collection systems in public transit should be expressed through various aspects. There are 9 aspects to be considered: system integration; comfort ensuring; transportation safety assistance; operational efficiency and passengers' travel time reduction; integration into the management and planning systems; implementation of the flexible fare system; conduction of the flexible fare policy; development of reasonable income distribution system; increase of the scheduled passenger transport services attractiveness. It is suggested to use systemic approach for integrated multimodal public transit system creation. It requires the development of an intelligent transport system that would integrate separate functions of the electronic fare collection system into controlling, managing and planning subsystems. The practical introduction of the solutions proposed regarding the prospects to develop electronic fare collection systems in the cities of Ukraine will make it possible to increase the efficiency of their use and contribute to the improvement of the quality of transport services for passengers.

Analisis Ketidakseimbangan Beban Pada Tranformator Distribusi Di Gardu Induk Budurn

Electricity is a basic need for humans today, it has been proven that humans are very dependent on electricity for their daily activities. If electricity is not available, then human daily activities will be disrupted. The occurrence of load imbalance that occurs in the R, S, and T phases due to the absence of concurrent when the load is turned on, resulting in a neutral current flow on the secondary side of the transformer. with the development of electric power distribution systems. The benefit of reducing losses on the neutral conductor of the distribution transformer is that it can produce savings in the supply of electricity, and other benefits obtained include the resulting system. The method used is that the data resulting from field measurements are converted into mathematical equations. From the research conducted, the results showed the average value of the loading current and load imbalance in the distribution transformer at the Buduran Substation, namely the average loading current of (14.4 A), Load Imbalance of (28.3 A), Neutral Current Losses of (2.34 W). And Copper Losses of (0.510945 kW).

An Overview of the Impact of the Food Sector “Intelligent Packaging” and “Smart Packaging”

The contribution of traditional packaging was significant to the initial development of food distribution systems; however, it can no longer meet the growing demands of modern consumers, businesses, and the rapidly evolving supply chain. New advances in various sciences, particularly in information and communication technologies (ICT), contribute to the emergence of new forms of packaging. The transition to “innovative packaging” with additional functions is beneficial for all participants in the food chain. “Intelligent packaging” and “smart packaging” both provide helpful information and continuous monitoring of the food / product safety and quality during the whole chain. Packaging should be seen as an entire system and offers many benefits to many sectors of our society, such as economic rewards, reduction of food waste, increased food safety, contribution to the circular economy, and in general, responds better to the growing demands of users in their daily lives. The current research reviewed a large number of relevant studies, discussed the main issues, and finally, functional outcomes were generated. Practitioners and academicians will benefit from the current study and acquire helpful knowledge on an exciting topic.

Reliable distributed systems: review of modern approaches

Called on to refine service-oriented architecture, a new architectural pattern named microservices emerged in the early two-thousands promising to speed up the delivery of new features. All of this is achieved by allowing many teams to work on separate autonomous parts of an application independently, though steepening the learning curve and introducing infrastructure-related issues. Overtime, while gaining more popularity, the initial meaning, as well as peculiarities of distributed systems development and reason for the use of the pattern, has turned out to be less prominent, instead becoming a sliver bullet for monolithic applications, which irreversibly leads to a tremendous increase in complexity of a system as well as other inherent problems. The absence of a single definition as well as the misleading name of the microservices pattern has all contributed to the development of the notoriously known distributed monolith. In this document, a review was conducted to resurrect the notion of microservices, understand their nature, and how and when the pattern should be applied. This is done by firstly understanding the difference between monolithic and distributed systems including their strengths and weaknesses, and defining the single most important reason for microservices to be used. The main part focuses on reducing the coupling in the system, which is the main obstacle during the development of a reliable and agile distributed system. Firstly, by modeling boundaries following domain teams and architectural needs, we ensure autonomous deployable units are created that provide independence during development, isolation, and reliability. Later by analyzing approaches to sharing data and communication, which are two major forces structuring a distributed system, we secure the previously established boundaries.&#x0D;

State-of-the-Art Literature Review of Power Flow Control Methods for Low-Voltage AC and AC-DC Microgrids

The development of AC distribution systems provides for the seamless integration of low-voltage microgrids with distributed energy resources (DERs). This poses new challenges for the control of normal, emergency, and post-emergency states of microgrids, calling for the creation and development of information and communications technology infrastructure. Power converters/inverters that are used to integrate renewable DERs lack inertia. Along with them, fossil fuel-fired generation units are also being integrated into microgrids. These include gas generator sets, diesel generator sets, and microturbines, having small (up to 1–2 s) values of mechanical inertia constants—Tj. This leads to an increase in the rate of transients by a factor of 5–10. Under these conditions, the technical requirements for the speed of automatic power flow control systems, as well as the methods they rely on, have to be reconsidered. Microgrids include DC microgrids, AC microgrids, and hybrid (AC-DC) microgrids. In the case of hybrid microgrids, DERs are connected to the DC grid and are integrated into the AC grid through a common inverter. The complexity of the task of microgrid control is due to the need to choose properly the type and extent of control actions so as to prevent the emergence and development of accidents. The employed control methods must ensure the reliable power supply to consumers and the quality of power in microgrids, as well as the reliable operation of the external distribution systems into which they are integrated. The article gives an overview of control methods for low-voltage AC and AC-DC microgrids, which allow one to tackle effectively solve the tasks.

Sociology of Sustainable Agriculture to Save Farmer Empowerment in Indonesia: Green-Economy Approach

This study investigates the sociology of sustainable food production and the use of smart green-agricultural. The literature study research method uses content analysis to find answers to the research problem formulation. Various public documents and relevant literature studies were collected. The findings reveal that the government's policy on sustainable food production focuses on a sustainable food system by utilizing the concept of sustainable production, optimizing the use of land and food waters, ensuring fair food prices, and implementing a food waste management hierarchy. Agricultural technology focuses on food knowledge management systems, creation of knowledge management and databases based on local wisdom, implementation of sustainable production and food industry 4.0, development of a national system of barns, development of logistics and distribution systems, development of virtual content, and a national knowledge network. It can be concluded that the novelty of this research on the sociology of sustainable food systems is aware of the importance of a sustainable food system orientation with the concept of 'Fill My Plate'. Sociologically, the community understands that technology is intended as a definite step to support a green economy by encouraging responsible food consumption behavior. The implications of this research are expected to be able to provide recommendations for the development of a sustainable food system using a green economy approach to support the Indonesian sustainable food system (SPBI).

Effect of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations on the Performance of Distance Relay

Distance protection is considered important and essential in power systems. Due to the development of distribution systems and the system's topology change from time to time, integrating electric vehicles into the distribution system leads to an increase in short circuit level and injection of harmonics into the system. Since the vehicles are continuously variable loads, this leads to difficulty in adjusting the protections that depend on the current in the process of adjusting them. As a result, distance protection is used in distribution systems. This paper shows the effect of integrating electric vehicle charging stations on the relay performance of distance protection in the distribution system. Distance protection relay was built based on artificial neural networks adapted to the system conditions. The accuracy of the neural network model used for fault detection was (99.9%), and the error rate in locating the fault was (0.00079%).

Impacts of a Flux-coupling SFCL on the overcurrent protection for distribution system with infeed

With the rapid development of distribution system and the integration of distributed generations, the increasing fault current is threatening electrical equipment of the power grid. The superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) is an effective solution to dealing with the large fault current in the distribution network. In this work, the characteristics of the current limiting impedance of the flux-coupling SFCL is presented. The impacts of the flux-coupling SFCL on the overcurrent protection for distribution system with and without infeed is analyzed. Furthermore, a simulation model of a real 10 kV distribution system with a flux-coupling SFCL is built to verify the analysis. This work is of significance to the coordination between a flux-coupling SFCL and the overcurrent protection for distribution system.